Yutch: Difference between revisions
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**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>. | **Can contract as <i>'ll</i>. | ||
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n''. | **Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n''. | ||
*'' | *''woulce'' "would" | ||
**Can contract as <i>' | **Can contract as <i>'lce</i>. | ||
*''shy'' "can (has the ability to)" | *''shy'' "can (has the ability to)" | ||
*'' | *''shiss'' "could (had the ability to)" | ||
*''deve'' "must" | *''deve'' "shall" | ||
*''derry'' "should" | *''deuce'' "must" | ||
*''derry'' "should, ought to" | |||
*''pote'' "may, can (is permitted to)" | *''pote'' "may, can (is permitted to)" | ||
*'' | *''pouts'' "might, could (was permitted to)" | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 16:20, 12 January 2023
Yutch (/jʌtʃ/) is a Gallo-Romance language closely related to Twench.
| Yutch | |
|---|---|
| Yutch | |
| Pronunciation | [jʌtʃ] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Introduction
Etymology
Yutch is ultimately derived from Iuti, the Latin name for the Jutes.
Phonology
Orthography
Alphabet
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Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).
Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.
The possessive is formed in -'s (-' after -s).
Adjectives
Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.
Comparative
The positive comparative is formed in two ways:
- The suffix -er
- Preceding the adjective with the word maice "more" or plus "more".
The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
- bone "good" > meiler "better"
- malvatch "bad" > pire "worse"
- moult "much, many" > maire "more" or plus "more"
- pawk "little, few" > mainder "less, fewer"
The negative comparative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word mains "less".
Superlative
The positive superlative is formed in two ways:
- The suffix -ism
- Preceding the adjective with the word maxem "most"
The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
- bone "good" > ottem "best"
- malvatch "bad" > pessem "worse"
- moult "much, many" > maxem "most"
- pawk "little, few" > mainem "least, fewest"
The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word mainem "least".
Adverbs
Adverbs of manner
Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix -ment.
Some adjectives form irregular adverbs. For example:
- bone "good" > bean "well"
- malvatch "bad" > male "badly"
- moult "much, many" > moult "much"
- pawk "little, few" > pawk "little"
Comparative and superlative
The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed similarly to those of adjectives.
Adverbs corresponding to adjectives with irregular comparatives and superlatives likewise are irregular. Such adverbs have superlatives identical to their adjective counterparts. Their comparatives are as below:
- bean "well" > meils "better"
- male "badly" > pice "worse"
- moult "much" > maice "more" or plus "more"
- pawk "little" > mains "less"
Articles
Precede the noun they modify.
- Definite article: le /lə, (stressed) liː/
- Indefinite article (only in the singular):
- Before consonants: a /ə/
- Before vowels: an /ən/
Pronouns
| Person/ Number | Subject | Object | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective | Pronoun | |||
| 1S | you /juː/ | me /miː/ | my /maɪ/ | mine /maɪn/ |
| 2S (arch.) | tou /taʊ/ | te /tiː/ | ty /taɪ/ | tine /taɪn/ |
| 3SM | ill /ɪl/ | le /liː/ | sy /saɪ/ | sine /saɪn/ |
| 3SF | ell /ɛl/ | lay /leɪ/ | lay /leɪ/ | lays /leɪz/ |
| 3SN | louth /laʊθ/ | louth /laʊθ/ | louths /laʊθs/ | louths /laʊθs/ |
| 1P | noose /nuːs/ | noose /nuːs/ | noster /nʌstər/ | nosters /nʌstərz/ |
| 2S+P | woose /wuːs/ | woose /wuːs/ | woster /wʌstər/ | wosters /wʌstərz/ |
| 3P | lie /laɪ/ | else /ɛls/ | lour /laʊər/ | lours /laʊərz/ |
Numerals
| Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orth. | IPA | Orth. | IPA | Orth. | IPA | |
| 0 | null | /nʊl/ | nullem | /ˈnʊləm/ | – | – |
| 1 | une | /juːn/ | prime | /praɪm/ | – | – |
| 2 | doose | /duːs/ | second | /ˈsɛkənd/ | dimmey | /ˈdɪmi/ |
| 3 | treece | /triːs/ | terch | /tɜrtʃ/ | terch | /tɜrtʃ/ |
| 4 | quatter | /ˈkwɒtər/ | quart | /kwɔrt/ | quart | /kwɔrt/ |
| 5 | chink | /tʃɪŋk/ | kint | /kɪnt/ | kint | /kɪnt/ |
| 6 | six | /sɪks/ | sixt | /sɪkst/ | sixt | /sɪkst/ |
| 7 | set | /sɛt/ | settem | /ˈsɛtəm/ | settem | /ˈsɛtəm/ |
| 8 | aught | /ɔːt/ | aughtem | /ˈɔːtəm/ | aughtem | /ˈɔːtəm/ |
| 9 | nove | /noʊv/ | novem | /ˈnoʊvəm/ | novem | /ˈnoʊvəm/ |
| 10 | deach | /diːtʃ/ | deachem | /ˈdiːtʃəm/ | deachem | /ˈdiːtʃəm/ |
| 11 | onge | /ɒndʒ/ | ongem | /ˈɒndʒəm/ | ongem | /ˈɒndʒəm/ |
| 12 | dodge | /dɔdʒ/ | dodgem | /ˈdɔdʒəm/ | dodgem | /ˈdɔdʒəm/ |
| 13 | tredge | /trɛdʒ/ | tredgem | /ˈtrɛdʒəm/ | tredgem | /ˈtrɛdʒəm/ |
| 14 | quattorge | /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ | quattorgem | /kwɒˈtɔrdʒəm/ | quattorgem | /kwɒˈtɔrdʒəm/ |
| 15 | kinge | /kɪndʒ/ | kingem | /ˈkɪndʒəm/ | kingem | /ˈkɪndʒəm/ |
| 16 | sedge | /sɛdʒ/ | sedgem | /ˈsɛdʒəm/ | sedgem | /ˈsɛdʒəm/ |
| 17 | setditch | /sɛt.dɪtʃ/ | setditchem | /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃəm/ | setditchem | /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃəm/ |
| 20 | waint | /weɪnt/ | waintem | /ˈweɪntəm/ | waintem | /ˈweɪntəm/ |
| 21 | waint-une | /ˌweɪn.ˈt(j)uːn/ | waint-prime | /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/ | waint-prime | /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/ |
| 30 | traint | /treɪnt/ | traintem | /ˈtreɪntəm/ | traintem | /ˈtreɪntəm/ |
| 40 | quarent | /ˈkwɔrənt/ | quarentem | /ˌkwɔˈrɛntəm/ | quarentem | /ˌkwɔˈrɛntəm/ |
| 50 | chinkent | /ˈtʃɪŋkənt/ | chinkentem | /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntəm/ | chinkentem | /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntəm/ |
| 60 | sixent | /ˈsɪksənt/ | sixentem | /ˌsɪkˈsɛntəm/ | sixentem | /ˌsɪkˈsɛntəm/ |
| 70 | settent | /ˈsɛtənt/ | settentem | /ˌsɛˈtɛntəm/ | settentem | /ˌsɛˈtɛntəm/ |
| 80 | aughtent | /ˈɔːtənt/ | aughtentem | /ˌɔːˈtɛntəm/ | aughtentem | /ˌɔːˈtɛntəm/ |
| 90 | novent | /ˈnoʊvənt/ | noventem | /ˌnoʊˈvɛntəm/ | noventem | /ˌnoʊˈvɛntəm/ |
| 100 | chent | /tʃɛnt/ | chentem | /ˈtʃɛntəm/ | chentem | /ˈtʃɛntəm/ |
| 1000 | mill | /mɪl/ | millem | /ˈmɪləm/ | millem | /ˈmɪləm/ |
| 10⁶ | million | /ˈmɪl.jən/ | millionem | /ˈmɪljənəm/ | millionem | /ˈmɪljənəm/ |
Verbs
Principal parts
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the (non-third person singular) simple present, the simple past, and the past participle.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
When the simple past and past participle are identical, the past participle is omitted.
Verb classes
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
In regular verbs, the past stem and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffixes -eve and -et respectively (-ve and -t after final -e or another final vowel).
Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.
Personal endings
The following personal endings are used in the present tense:
- -(e)s in the third person singular (archaic: -(e)th)
- -(e)st in the archaic second person singular
Besides the above endings, only the highly irregular verb at est "to be" has differing personal forms.
Tenses
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb at est followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb at have "to have" followed by the past participle.
The future is formed with the modal verb woll "will" followed by the bare infinitive.
Voice
The passive is formed with the verb at est "to be" followed by the past participle.
Non-finite forms
Infinitive: at + present stem
Bare infinitive: present stem
Present participle: present stem + -(e)nt
Past participle: past stem
Negation and Interrogation
Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word newn "not" (which can be abbreviated as 'n).
Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb at fay "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:
- You cant. "I sing." > You fay newn cant. "I do not sing." / You fay'n cant. "I don't sing."
- Ill dorms. "He sleeps." > Fays ill dorm? "Does he sleep?"
- Ell manges. "She eats." > Keeth fays ell mange? "What does she eat?"
- Lie wise. "They saw." > Lie fetch weethe. "They did see."
Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:
- You pote newn dorm. "I cannot sleep." / You pote'n dorm. "I can't sleep."
- Deve ill mange? "Must he eat?"
Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:
- You cant newn. "I sing not."
- Dorms ill? "Sleeps he?"
- Keeth manges ell? "What eats she?"
Examples of verbs
Regular - at cant "to sing"
| Infinitive | at cant | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | cantent | ||
| Past participle | cantet | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | cant | canteve | |
| tou | cantest | cantevest | cant |
| ill/ell/louth | cants | canteve | |
| noose | cant | canteve | |
| woose | cant | canteve | cant |
| lie | cant | canteve | |
Irregular - at cathe "to fall"
| Infinitive | at cathe | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | cathent | ||
| Past participle | case | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | cathe | case | |
| tou | cathest | casest | cathe |
| ill/ell/louth | cathes | case | |
| noose | cathe | case | |
| woose | cathe | case | cathe |
| lie | cathe | case | |
Irregular - at die "to say"
| Infinitive | at die | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | dient | ||
| Past participle | dight | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | die | dix | |
| tou | diest | dixest | die |
| ill/ell/louth | dies | dix | |
| noose | die | dix | |
| woose | die | dix | die |
| lie | die | dix | |
Irregular - at est "to be"
| Infinitive | at est | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | estent | ||
| Past participle | estet | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | son | fow | |
| tou | ist | fowst | est |
| ill/ell/louth | is | fow | |
| noose | son | fore | |
| woose | son | fore | est |
| lie | son | fore | |
Irregular: at have "to have"
| Infinitive | at have | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | havent | ||
| Past participle | hat | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | have | hat | |
| tu | hast | hatst | have |
| ill/ell/louth | has | hat | |
| noose | have | hat | |
| woose | have | hat | have |
| lie | have | hat | have |
Irregular - at fay "to do"
| Infinitive | at fay | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | fayent | ||
| Past participle | faight | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | fay | fetch | |
| tou | fayest | fetchest | fay |
| ill/ell/louth | fays | fetch | |
| noose | fay | fetch | |
| woose | fay | fetch | fay |
| lie | fay | fetch | |
Modal verbs
- woll "will"
- Can contract as 'll.
- Contracts with newn as wo'n.
- woulce "would"
- Can contract as 'lce.
- shy "can (has the ability to)"
- shiss "could (had the ability to)"
- deve "shall"
- deuce "must"
- derry "should, ought to"
- pote "may, can (is permitted to)"
- pouts "might, could (was permitted to)"
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛɹi eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/
All human beings are born free and ewual in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood.