Modern Ravenish: Difference between revisions

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|image= Ravenish flag.png
|image= Ravenish flag.png
|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name= Middle Ravenish  
|name= Ravenish  
|nativename=''tiudiskon''
|nativename=''tiudisko kieli''
|pronunciation= tiy̯.diʃ.køn
|pronunciation= tiu̯.dis.ko kie̯.li
|pronunciation_key = w:International Phonetic Alphabet chart
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|wfosøra]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|wfosøra]]
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
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}}
}}


'''Ravenish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''tiudiskon''; <small>Ravenish:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[w:International Phonetic Alphabet chart|[tiy̯.diʃ.køn]]</span>) is a [[w:Germanic language|Germanic language]], with strong influence from [[w:Finnish|Finnish]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both groups after the Ravenish tribe migrated to the area that is now [[w:North Ostrobothnia|North Ostrobothnia]]. These connections slowly formed the modern language, which, under influence of Finnish for centuries, led to the innovation of several new forms, such as a conditional verb form and definiteness distinctions in nouns.
'''Ravenish''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''tiudisko kieli''; <small>Ravenish:</small> [[w:IPA chart|[tiu̯.dis.ko kie̯.li]]) is a [[w:Finnish language|Finno]]-[[w:Germanic language|Germanic]] [[w:sprachbund|sprachbund]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both groups after the Ravenish tribe, at around 400AD, migrated to what is now [[w:North Ostrobothnia|North Ostrobothnia]]. These connections slowly formed the modern language, which, under influence of Finnish for centuries, led to the complete replacement of the native grammar with that of Finnish.
 
==Introduction==
Goals
* Fun
* Learn more Germanic
Setting
* [[w:North Ostrobothnia|North Ostrobothnia]]
Inspiration
* Finnish
* Proto-Germanic
* My love for old Germanic languages
 
===Summary of changes from Proto-Germanic===
All case endings are fully dropped, Genitive and Dative are marked through affixes, nominative and accusative are marked through vowel harmony.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The language name derives from the same source as German [[wikt:Deutsch|Deutsch]], [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz|þiudiskaz]]. The English name is in reference to a cultural aspect of the people, their unusually large reverence for Ravens, they place an oddly high importance on Ravens even for a Germanic tribe.
The language name derives from the same source as German [[wikt:Deutsch|Deutsch]], [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz|þiudiskaz]], with the second part coming from Finnish '[[wikt:kieli|kieli]]'. The English name is in reference to a cultural aspect of the people, their unusually large reverence for Ravens, they place an oddly high importance on Ravens even for a Germanic tribe.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Orthography
|+ Early Modern
! IPA
! IPA
! colspan="2" | Letter
! colspan="2" | Letter
|-
|-
! /ɑ, æ/
! /ɑ, æ/
| style="border-right: 0;" | ä, a || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | a, ä || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /d/
! /d/
| style="border-right: 0;" | d || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | d || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /ɤ, e/
! /e/
| style="border-right: 0;" | ë, e || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | e || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! /f/
| style="border-right: 0;" | f || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! /g, gʷ/
| style="border-right: 0;" | g, gv || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /h, hʷ/
! /h/
| style="border-right: 0;" | h, hv || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | h || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /i/
! /i/
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| style="border-right: 0;" | j || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | j || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /k, kʷ/
! /k/
| style="border-right: 0;" | k, kv || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | k, g¹ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /l/
! /l/
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|-
|-
! /n/
! /n/
| style="border-right: 0;" | n || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | n, *m || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /o, ø/
! /o, ø/
| style="border-right: 0;" | ö, o || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | o, ö || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /p/
! /p/
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| style="border-right: 0;" | r || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | r || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /s, ʃ/
! /s/
| style="border-right: 0;" | s || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | s, f¹ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /t/
! /t/
| style="border-right: 0;" | t || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | t, *d || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /u, y/
! /u, y/
| style="border-right: 0;" | ü, u  || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | u, y || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! /ʋ/
! /ʋ/
| style="border-right: 0;" | v, b || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | v, b¹ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
|}
|}


'ṿ' is often used in educational texts to help distinguish from a consonant cluster.
* letters with '*' are only pronounced that way at the end of words, done as a way to preserve etymology.
 
# retained for etymology, 'g' may be /g/ in loan words, f may be /f/ in loans, b is identical to 'v' except in loans (where it may be /b/)
 
* Many times letters will be marked when pronounced in a non-native way in loans, usually with a dot or acute, so 'ġ', 'ḃ', and 'ḟ'.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|-
|-
!  
!  
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]<br/>/[[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]<br/>/[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:post-Alveolar consonant|postalv.]]<br/>/[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]<br/>/[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]<br/>/[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])¹
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])¹, (ŋʷ²)
|-
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | t /[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t̪]]/, t̪ʷ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t̪]], [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]], kṿ /kʷ/ || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]], gṿ /gʷ/
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" |  
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]], sṿ /sʷ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]])³ || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]], hṿ /hʷ/ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | v /[[w:Voiced labial approximant|ʋ]]/
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiced labial approximant|ʋ]]²
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]], [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan="1" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="1" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|}
|}


# allophone of /n/ before /k/
# allophone of /n/ before /k/
# allophone of /n/ before /kʷ/
# Can be pronounced as /w/ or /v/ and be understood by natives ( I pronounce it as /v/ since I can't quite get /ʋ/)
# allophone of /s/ before velars and at word ends


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
!  
!  
! colspan="4" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|front]]
! colspan="4" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan="2" rowspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|back]]
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:rounded vowel|rounded]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:rounded vowel|rounded]]
|-
|-
!  
!  
! colspan="1" | [[w:short vowel|short]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:unrounded vowel|<small>unround</small>]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:long vowel|long]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:rounded vowel|<small>round</small>]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:short vowel|short]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:long vowel|long]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:short vowel|short]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:long vowel|long]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:short vowel|short]]
! colspan="1" | [[w:long vowel|long]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! [[w:Close vowel|close]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close front rounded vowel|yː]]
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
|-
! [[w:mid vowel|mid]]
! [[w:mid vowel|mid]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|øː]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back unrounded vowel|ɤ]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back unrounded vowel|ɤː]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
! [[w:Open vowel|open]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æː]]
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
| colspan="1" | [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]]
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Diphthongs====
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress, like in PG, still lies solely on the first syllable unless prefixed, where stress moves with the root word.
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===
==Grammar==
===Morphology===
====Pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Diphthongs
|+ Standard personal pronouns
! Ending with {{IPA|/i/}}
|-
! Ending with {{IPA|/u/}}
! colspan=3 | !! Nominative
! Ending with {{IPA|/y/}}
|-
! Opening
! rowspan=2 | first<br>person !! colspan=2 | singular
| i
|-
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| vir
|-
! rowspan=2 | second<br>person !! colspan=2 | singular
| tuu
|-
! colspan=2 | plural
| juur
|-
|-
! Starting with {{IPA|/ɑ/}}
! rowspan=6 | third<br>person !! rowspan=3 | singular !! masculine
| {{angbr|ai}} {{IPA|[ɑi̯]}}
| ir
| {{angbr|au}} {{IPA|[ɑu̯]}}
|
|
|-
|-
! Starting with {{IPA|/æ/}}
! feminine
| {{angbr|äi}} {{IPA|[æi̯]}}
| sii
|
| {{angbr|äy}} {{IPA|[æy̯]}}
|
|-
|-
! Starting with {{IPA|/o/}}
! neuter
| {{angbr|oi}} {{IPA|[oi̯]}}
| it
| {{angbr|ou}} {{IPA|[ou̯]}}
|
|
|-
|-
! Starting with {{IPA|/e/}}
! rowspan=3 | plural !! masculine
| {{angbr|ei}} {{IPA|[ei̯]}}
| iir
| {{angbr|eu}} {{IPA|[eu̯]}}
| {{angbr|ey}} {{IPA|[ey̯]}}
|
|-
|-
! Starting with {{IPA|/ø/}}
! feminine
| {{angbr|öi}} {{IPA|[øi̯]}}
| ijaar
|
| {{angbr|öy}} {{IPA|[øy̯]}}
|
|-
|-
! Starting with {{IPA|/u/}}
! neuter
| {{angbr|ui}} {{IPA|[ui̯]}}
| ijo
|
|
| {{angbr|uo}} {{IPA|[uo̯]}}
|-
|-
! Starting with {{IPA|/i/}}
! rowspan=1 colspan=3 | reflexive
|
| se
| {{angbr|iu}} {{IPA|[iu̯]}}
| {{angbr|iy}} {{IPA|[iy̯]}}
| {{angbr|ie}} {{IPA|[ie̯]}}
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress, like in PG, still lies solely on the first syllable unless prefixed, where stress moves with the root word.
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Take '''''ALL''''' forms with '<sup>?</sup>' with caution, the proto-Germanic form is unknown so this is me doing very, VERY basic comparisons to figure out a '''Possible''' form.
===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Colloquial personal pronouns
|+ Colloquial personal pronouns
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | !! Nominative !! Accusative
! colspan=3 | !! Nominative
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
! rowspan=2 | first<br>person !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|mük}} || {{term|muk}}
| minä
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | dual
| {{term|ünk}} || {{term|unk}}
|-
|-
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|üns}} || {{term|uns}}
| me
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
! rowspan=3 | second<br>person !! rowspan=2 | singular !! formal
| {{term|mükṿ}} || {{term|mukṿ}}
| Te
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | dual
! colspan=1 | familiar
| {{term|ünkṿ}} || {{term|unkṿ}}
| sinä
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | plural
! colspan=2 | plural
| {{term|ünsṿ}} || {{term|unsṿ}}
| te
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
! rowspan=2 | third<br>person !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|ür}} || {{term|ur}}
| hän
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | plural
! colspan=2 | plural
| {{term|üür}} || {{term|uur}}
| he
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | reflexive
! colspan=3 | reflexive
| {{term|së}} || {{term|se}}
| se
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Nouns===
Gender marking has become relatively rare in everyday speech, while additional affixes for it do exist, they're treated as unnecessary unless the distinction is important to the given information.
Stems are named in accordance with their PG equivalent.
====a stems====
====ō stems====
====ī/jō stems====
====i stems====
====u stems====
====ōn stems====
====īn stems====
====r stems====
====z stems====
Merged with the r-stems because of the roticization of final z, thus this is no longer used.


====Root nouns and consonant stems====
====Nouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan=3 | Grammatical
|-
! Nominative
| -
|-
! Accusative
| -/-n
|-
! Genitive
| -n
|-
! Partitive
| -(t)a/-(t)ä
|-
! colspan=3 | Locative (internal)
|-
! Inessive
| -ssa/-ssä
|-
! Elative
| -sta/-stä
|-
! Illative
| -an, -en, etc...
|-
! colspan=3 | Locative (External)
|-
! Adessive
| -lla/-llä
|-
! Ablative
| -lta/-ltä
|-
! Allative
| -lle
|-
! colspan=3 | Essive
|-
! Essive
| -na/-nä
|-
! Translative
| -ksi
|-
! colspan=3 | Marginal
|-
! Instructive
| -n/-in
|-
! Abessive
| -tta/-ttä
|-
! Comitative
| -ne-/-në-
|-
|}


===Verbs===
For more detail see [[wikt:Appendix:Finnish declension|Appendix:Finnish declension]]
===Adjectives and Determiners===
===Adverbs===
===Numbers===


==Syntax==
====Verbs====
===Constituent order===
Verb declensions haven't changed much, the dual has fell out of use outside of formal situations, where even there it's rare, the dual is sometimes still used casually for couples, like 'they're walking together (as partners)' is {translation here}
The word order is mostly free, the base order is SVO, but this is subject to change when importance needs to be stressed on one word.


===Noun phrase===
====Adjectives and Determiners====
===Verb phrase===
Adjectives and determiners use the same declension as nouns except a very small difference, an infixed '-i-', so 'rusty' would be '*rustiar' (actually 'rustag'), this has no etymological origin, instead being added as a countermeasure to keep nouns and adjectives from declining, and thus appearing, identical.
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
====Adverbs====
====Numbers====
 
===Syntax===
====Constituent order====
 
====Noun phrase====
====Verb phrase====
====Sentence phrase====
====Dependent clauses====
 
==Texts==
I will put short snippets of texts here as a preview with the full text being linked under the snippet.
===Beowulf Sentence 1===
===Beowulf Sentence 1===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 340: Line 328:
! Language !! Sentence 1 of  Beowulf
! Language !! Sentence 1 of  Beowulf
|-
|-
| English || Indeed (or 'Yes!')! We of the Spear-Danes, in days old, had our great kings who discovered the glory of what that man's courage could do.
| English || Indeed! We Spear-Danes, in days old, had great kings who heard of the glory of what that man's courage did.
|-
| Old English || Hwæt! wē gārdena in geārdagum þēodcyninga ⁠þrym gefrūnon, hu ðā æðelingas ellen fremedon.
|-
|-
| Old English || Hƿæt! Ƿē Gār-Dena in geār‐dagum þēod‐cyninga ⁠þrym gefrūnon, hu ðā æðelingas ellen fremedon.
| Early Modern || hvat! me gairdien yn järdiä teudkunungarien trum gafreegun, hvo to atulungaret aljana framjanivat.
|-
|-
| Ravenish ||  
| Pronunciation || hʋɑt me kɑi̯r.die̯n yn jær.diæ̯ teu̯d.ku.nuŋ.ŋɑ.rie̯n trun kɑs.reː.kun hʋo to ɑ.tu.luŋ.ŋɑ.ret ɑl.jɑ.nɑ srɑm.jɑ.ni.ʋɑt
|-
|-
| Pronunciation ||  
| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | [[Modern Ravenish/Beowulf|Full text]]
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 01:05, 12 November 2024


Ravenish
tiudisko kieli
Ravenish flag.png
Pronunciation[tiu̯.dis.ko kie̯.li]
Created bywfosøra
Indo-European
Early form
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ravenish (endonym: tiudisko kieli; Ravenish: [tiu̯.dis.ko kie̯.li) is a Finno-Germanic sprachbund. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both groups after the Ravenish tribe, at around 400AD, migrated to what is now North Ostrobothnia. These connections slowly formed the modern language, which, under influence of Finnish for centuries, led to the complete replacement of the native grammar with that of Finnish.

Etymology

The language name derives from the same source as German Deutsch, þiudiskaz, with the second part coming from Finnish 'kieli'. The English name is in reference to a cultural aspect of the people, their unusually large reverence for Ravens, they place an oddly high importance on Ravens even for a Germanic tribe.

Phonology

Orthography

Early Modern
IPA Letter
/ɑ, æ/ a, ä
/d/ d
/e/ e
/h/ h
/i/ i
/j/ j
/k/ k, g¹
/l/ l
/m/ m
/n/ n, *m
/o, ø/ o, ö
/p/ p
/r/ r
/s/ s, f¹
/t/ t, *d
/u, y/ u, y
/ʋ/ v, b¹
  • letters with '*' are only pronounced that way at the end of words, done as a way to preserve etymology.
  1. retained for etymology, 'g' may be /g/ in loan words, f may be /f/ in loans, b is identical to 'v' except in loans (where it may be /b/)
  • Many times letters will be marked when pronounced in a non-native way in loans, usually with a dot or acute, so 'ġ', 'ḃ', and 'ḟ'.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial alveolar
/Palatal 		Velar
/Glottal
Nasal m n (ŋ)¹
Stop p t̪, d k
Fricative s h
Approximant ʋ² l, j
Trill r
  1. allophone of /n/ before /k/
  2. Can be pronounced as /w/ or /v/ and be understood by natives ( I pronounce it as /v/ since I can't quite get /ʋ/)

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
front back
unround round
close i y u
mid e ø o
open æ ɑ

Prosody

Stress

Stress, like in PG, still lies solely on the first syllable unless prefixed, where stress moves with the root word.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Grammar

Morphology

Pronouns

Standard personal pronouns
Nominative
first
person		 singular i
plural vir
second
person		 singular tuu
plural juur
third
person		 singular masculine ir
feminine sii
neuter it
plural masculine iir
feminine ijaar
neuter ijo
reflexive se
Colloquial personal pronouns
Nominative
first
person		 singular minä
plural me
second
person		 singular formal Te
familiar sinä
plural te
third
person		 singular hän
plural he
reflexive se

Gender marking has become relatively rare in everyday speech, while additional affixes for it do exist, they're treated as unnecessary unless the distinction is important to the given information.

Nouns

Grammatical
Nominative -
Accusative -/-n
Genitive -n
Partitive -(t)a/-(t)ä
Locative (internal)
Inessive -ssa/-ssä
Elative -sta/-stä
Illative -an, -en, etc...
Locative (External)
Adessive -lla/-llä
Ablative -lta/-ltä
Allative -lle
Essive
Essive -na/-nä
Translative -ksi
Marginal
Instructive -n/-in
Abessive -tta/-ttä
Comitative -ne-/-në-

For more detail see Appendix:Finnish declension

Verbs

Verb declensions haven't changed much, the dual has fell out of use outside of formal situations, where even there it's rare, the dual is sometimes still used casually for couples, like 'they're walking together (as partners)' is {translation here}

Adjectives and Determiners

Adjectives and determiners use the same declension as nouns except a very small difference, an infixed '-i-', so 'rusty' would be '*rustiar' (actually 'rustag'), this has no etymological origin, instead being added as a countermeasure to keep nouns and adjectives from declining, and thus appearing, identical.

Adverbs

Numbers

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Texts

I will put short snippets of texts here as a preview with the full text being linked under the snippet.

Beowulf Sentence 1

Language Sentence 1 of Beowulf
English Indeed! We Spear-Danes, in days old, had great kings who heard of the glory of what that man's courage did.
Old English Hwæt! wē gārdena in geārdagum þēodcyninga ⁠þrym gefrūnon, hu ðā æðelingas ellen fremedon.
Early Modern hvat! me gairdien yn järdiä teudkunungarien trum gafreegun, hvo to atulungaret aljana framjanivat.
Pronunciation hʋɑt me kɑi̯r.die̯n yn jær.diæ̯ teu̯d.ku.nuŋ.ŋɑ.rie̯n trun kɑs.reː.kun hʋo to ɑ.tu.luŋ.ŋɑ.ret ɑl.jɑ.nɑ srɑm.jɑ.ni.ʋɑt
Full text

Other resources

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