I Kronurum: Difference between revisions
Line 1,724: | Line 1,724: | ||
First names | First names | ||
Surnames are typically either ocupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafn), amongst wich the oldest can be found. | Surnames are typically either ocupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafn), amongst wich the oldest can be found. | ||
For example: | |||
{| class="wikitable | {| class="wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Faradur | | ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Énor | | | ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Héurbrok | | ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.hɾɐfɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing" | ||
|- | |||
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 01:07, 19 October 2015
This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
I Kronurum | |
---|---|
"that which is spoken" | |
Pronunciation | [/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/] |
Created by | Nicolás Straccia |
Setting | Unnamed conworld |
Native to | The Marks of Ifarka (i-Étrir, ...) and some exclaves under their influence |
Northern Languages
| |
Early forms | Proto-Northern
|
The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013. It is part of a larger conworlding project.
Background
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: Ancient IK (AIK), Old IK (OIK), Middle IK (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and Modern IK (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).
The developmental stage presented in this article is that of Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat, which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Igódánafáreþ ("Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
Grammar
In a nutshell:
OSV
A/N
Pro-drop
[...]
PHONOLOGY
Vowels
Vowel inventory
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
Close | |||||
Near‑close | |||||
Close‑mid | |||||
Mid | |||||
Open‑mid | |||||
Near‑open | |||||
Open |
Vowel allophony
· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
Umlaut and diphtongues by umlaut
Other diphtongues
Consonants
Consonant inventory
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | ||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Tap or flap | ɾ | |||||||
Fricative | (β) | f | θ ð | s | ʃ | x (ɣ) | h | |
Lateral fric. | (ɬ) | |||||||
Approximant | w | j | ||||||
Lateral app. | l |
Onset mutations
Mutation grade | ||
---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 |
b- /b/~/β/ | p- /p/ | f- /f/ |
d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ | þ- /θ/ |
f- /f/ | p- /p/ | b- /b/~/β/ |
h- /h/~/χ/ | k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ |
j- /j/ | jw- /jʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ | h- /h/~/χ/ |
l- /l/ | l- /l / | lh- /ɬ/ |
m- /m/ | mw- /mʷ/ | w- /w/ |
n- /n/ | nw- /nʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
s- /s/ | þ- /θ/ | ś- /ʃ/ |
t- /t/ | d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ |
w- /w/ | gw- /gʷ/ | ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ |
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Eg. duma {fox:nom}, ó ðumen {gen fox-gen}, tró þuma {acc fox-acc}
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
Other contextual phonological phenomena
There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:
· -ren-rin- → -relin-
· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
Syllable structure
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus nu must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, N, or a rhotic, R.
MORPHOLOGY
Nominal morphology
Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:
preposition | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
gen, acc | √noun | det | pl | and | nom, gen, acc, dat, inst, loc, all |
Grammatical case
· Genitive
Some older genitive compounds do not display the onset mutation of the second element that follows the genitive preposition ór. For instance hissóhéuren /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ vs. **hissókéuren /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/, (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the Discrepance on onset mutations controversy.
Declension particles and affixes
Case | Marker | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
nom | Nominative | ∅ | The nominative case is not marked | ||
gen | Genitive | ó(r) _-(e)n | /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ | preposition, suffix | Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/ |
akk | Accusative | tró | /ˈtɾu̹/ | preposition | Triggers mutation 2 |
dat | Dative | -(r)is | -/ɾis/ | suffix | |
instr | Instrumental/Commitative | -(n)ion | -/nio̯n/ | suffix | Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative |
loc | Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") | -(a)ftó | -/f.ˈtu̹/ | suffix | þaneftó /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home” |
all | Allative | -(o)rion | -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ | suffix | þanerion /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound" |
Grammatical number
Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective
· Plural marking
Grammatical gender | Plural form | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | umlaut+-n | {´}n | ‹´›-/n/ | ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɐi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an) |
umlaut+-an | {´}n | ‹´›-/ɐn/ | ||
Inanimate | umlaut+-ran | {´}ran | ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ | ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran) |
umlaut+-eþ | {´}eþ | ‹´›-/eθ/ | ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbai̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ) | |
Indefinite | umlaut+-aþ | aþ | -/ɐθ/ |
Definiteness
The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix (det) -rum (See Derivational particles and affixes below).
- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a vocative marker.
Other forms
· Diminutives
Grammatical gender | Diminutive form | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | umlaut+-(e)jar | {´}(e)jar | ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ | ‹gángrejar›, little dog |
preposition | ‹som›* | /so̞m/ | ‹som lugr›, little hand; ‹som breja›, little animal. | |
Inanimate | ||||
umlaut+-þu | {´}þu | ‹´›-/θu/ | ‹bágaþu›, little eye | |
umlaut+-li | {´}li | ‹´›-/li/ | ‹noþa›, package; ‹nódali›, bag | |
Indefinite | umlaut+-isi | {´}(i)si | ‹´›-/isi/ | ‹iarisi›, sorrow (little emptyness) |
· Augmentatives
Grammatical gender | Augmentative form | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | -ónr | (ó)nr | -/u̹.nɾ̩/ | ‹gangrónr›, big dog |
preposition | ‹det›* | /de̞t/ | ‹det koŕa›, big door; ‹det hlár›, big flower. | |
Inanimate | ||||
-lår | lår | -/lɑɾ/ | ‹faltalår›, big table | |
Indefinite | -(a)śar | (a)śar | -/a.ʃɐɾ/ | ‹grébaśar›, great harm |
* The use of the particles ‹det› and ‹som› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "x-ful", "very x, "having x (n.)" or "very x (adj.)", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹detjalatti›, expected, from ‹det› -"with, having"- and ‹i-alatti› -"expectation"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹det-hjol›, with walls, walled, from ‹det› -"with, having"- and ‹hjol› -wall-).
Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the instrumental (inst), locative (loc) and allative (all) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the third person indefinite (3s.ind and 3p.ind) for all grammatical genders.
Person | Grammatical case | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nom | gen | acc | dat | inst | loc | all | |||
Singular | 1 | ‹angr› /ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/ |
‹ór angren› /ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/ |
‹tró angr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/ |
‹angris› /ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/ |
‹angrion› /ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/ |
‹angraftó› /ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/ |
‹angorion› /ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/ | |
2 | ‹setr› /ˈse̞.tr̩/ |
‹ó þetren› /ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/ |
‹tró śetr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/ |
‹setris› /ˈse̞.tɾis/ |
‹setrion› /ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/ |
‹setraftó› /se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/ |
‹setorion› /ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/ | ||
3 | anim | ‹osta› /ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/ |
‹ór osten› /ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/ |
‹tró osta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/ |
‹ostris› /ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/ |
‹estrion› /ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/ |
‹estraftó› /ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/ |
‹estarion› /ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/ | |
inan | ‹masta› /ˈmɑs.tɐ/ |
‹ó mwasten› /ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/ |
‹tró wasta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/ |
‹mastris› /ˈmɑs.tɾis/ | |||||
ind | ‹esta› /ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/ |
‹ór esten› /ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/ |
‹tró esta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/ |
‹estris› /ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/ | |||||
Plural | 1 | ‹óstr› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/ |
‹ór óstren› /ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/ |
‹tró óstr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/ |
‹óstris› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/ |
‹óstrion› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/ |
‹óstraftó› /ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/ |
‹óstrorion› /ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/ | |
2 | ‹hagr› /ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/ |
‹ó kagren› /ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/ |
‹tró gagr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/ |
‹hagris› /ˈhɑ.gɾis/ |
‹hagrion› /ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/ |
‹hagraftó› /hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/ |
‹hagorion› /ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/ | ||
3 | anim | ‹jóka› /ˈju̜.kɐ/ |
‹ó jóbken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/ |
‹tró ñóka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/ |
‹jókris› /ˈju̜.kɾis/ |
‹narkrion› /ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/ |
‹narkaftó› /nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/ |
‹narkorion› /ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/ | |
inan | ‹méka› /ˈmei̯.kɐ/ |
‹ó mwéken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/ |
‹tró wéka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/ |
‹mékris› /ˈmei̯.kɾis/ | |||||
ind | ‹narka› /ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/ |
‹ó nwarken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/ |
‹tró ñarka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/ |
‹narkris› /ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/ |
Adjectives
Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.
· Comparatives
Comparative constructions have the compared-to term affixed with the comparative suffix comp -(a)los. In this case, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the comparative construction (adjective plus compared-to noun or noun phrase). The adjective is prefixed with de-, from det.
· comp | -(a)los | -/ɐlos/ | comparative | Suffix | From losi (adj.) “(to be) the other” |
· det | /ˈde̞t/ | adjective particle | with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.) |
The structure of the comparative construction is:
[X] | (is) | er-[α] | [Y]-than |
---|---|---|---|
(theme, what is being described) | more-[adjective] | [compared-to-noun]-than | |
de-[adjective] | [compared-to-noun]-(a)los |
For example:
[X] | (is) | er-[α] | [Y]-than |
---|---|---|---|
[wolf/dog] | er-[small] | [house]-than | |
[gangr] | de-[som] | [þane]-los | |
‹gangr de-som þanelos› | |||
"a dog is smaller than a house" |
· Superlatives
Superlative forms are marked as follows:
Grammatical gender | Superlative form | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | -(n)aur | (n)aur | -/nau̯ɾ/ | ‹knegaur›, the tallest (anim.) |
preposition | ‹dette› | /de̞.tːɘ/ | (dette < det-det) | |
Inanimate | preposition | ‹dette› | /de̞.tːɘ/ | (dette < det-det) |
Indefinite | -jós | jós | -/ju̜s/ | ‹netreriñós›, the most orderly (ind.) |
For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:
[X] | (is) | er-[α] | [Y]-than | , | but | est | [α] | [Z] | (dat dem. pronoun) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[house] | er-[big] | [wolf/dog]-than | but | est | [big] | [mountain] | (dem.distal.dat.pl “to them”) | ||
[þane] | de-[dag] | [gangr]-los | harhaŕa | dette | [dag] | [fóþr] | (tréþraris) | ||
‹þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris› | |||||||||
"a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them" |
Verbal morphology
Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:
preposition | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Passive voice marker | Aspect marker prefix | √verb | Conjugation affix for person, number and mood | Aspect marker suffix |
Verb conjugation paradigms
i. -nur
Consonant theme; mostly verbs of movement.
finite forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
active | passive | active | passive | |||||
past | singular | |||||||
1 | √-nura | þar √-nura | √´-nura | þar √´-nura | n/a | |||
2 | √-neþan | þar √-neþan | √´-neþan | þar √´-neþan | ||||
3 | anim | √-naran | þar √-naran | √´-naran | þar √´-naran | |||
inan | √-nera | þar √-nera | √´-nera | þar √´-nera | ||||
ind | √-nturan | þar √-nturan | √´-nturan | þar √´-nturan | ||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | √-nurtan | þar √-nurtan | √´-nurtan | þar √´-nurtan | ||||
2 | √-néþan | þar √-néþan | √´-néþan | þar √´-néþan | ||||
3 | anim | √-náran | þar √-náran | √´-náran | þar √´-náran | |||
inan | √-néren | þar √-néren | √´-néren | þar √´-néren | ||||
ind | √-nturan | þar √-nturan | √´-nturan | þar √´-nturan | ||||
present | singular | |||||||
1 | √-nur | þar √-nur | √´-nur | þar √´-nur | n/a | |||
2 | √-neþ | þar √-neþ | √´-neþ | þar √´-neþ | √-neþur | |||
3 | anim | √-nara | þar √-nara | √´-nara | þar √´-nara | √-niri | ||
inan | √-nere | þar √-nere | √´-nere | þar √´-nere | ||||
ind | √-ntur | þar √-ntur | √´-ntur | þar √´-ntur | ||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | √-nurtu | þar √-nurtu | √´-nurtu | þar √´-nurtu | n/a | |||
2 | √-néþu | þar √-néþu | √´-néþu | þar √´-néþu | √-néþur | |||
3 | anim | √-náru | þar √-náru | √´-náru | þar √´-náru | √-níri | ||
inan | √-nére | þar √-nére | √´-nére | þar √´-nére | ||||
ind | √-nturu | þar √-nturu | √´-nturu | þar √´-nturu | ||||
future | singular | |||||||
1 | √-sur | þar √-sur | √´-sur | þar √´-sur | n/a | |||
2 | √-set | þar √-set | √´-set | þar √´-set | ||||
3 | anim | √-sar | þar √-sar | √´-sar | þar √´-sar | |||
inan | √-ser | þar √-ser | √´-ser | þar √´-ser | ||||
ind | √-þur | þar √-þur | √´-þur | þar √´-þur | ||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | √-su | þar √-su | √´-su | þar √´-su | ||||
2 | √-sétur | þar √-sétur | √´-sétur | þar √´-sétur | ||||
3 | anim | √-sárur | þar √-sárur | √´-sárur | þar √´-sárur | |||
inan | √-séru | þar √-séru | √´-séru | þar √´-séru | ||||
ind | √-þurtu | þar √-þurtu | √´-þurtu | þar √´-þurtu | ||||
non-finite forms | ||||||||
infinitive | √-nni | |||||||
past participle | e(n)-√-nuri | |||||||
present participle | ë-nna |
ii. -tur
Mostly stative verbs
finite forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
active | passive | active | passive | |||||
past | singular | |||||||
1 | √-tura | þar √-tura | √´-tura | þar √´-tura | n/a | |||
2 | √-teþan | þar √-teþan | √´-teþan | þar √´-teþan | ||||
3 | anim | √-taran | þar √-taran | √´-taran | þar √´-taran | |||
inan | √-tera | þar √-tera | √´-tera | þar √´-tera | ||||
ind | √-turan | þar √-turan | √´-ðuran | þar √´-ðuran | ||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | √-turtan | þar √-turtan | √´-turtan | þar √´-turtan | ||||
2 | √-téþan | þar √-téþan | √´-téþan | þar √´-téþan | ||||
3 | anim | √-táran | þar √-táran | √´-táran | þar √´-táran | |||
inan | √-téren | þar √-téren | √´-téren | þar √´-téren | ||||
ind | √-ðuran | þar √-ðuran | √´-ðuran | þar √´-ðuran | ||||
present | singular | |||||||
1 | √-tur | þar √-tur | √´-tur | þar √´-tur | n/a | |||
2 | √-teþ | þar √-teþ | √´-teþ | þar √´-teþ | √-teþur | |||
3 | anim | √-tara | þar √-tara | √´-tara | þar √´-tara | √-tiri | ||
inan | √-tere | þar √-tere | √´-tere | þar √´-tere | ||||
ind | √-ttur | þar √-ttur | √´-ður | þar √´-ttur | ||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | √-turtu | þar √-turtu | √´-turtu | þar √´-turtu | n/a | |||
2 | √-téþu | þar √-téþu | √´-téþu | þar √´-téþu | √-téþur | |||
3 | anim | √-táru | þar √-táru | √´-táru | þar √´-táru | √-tíri | ||
inan | √-tére | þar √-tére | √´-tére | þar √´-tére | ||||
ind | √-turu | þar √-ðuru | √´-ðuru | þar √´-ðuru | ||||
future | singular | |||||||
1 | √-þur | þar √-þur | √´-þur | þar √´-þur | n/a | |||
2 | √-þet | þar √-þet | √´-þet | þar √´-þet | ||||
3 | anim | √-þar | þar √-þa | √´-þar | þar √´-þar | |||
inan | √-þer | þar √-þer | √´-þer | þar √´-þer | ||||
ind | √-þur | þar √-þur | √´-þur | þar √´-þur | ||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | √-þu | þar √-þu | √´-þu | þar √´-þu | ||||
2 | √-þétur | þar √-þétur | √´-þétur | þar √´-þétur | ||||
3 | anim | √-þárur | þar √-þárur | √´-þárur | þar √´-þárur | |||
inan | √-þéru | þar √-þéru | √´-þéru | þar √´-þéru | ||||
ind | √-þurtu | þar √-þurtu | √´-þurtu | þar √´-þurtu | ||||
non-finite forms | ||||||||
infinitive | √-tti | |||||||
past participle | e(n)-√-turi | |||||||
present participle | ë-tta |
iii. -rur
-
finite forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
active | passive | active | passive | |||||
past | singular | |||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | ||||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
present | singular | |||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
future | singular | |||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | ||||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
non-finite forms | ||||||||
infinitive | ||||||||
past participle | ||||||||
present participle |
iv. -jur
-
finite forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
active | passive | active | passive | |||||
past | singular | |||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | ||||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
present | singular | |||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
future | singular | |||||||
1 | n/a | |||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
plural | ||||||||
1 | ||||||||
2 | ||||||||
3 | anim | |||||||
inan | ||||||||
ind | ||||||||
non-finite forms | ||||||||
infinitive | ||||||||
past participle | ||||||||
present participle |
Verbal aspect markers
aspect | marker | theme | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
consonant | vowel | ||||
Continuous | cont | Ø- (unmarked) | ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, I’m speaking Ikronurum | ||
Gnomic | gnom | [conjugated verb] ini | /ˈʔi.ni/ | (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, I speak Ikronurum | |
Perfect | perf | j(ó)- | /ju̹.ˈ/- | /ˈjV/- | Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› |
Imperfect | imp | ke- | /ke̞.ˈ/- | /ke̞.ˈʔ/- | Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel. |
Intensive1 | int1 | ja(g)- | /jɑˈɣ/- | Movement: to.walk → to.parade | |
Intensive2 | int2 | a(l)- | /ʔɑ.ˈ/ | /ʔɑ.ˈlV/ | Abstract: to.wish → to.hope |
Attenuative | atten | -(e)t- | -/ɘt/- | -/t/- | (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water) |
Particles and affixes
Function | Marker | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pvm | Passive voice marker | þar | /ˈθɑɾ/ | particle/preposition | |
aux | Auxiliar particle | gar | /ˈgɑɾ/ | particle/preposition | "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri» |
hort | Hortative particle | heŕan | /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ | particle/preposition | [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb] |
neg | Negation of an action | ren | /ˈre̞n/ | particle/preposition | (it won’t x, it doesn’t x) |
caus | Causative | -a- | -/ɑ/- | affix | Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-caus-[verb.declension]
nimr water; nimrajur to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc) |
Marking hierarchy
Derivational morphology
· Nominalizer (nmlz)
Derivation of nouns from verbs:
nmlz-[verb in the infinitive]
Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:
nmlz-[adjective]
dag, big; i-dag, bigness.
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:
[-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].
Derivational particles and affixes
· Grammatical
Function | Marker | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
nmlz | Nominalizer | i | /ˈʔi/ | preposition | Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
kronur “I speak” 1s.pres.ind i kronurum, {i kro-nur-rum} [NMLZ to.speak-1s.pres.ind-det] = "was ich spreche", “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language. |
det | Determiner | -rum | -/ɾum/ | suffix | "the x" (instead of "a x") |
and | Coordinator | -ór | -/u̹ɾ/ | preposition | "and" |
advm | Adverbializer | -(u)ŕó | -/u.ˈru̹/ | suffix | "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner |
adj | Adjetivizer | -rin | -/ɾin/ | suffix | Forms adjectives of quality. sigr "ash", agor-ó-śigrelin "ash-coloured" |
· Lexical
Function | Marker | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pers | Associated person | -rir | -/ɾiɾ/ | suffix | Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ríra, “person”
hlajur v. to.make, hlajrir n. maker. assa n. forge, assarir n. smith. |
tool | Associated artifact, tool | -(e)nar | -/ɘnɐɾ/ | suffix | From nara, “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair” |
place | Associated place | -fér | -/fe̞i̯ɾ/ | suffix | From féra, “place”. |
col | Colective noun | -hir | -/hiɾ/ | suffix | From hitr, “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain” |
Discourse particles
Deictics
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
Proper nouns
Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum. For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.
Anthroponyms
An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname. First names Surnames are typically either ocupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafn), amongst wich the oldest can be found.
For example:
Faradur Ór-Altahjol | /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ | ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ | "Horse-son | of Greenwall" | ||
Énor* Artassarir | /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ | ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ | "Bear(paw) | Swordmaker" | ||
Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr | /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k | duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.hɾɐfɾ̩/ | "Riverstone | son of Eaglewing" | ||
*(Énor < Énorag) |
Toponyms
There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of toponymical proper nouns. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.
Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain.
Function | Marker | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
land | Region name | -får(k) | -/fɑɾk/ | suffix | From farka, “earth”. |
A HAMLET -þåjn -/θɑi̯n/ top. “-ham”, from þánerum, hamlet
TOWN -þåjl -/θɑi̯l/ top. “-ton”, from -þåjnl, in turn from þánelårum, town
PATH -års -/ɑɾs/ top. from arso, path, way; street, road
B HILL -neþ -/nɘθ/ top. from neþo, hill
VALLEY -låjn -/lɑi̯.n/ top. from lánr, valley
COVE -lor -/lo̞ɾ/ top. from lora, cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
CHASM -luþ -/luθ/ top. from luþlor, “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
CLIFF -hråjl -/hɾɑi̯l/ top. from hrál, cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. farallón
C SEA -jår -/jɑɾ/ top. from jarl, sea
BAY -fjór -/fju̜ɾ/ top. from fjór, pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
PORT -fjórd -/fju̜ɾd̥/ top. port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
BEACH -håjf -/hɑi̯f/ top. from háfr, beach, shoreline
SHORE -jók -/ju̜k/ top. from jóke, border, Rand; side, coast
D LAND -får(k) -/fɑɾk/ top. region, region-name; from farka, earth
FIELD -lól -/lu̹l/ top. from lótli, field
E FOREST -bågh -/bɑx/ top. from baghir, forest
GROVE -båjg -/bɑi̯x/ top. from bághirli, grove
SWAMP -kóg -/kʰu̹x/ top. from kóg, bog, moor, swamp
Demonyms
Syntax
Word order per sentence type
Sentence type | Word order | Marking | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Declarative sentences | Active sentences | Intransitive verbs | SV | nom-v | - |
Monotransitive verbs | OSV | acc-nom-v | - | ||
Ditransitive verbs | OTSV | acc-dat-nom-v | - | ||
Passive sentences | SOV | nom-acc-pvm-v | - | ||
Questions | - | - | Focus fronting | ||
Imperative sentences | OVS | acc-v-nom+det | - |
Lexicon
Citation forms:
· Nouns: nominative singular;
· Verbs: first person singular present active.
Orthography
Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script.
Orthographies | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Consonants | ||||
IPA value | Latin letter | Gothic letter | Native orthography | Notes |
p | p | - | - | - |
b | b | - | - | - |
t | t | - | - | - |
d | d | - | - | - |
k | k | - | - | - |
g | g | - | - | - |
m | m | - | - | - |
n | n | - | - | - |
ɲ | ñ, ń, nj | - | - | - |
r | ŕ, rr | - | - | - |
ɾ | r | - | - | - |
f | f | - | - | - |
θ | þ | - | - | - |
ð | ð | - | - | - |
s | s | - | - | - |
ʃ | ś | - | - | - |
h | h | - | - | - |
w | w | - | - | - |
j | j | - | - | - |
l | l | - | - | - |
ɬ | lh | - | - | - |
Vowels | ||||
ɑ | a, å | - | - | The graphy ‹å› is used for the causative marker caus ‹-a-› to be pronounced as /ɑ/, which happens in a position in which ‹a› would be realized either as /a/ or /ɐ/ |
i | i | - | - | - |
e̞ | e | - | - | - |
o̞ | o | - | - | - |
u | u | - | - | - |
u̹ | ó | - | - | From an early long o vowel; AIK and OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/ |
Samples
Sentences
‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen› | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/ˈʔu̜ | ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/ |
ó(r) | {b→p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n | unda-rum-ór-(e)n | fara-rum-(e)n | ||
gen | tree-det-and-gen | bird-det-and-gen | horse-det-gen | ||
"of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" | |||||
(name of a traditional tale) |
Other samples
I Kronurum has taken part in the Fourth Linguifex Relay. Text of the IK entry (translation from Minhast):
Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan. |
/ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ŕi.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/
|
Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed. |