Quame languages: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| creator    = User:IlL
| region      = Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide
| name        = Quame
| name        = Quame
| familycolor = quihum
| altname    = Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, Northwestern
| familycolor = Quame
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quihum]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]?
}}
}}


The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sjowaazhéñ]] to Naquo-Talmic is less well-established.
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman''', are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.


==Todo==
The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]). Proto-Quame was spoken 3000 years ago.
Should I keep an ejective series - keep it.


If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages (esp. Greek and Proto-Celtic) and Tsez.


*Cr > C'?
==Family tree==
*Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')
* Quame
 
** [[Talmic languages]]
Todo:
** [[Roshterian]]
 
** [[Nurian]]
d t > d t in Talmic, t t' in Naquic
** [[Naquian]]
 
** [[Wiobian]]
==Overview==
** [[Aevehāne]]
Urheimat: Txapoalli


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Velar
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain (asp.)</small>
| '''*p'''
|
| '''*t, *c'''
| '''*t'''
| '''*T'''
|  
|  
| '''*k'''
| '''*k'''
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| '''*q'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
| '''*{{aleph}}'''
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*Tʼ'''
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*b'''
| '''*d, *z'''
| '''*d'''
| '''*D'''
|  
|  
| '''*g'''
| '''*g'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*f'''
| '''*φ'''
| '''*þ''', '''*s'''
| '''*s'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*χ'''
| '''*χʷ'''
| '''*h'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| '''*l, *r'''
| '''*l'''
| '''*r'''
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*y''' /j/
|  
|  
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! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i *ī'''
| '''*u *ū'''
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
all open syllables like polynesian?
Rules:
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Typology===
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
No case, number + classifier marking articles, clusivity (very un-IE)
===Pronouns===
====Nom/Acc====
X = some laryngeal
 
V = some vowel
*nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'', Sjo. ''nakh'')
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
 
====Genitive====
*χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'')
*something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'')
*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*dkoX (?) = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō''? using dk > tł)
 
====Demonstratives====
*m- = proximal, this, here
*kw- = distal, that, there
*ta- = what, who
**t(a)Xs = what (Thn. ''tās'')
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb voices
*Deriving nouns and verbs
 
Ablaut grades
*''o''-grade: present tense
*''a''-grade: derived nouns
*''e''-grade: preterite tense
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
 
===Nominals===
Nouns had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* two states: absolute and construct.
* three cases: direct, indirect, and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
 
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.
 
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Animate nouns====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
 
=====i-stems=====
=====u-stems=====
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
====Inanimate nouns====
=====Heteroclitic stems=====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
jénaqws 'water'
 
=====i-stems=====
''welís'' 'name'
 
=====u-stems=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Personal affixes====


==References==
OVS; focus prominent; Wackernagel clitics
{{reflist}}
=== Classifiers ===
*qon, pl. stē = animates (humans, more "animate" animals like pets)
*ṭēn, pl. yes = honorific form of ne
*kwon, pl. φrī = organisms not viewed as sentient: plants, fungi, "lower" animals, pests
*φās, pl. nē = generic inanimates
*smār, pl. smin = tiny, point-like objects; mass nouns
*oyr, pl. φal = long, thin objects
*φū, pl. zoy = flat sheets
*gī, pl. krūh = food items
*rāw, pl. sya = abstractions; intellectual works such as art, books, ...
*kmāh, pl. lū = manmade structures: houses, buildings, cities; tools
** Units of measurement do not take classifiers with numerals.


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
==Derivational morphology==
* ''-sa'': "Caland" suffix
* Compounding (head-final)
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]

Latest revision as of 23:55, 9 October 2022

Quame languages/Lexicon

Quame languages/Swadesh list

Quame
Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, Northwestern
Created byIlL
Geographic
distribution
Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Quame

The Quame languages (Eevo: brits Cłem, from *kʷēm, the reconstructed word for 1), also known as Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, are a major language family in Tricin. It is well-established that that Naquic and Talmic form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.

The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and Dodellia). Proto-Quame was spoken 3000 years ago.

Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages (esp. Greek and Proto-Celtic) and Tsez.

Family tree

Phonology

Consonants

The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal *m *n
Plosive plain (asp.) *t *T *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
ejective *tʼ *Tʼ *kʼ *kʷʼ *qʼ *qʷʼ
voiced *b *d *D *g *gʷ *ɢʷ
Fricative *s
Resonant *l *r *y /j/ *w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close *i *ī *u *ū
Mid *e *ē *o *ō
Open *a *ā

Suprasegmentals

Stress was phonemic.

Phonotactics

Rules:

  • Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.

Grammar

Typology

No case, number + classifier marking articles, clusivity (very un-IE)

OVS; focus prominent; Wackernagel clitics

Classifiers

  • qon, pl. stē = animates (humans, more "animate" animals like pets)
  • ṭēn, pl. yes = honorific form of ne
  • kwon, pl. φrī = organisms not viewed as sentient: plants, fungi, "lower" animals, pests
  • φās, pl. nē = generic inanimates
  • smār, pl. smin = tiny, point-like objects; mass nouns
  • oyr, pl. φal = long, thin objects
  • φū, pl. zoy = flat sheets
  • gī, pl. krūh = food items
  • rāw, pl. sya = abstractions; intellectual works such as art, books, ...
  • kmāh, pl. lū = manmade structures: houses, buildings, cities; tools
    • Units of measurement do not take classifiers with numerals.

Derivational morphology

  • -sa: "Caland" suffix
  • Compounding (head-final)