Modern Gallaecian mutation: Difference between revisions

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==Soft mutation (''bucoscaso'')==
==Soft mutation (''bucoscaso'')==
The so-called soft mutation affects [[w:plosive consonant|plosive consonants]].
The so-called ''soft mutation'' affects [[w:plosive consonant|plosive consonants]]. It is the result of plosives voicing between vowels or voiced consonants.
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
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| d || z
| d || z
|-
|-
| g || h
| g || h<ref>Superseded by the [[#hard g|hard ''g'']] mutation.</ref>
|-
|-
| gu || h/u
| gu || h/u
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===Environments===
===Environments===
* Feminine nouns of either number in the [[w:direct case|direct case]] after the definite article: ''{{term|bea|'''b'''ea}}'' → ''em '''v'''ea'', ''{{term|terba|'''t'''erba}}'' → ''em '''d'''erbas''.
* Feminine nouns of either number in the [[w:direct case|direct case]] after the definite article: ''{{term|bea|'''b'''ea}}'' → ''em '''v'''ea'', ''{{term|terba|'''t'''erba}}'' → ''em '''d'''erbas''.
* Singular masculine nouns in the [[w:locative case|locative case]] after the definite article: ''{{term|torhedo|'''t'''orhedo}}'' → ''en '''d'''orreide''.
* Singular masculine nouns in the [[w:locative case|locative case]] after the definite article: ''{{term|torhedo|'''t'''orhedo}}'' → ''en '''d'''orheide''.
* After singular possessive pronouns, that is, ''{{term|mo}}'' ‘my’, ''{{term|to}}'' ‘your’, and ''{{term|so}}'' ‘his/her/its’: ''{{term|queno|'''qu'''eno}}'' → ''mo '''gu'''eno'', ''{{term|pá|'''p'''á}}'' → ''to '''b'''á'', ''{{term|gaña|'''g'''aña}}'' → ''so '''h'''aña''.
* After singular possessive pronouns, that is, ''{{term|mo}}'' ‘my’, ''{{term|to}}'' ‘your’, and ''{{term|so}}'' ‘his/her/its’: ''{{term|queno|'''qu'''eno}}'' → ''mo '''gu'''eno'', ''{{term|pá|'''p'''á}}'' → ''to '''b'''á'', ''{{term|gaña|'''g'''aña}}'' → ''so '''h'''aña''.
* After certain prepositions:
:* ''{{term|á}}'': ''{{term|coiler|'''c'''oiler}}'' → ''á '''g'''oilere''
:* ''{{term|ame}}'': ''{{term|duro|'''d'''uro}}'' → ''ame '''z'''uro''
:* ''{{term|ane}}'': ''{{term|dor|'''d'''or}}'' → ''ane '''z'''ore''
:* ''{{term|are}}'': ''{{term|cortena|'''c'''ortena}}'' → ''are '''g'''ortenau''
:* ''{{term|atá}}'': ''{{term|temeila|'''t'''emeila}}'' → ''atá '''d'''emeile''
:* ''{{term|au}}'': ''{{term|quio|'''qu'''io}}'' → ''au '''gu'''io''
:* ''{{term|iso}}'': ''{{term|deilas|'''d'''eilas}}'' → ''iso '''z'''eilau''
:* ''{{term|neze}}'': ''{{term|Cornú|'''C'''ornú}}'' → ''neze '''G'''ornú''
:* ''{{term|quiña}}'': ''{{term|barno|'''b'''arno}}'' → ''quiña '''v'''arno''
:* ''{{term|tere}}'': ''{{term|Portugal|'''P'''ortugal}}'' → ''tere '''B'''ortugal''
:* ''{{term|tu}}'': ''{{term|Canada|'''C'''anada}}'' → ''tu '''G'''anade''
* In singular existential constructions: ''{{term|té|'''t'''é}}'' → ''Ta '''d'''é uba'' ‘There is tea here’
* After the numbers 2, 5, and 8: ''{{term|tomate|'''t'''omate}}'' → ''dau '''d'''omate'', ''{{term|quesso|'''qu'''esso}}'' → ''quenque '''gu'''esso'', ''{{term|polbo|'''p'''olbo}}'' → ''otu '''b'''olbo''.
* After the negative particle ''{{term|ne}}'': ''{{term|cobruñe|'''c'''obruñe}}'' → ''Ne '''g'''obru'' ‘I don't want’
==Nasal mutation (''esloñaloscaso'')==
''Nasal'' or ''hard mutation'' is far less common than its soft counterpart. Celtic nasal endings <i title="Proto-Celtic-language text" lang="cel-pro">*-om</i>, <i title="Proto-Celtic-language text" lang="cel-pro">*-ām</i> evolved into nasalized vowels, which lost the nasalization in most environments. In those where it was kept, it mutated the following consonant, hence the name.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Original || scope="col" | > || scope="col" | Mutated
|-
| b || rowspan="7" | > || m
|-
| d || n
|-
| g || c/qu
|-
| m || v
|-
|}
===Environments===
* After a genitive plural pronoun, i.e. ''{{term|asero}}'' ‘our’, ''{{term|suero}}'' ‘your’, and ''{{term|so}}'' ‘their’: ''{{term|duno|'''d'''uno}}'' → ''asero '''n'''uno''.
* After the number seven: ''{{term|garo|'''g'''aro}}'' → ''seta '''c'''aro''.
* After the preposition ''{{term|i}}'': ''{{term|mí|'''m'''í}}'' → ''i '''v'''í camerze''.
==Marginal mutations==
; Hard ''g'' {{anchor|hard g}}
Outside soft and nasal mutations, the letter ''g'' shifts to ''c'' (before ''a'', ''o'', or ''u'') and ''qu'' (after ''e'' and ''i'') after a word ending in ''n'', namely the definite article ''{{term|en}}''.
; ''M''-to-''b'' mutation
While regarded as a kind of soft mutation, it is the only mutation in Modern Gallaecian that is not triggered by the preceding sounds. Instead, if a syllable starts with ''m'' and its coda or the onset of the following one is an ''n'', the former mutates into a ''b''.
<center>'''''m'''ini-'' → ''saia '''b'''i<u>n</u>i'' ‘miniskirt’&nbsp;<ref>Only example available; does this count as a ''[[wikt:hapax legomenon|hapax legomenon]]''?</ref></center>


==Notes==
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 13:10, 2 December 2022

Modern Gallaecian features, as other Celtic languages, a word-initial consonantal mutation system. While there is some evidence that other Continental Celtic languages such as Gaulish might have evolved mutation,[1] it is impossible to ascertain whether Gallaecian would too.

Soft mutation (bucoscaso)

The so-called soft mutation affects plosive consonants. It is the result of plosives voicing between vowels or voiced consonants.

Environments

  • Feminine nouns of either number in the direct case after the definite article: bea → em vea, terba → em derbas.
  • Singular masculine nouns in the locative case after the definite article: torhedo → en dorheide.
  • After singular possessive pronouns, that is, mo ‘my’, to ‘your’, and so ‘his/her/its’: queno → mo gueno, pá → to bá, gaña → so haña.
  • After certain prepositions:
  • In singular existential constructions: té → Ta dé uba ‘There is tea here’
  • After the numbers 2, 5, and 8: tomate → dau domate, quesso → quenque guesso, polbo → otu bolbo.
  • After the negative particle ne: cobruñe → Ne gobru ‘I don't want’

Nasal mutation (esloñaloscaso)

Nasal or hard mutation is far less common than its soft counterpart. Celtic nasal endings *-om, *-ām evolved into nasalized vowels, which lost the nasalization in most environments. In those where it was kept, it mutated the following consonant, hence the name.

Original > Mutated
b > m
d n
g c/qu
m v

Environments

  • After a genitive plural pronoun, i.e. asero ‘our’, suero ‘your’, and so ‘their’: duno → asero nuno.
  • After the number seven: garo → seta caro.
  • After the preposition i: mí → i ví camerze.

Marginal mutations

Hard g

Outside soft and nasal mutations, the letter g shifts to c (before a, o, or u) and qu (after e and i) after a word ending in n, namely the definite article en.

M-to-b mutation

While regarded as a kind of soft mutation, it is the only mutation in Modern Gallaecian that is not triggered by the preceding sounds. Instead, if a syllable starts with m and its coda or the onset of the following one is an n, the former mutates into a b.

mini- → saia bini ‘miniskirt’ [3]

Notes

  1. ^ Gray, Louis H. (October 1944). "Mutation in Gaulish". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 20 (4): 223. doi:10.2307/410121. JSTOR 410121.
  2. ^ Superseded by the hard g mutation.
  3. ^ Only example available; does this count as a hapax legomenon?

Sources

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