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Attian: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:52, 1 January 2013

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→‎Nouns
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==Nouns==
==Nouns==
The language inflects according to four different cases, patientive ({{sc|pat}}), agentive ({{sc|agt}}), instrumental ({{sc|ins}}) and locative ({{sc|loc}}) through radical patterns. In addition, there are three different numbers, collective ({{sc|col}}), singular {{sc|sg}} and plural ({{sc|plural}}), where the absolutive collective is the citation form. Number is presented differently to other languages with consonantal roots, i.e. [[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic languages]], and is formed through mainly regular vowel [[w:Apophony|apophony]].  
The language inflects according to four different cases, patientive ({{sc|pat}}), agentive ({{sc|agt}}), instrumental ({{sc|ins}}) and locative ({{sc|loc}}) through radical patterns. In addition, there are three different numbers, collective ({{sc|col}}), singular ({{sc|sg}}) and plural ({{sc|pl}}), where the absolutive collective is the citation form. Number is presented differently to other languages with consonantal roots, i.e. [[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic languages]], and is formed through mainly regular vowel [[w:Apophony|apophony]].  


Finally, there are three genders the masculine ({{sc|m}}), feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}). The masculine and feminine are not distinguished in the plural declension and in the plural verb conjugations, instead called the common ({{sc|c}}) gender.
Finally, there are three genders the masculine ({{sc|m}}), feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}). The masculine and feminine are not distinguished in the plural declension and in the plural verb conjugations, instead called the common ({{sc|c}}) gender.
===Gender===
===Gender===
As previously stated, there are three genders, the masculine ({{sc|m}}), feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}), where the masculine and feminine may syncretise into the common ({{sc|c}} or {{sc|m/f}})  in complex inflections. Gender plays important roles in both nominal and verbal inflections, since verbs conjugate according to gender as well.
As previously stated, there are three genders, the masculine ({{sc|m}}), feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}), where the masculine and feminine may syncretise into the common gender ({{sc|c}} or {{sc|m/f}})  in complex inflections. Gender plays important roles in both nominal and verbal inflections, since verbs conjugate according to gender as well.


It is important to note that while verbs agree according to gender, valency decides what argument the verb agree with. Intransitive verbs agree with the subject, transitives with the object, and ditransitives get their direct object incorporated, and then agree with the gender of the direct object. Further information is found later on the page under ''"[[Attian#Verbs|Verbs]]"''.
It is important to note that while verbs agree according to gender, valency decides what argument the verb agree with. Intransitive verbs agree with the subject, transitives with the object, and ditransitives get their direct object incorporated, and then agree with the gender of the direct object. Further information is found later on the page under ''"[[Attian#Verbs|Verbs]]"''.
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''gāna{{blue|nn}}'''
| colspan="2"|'''gina{{blue|nn}}'''


!
!


| colspan="4"| '''amn{{red|va}} gāna{{blue|nn}}'''
| colspan="4"| '''amn{{red|va}} gina{{blue|nn}}'''


!
!


| colspan="6"|'''enath{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} emine'''
| colspan="6"|'''enath{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈɡønanː/
| colspan="2"|  /ˈɡinanː/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/a'ŋ͡ma ˈɡønanː/
| colspan="4"|/a'ŋ͡ma ˈɡinanː/


!
!


| colspan="6"|/ɛnˈaθwa atˈna ɛŋˈinɛ/
| colspan="6"|/ɛnˈaθwa atˈna ˈŋina/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>gāna</small>
|<small>gina</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>


!
!


|<small>āmn</small>
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>gauna</small>
|<small>gina</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>


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|<small>atn</small>
|<small>atn</small>
|<small>{{blue|-a}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-a}}</small>
|<small>emine</small>
|<small>mina</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''thune{{blue|nn}}'''
| colspan="2"|'''thuna{{blue|nn}}'''


!
!


| colspan="4"| '''g{{red|va}} thune'''
| colspan="4"| '''g{{red|va}} thuna'''


!
!


| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{blue|yō}} eduni'''
| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{blue|yu}} dune'''


!
!


| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{red|vō}} eduni'''
| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{red|u}} dune'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈθunɛnː/
| colspan="2"|  /ˈθunanː/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/ˈɡwa  ˈθunɛ/
| colspan="3"|/ˈɡwa  ˈθuna/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/ŋjajo ɛdˈuni/
| colspan="4"|/ŋjaju ˈdune/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/ˈŋjawo ɛdˈuni/  
| colspan="4"|/ˈŋjau̩ ˈdune/  
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>thune</small>
|<small>thuna</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>


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|<small>g</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>thune</small>
|<small>thuna</small>


!
!
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|<small>mya</small>
|<small>mya</small>
|<small>{{blue|-yu}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-yu}}</small>
|<small>eduni</small>
|<small>dune</small>


!
!
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|<small>ta</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>mya</small>
|<small>mya</small>
|<small>{{red|-vu}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-u}}</small>
|<small>eduni</small>
|<small>dune</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"| '''ehime{{blue|mn}}'''
| colspan="2"| '''hima{{blue|mn}}'''


!
!


| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} ehime'''
| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} hima'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''ehim{{blue|amn}}!'''
| colspan="2"|'''ham{{blue|amn}}!'''


!
!


| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} ehim!'''
| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} ham!'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ɛhˈiŋɛŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|  /ˈhiŋaŋ͡m/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ɛhˈiŋɛ/
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋa/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ɛhˈiŋaŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋaŋ͡m/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aˈŋ͡ma ɛhˈiŋ/  
| colspan="3"|/aˈŋ͡ma haŋ/  
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>ehime</small>
|<small>hima</small>
|<small>{{blue|-mn}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-mn}}</small>


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|<small>amn</small>
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>ehime</small>
|<small>hima</small>


!
!


|<small>ehim</small>
|<small>ham</small>
|<small>-{{blue|amn}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|amn}}</small>


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|<small>amn</small>
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>ehim</small>
|<small>ham</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''{{red|minim}} zamta'''
| colspan="2"|'''{{red|minim}} azmim'''


!
!


| colspan="5"|'''{{red|minim}} ta mithr{{blue|a}} ezemi'''
| colspan="5"|'''{{red|minim}} ta mithr{{blue|a}} izmim'''


!
!
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|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"| /ˈŋiniŋ ˈzaŋta/
| colspan="2"| /ˈŋiniŋ azˈŋiŋ/


!
!


| colspan="5"|/ˈŋiniŋ ta ˈŋiθr̥a ɛzˈiŋi/
| colspan="5"|/ˈŋiniŋ ta ˈŋiθr̥a izˈŋiŋ/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/ta ˈraŋ͡ma arˈaŋi̩a/
| colspan="4"|/ta ˈraŋ͡ma ˈr̥iŋej/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>{{red|minim}}</small>
|<small>{{red|minim}}</small>
|<small>zamta</small>
|<small>azmim</small>


!
!
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|<small>mithr</small>
|<small>mithr</small>
|<small>-{{blue|a}}</small>
|<small>-{{blue|a}}</small>
|<small>ezimi</small>
|<small>izmim</small>


!
!
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|<small>ram</small>
|<small>ram</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>aramia</small>
|<small>rimey</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}
| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.gn.c.pl}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.neu.c.pl}}


!
!
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|squirrel/{{sc|n.sg}}
|squirrel/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|pat}}}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|pat}}}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.dyn.n.sg}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.dyn.c.pl}}


!
!
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''gva va grammua cvenn{{blue|an}} gērita'''  
| colspan="8"| '''gva va grammua cvenn{{blue|an}} gira'''  
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈɡr̥aŋ͡mu̩a ˈkwɛnːan ˈɡœrita/
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈɡr̥aŋ͡mu̩a ˈkwɛnːan ˈɡira/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>grammu</small>
|<small>grammu-</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>kvenn</small>
|<small>kvenn</small>
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagāv{{blue|un}} gāgta'''
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagāv{{blue|un}} aggim'''


!
!


| colspan="4"|29: '''daday{{blue|in}} eduytamni'''
| colspan="4"|29: '''inaratr{{blue|in}} nurimni'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/atˈwa utˈaɡøhun ˈɡøɣta/
| colspan="4"|/atˈwa utˈaɡøwun aɡˈɡiŋ/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/ˈdadajin ɛdˈujtaŋ͡mi/
| colspan="4"|/inˈaratr̥in ˈnuriŋ͡mi/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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!
!


|<small>daday</small>
|<small>inaratra</small>
|<small>{{blue|-in}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-in}}</small>
|<small>eduyta</small>
|<small>nurimn</small>
|<small>-mni</small>
|<small>-mni</small>
|-
|-
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!
!


|{{sc|caus}}~happiness/{{sc|f.sg}}
|happiness/{{sc|f.sg}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
|gladden/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.c.pl}}
|gladden/{{sc|med.dir.c.pl}}
| -{{sc|2.pat.f.pl}}
| -{{sc|2.pat.f.pl}}
|-
|-
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!
!


| colspan="4"|«''Enjoy yourselves through entertainment''»
| colspan="4"|«''Let happiness make you glad! - Gladden yourself through happiness!''» - Attian saying.
|}
|}


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| colspan="5"|«''The knife has a handle/A handle is with the knife''»
| colspan="5"|«''The knife has a handle/A handle is with the knife''»
|}
|}
==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
The Attian pronouns are somewhat different to to other nouns but are still derived from radicals, most often biliterals. They decline to the singular and plural numbers only but the personal pronouns or third person demonstratives do not inflect to the patientive case, a function replaced by [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]]. The first and second person distinguish the masculine and feminine in the singular, whilst the plural ones only have the common [[Attian#Gender|gender]]. The third person has a three way distinction, with masculine, feminine and neuter.  
The Attian pronouns are somewhat different to to other nouns but are still derived from radicals, most often biliterals. They decline to the singular and plural numbers only but the personal pronouns or third person demonstratives do not inflect to the patientive case, a function replaced by [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]]. The first and second person distinguish the masculine and feminine in the singular, whilst the plural ones only have the common [[Attian#Gender|gender]]. The third person has a three way distinction, with masculine, feminine and neuter.  
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