Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican
Antarctican is the most widely spoken language on the continent of Antarctica in the far future, at a time when
is spoken on the continent of Antarctica in the far future, at a time when
runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and rendered most of the rest of
runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and rendered most of the rest of
the word uninhabitable. It has been influenced by a variety of modern-day
the word uninhabitable. It evolved from [[Proto-Antarctican]], which in turn evolved from a mixture of a wide variety of modern-day languages, among them English, Spanish, Japanese and many East Asian languages.
languages, among them English, Spanish, Japanese and many East Asian languages.


It has a
It has a
Line 12: Line 10:


The
The
morphosyntactic alignment is split ergative, with noun suffixes following an
morphosyntactic alignment is split ergative (as is the syntax), with noun suffixes following an
ergative-absolutive system, but person marking on verbs following a
ergative-absolutive system, but person marking on verbs following a
nominative-accusative system. Nouns also inflect for alienable and inalienable
nominative-accusative system. Nouns also inflect for alienable and inalienable
Line 18: Line 16:
real marking of plurality of nouns.
real marking of plurality of nouns.


In the
In the verbal morphology, transitivity is clearly marked. Verbs also
verbal morphology, mirativity and transitivity are clearly marked. Verbs also
inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important.
inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important.


Line 30: Line 27:


The
The
pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the tables below, followed by its
pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the tables below, preceded by its
romanisation in brackets.
romanisation.


There are 11 monophthongs:
There are 11 monophthongs:
Line 39: Line 36:
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
|'''i''' /i/
|'''i''' /i/  
|
|'''ue''' /ɨ/  
|'''ue''' /ɨ/
|
|'''u''' /u/
|'''u''' /u/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
|'''ie''' /e/
|'''e''' /e/  
|
|'''oe''' /ɘ/  
|'''e''' /ɘ/
| '''o''' /o/
|
| '''uo''' /o/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ae''' /ɛ/
| '''ae''' /ɛ/  
|
|'''ao''' /ɜ/  
|'''oe''' /ɜ/
|'''õ''' /ɔ/
|
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
|'''a''' /a/
|'''a''' /a/  
|  
|
|
| '''ã''' /ɒ/
|
| '''ao''' /ɒ/
|}
|}




And there are 17 diphthongs. 8 of theseend in [j], and another 9 end in [w]:
And there are 16 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 8 end in [w]:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Diphtongs ending in /j/'''
|+ '''Diphthongs ending in /j/'''
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
|
|
|'''uey''' /ɨj/
|  
|  
|'''uey''' /ɨj/
|'''uy''' /uj/
|'''uy''' /uj/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
|'''iey''' /ej/
|'''ey''' /ej/  
|
|'''oey''' /ɘi/  
|'''ey''' /ɘj/
| '''oy''' /oj/
|
| '''uoy''' /oj/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''aey''' /ɛj/
| '''aey''' /ɛj/  
|
|'''aoy''' /ɜj/  
|'''oey''' /ɜj/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
|'''ay''' /aj/
|'''ay''' /aj/  
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
The remaining diphthongs:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Diphtongs ending in /w/'''
|+ '''Diphthongs ending in /w/'''
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
|
|
|'''uew''' /ɨw/
|  
|  
|'''uew''' /ɨw/
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
|'''iew''' /ew/
|'''ew''' /ew/  
|
|'''oew''' /ɘu/  
|'''ew''' /ɘw/
| '''ow''' /ou/
|
| '''uow''' /ow/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''aew''' /ɛw/
| '''aew''' /ɛw/  
|
|'''aow''' /ɜw/  
|'''oew''' /ɜw/
|'''õw''' /ɔw/
|
|'''ow''' /ɔw/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
|'''aw''' /aw/
|'''aw''' /aw/
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


====Vowel phonation====
Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*kúow /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive
Tense voice cannot occur on highvowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.


====Vowel length====
====Vowel length====


As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.
Vowel length is phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.
 
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive*kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive
 
====Phonation restrictions====
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
|+'''Monophthong phonation'''
 
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|Voice


! style="width: 90px; " |Front


! style="width: 90px; " |Central
*kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*koow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive


! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! rowspan="2"|Close
! style="" |Modal


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''i''' /i/
====Vowel Phonation====


| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ue''' /ɨ/ from /i/
Antarctican also has a pitch register system (like Burmese and Vietnamese). Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a small pharyngeal stop after the syllable e.g. /aˤ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a small voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aʱ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Breathy


|
*kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*ków /kouˤ/ - bigot, absolutive


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /ʉɦ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ù''' //
Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
! style="" |Modal


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ie''' /e/
The vowel õ /ɔ/ cannot take breathy voice, and when it takes tense voice, it is marked with a circumflex accent i.e. ô.


| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''e''' /ɘ/ from /e/


| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uo''' /o/ from /u/
=====Floating Phonation=====
|-
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: orange;"|'''íe''' //
Similar to floating tones in Bantu languages (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_tone), the beginnings of words in Antarctican can have floating phonation (unmarked for modal phonation, written with ' before the word for tense phonation, and ` before the word for breathy phonation). As an example, the following words are pronounced identically when not inflected:


| style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' /ɘʔ/


| style="background-color: orange;"| '''úo''' /oʔ/
ká /kaˤ/ - coconut milk, absolutive
|-
! style="" |Breathy


|
'ká /ˤkaˤ/ - fence, absolutive


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''è''' /ɘɦ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ùo''' /oɦ/
However, when they take the prefix wa- (3rd person topicalised possessive), they are different:
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! style="" |Modal


| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''ae''' /ɛ/ from /a/


|
waká /wakaˤ/ - his / her coconut milk, absolutive


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''o''' /ɔ/
'wáká /ˤwaˤkaˤ/ - his / her fence, absolutive
|-
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /ɛʔ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óe''' /ɜʔ/
Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation e.g.


| style="background-color: orange;"|'''ó''' /ɔʔ/
ámáelái /ʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - prey, absolutive
|-
! style="" |Breathy


|
wa-ámáelái /waʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - his / her prey, absolutive (never wá-ámáelái)


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' /ɜɦ/


|
====Vowel Mutation====
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
! style="" |Modal


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''a''' /a/
When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is yew- /jeu/, however, when it acquires tense voice, it becomes 'yáew- /ˤjɛuˤ/ e.g.


|


| style="background-color: pink;"| '''ao''' /ɒ/ from /ɔ/
yewká /jeukaˤ/ - our (including you) coconut milk, absolutive
|-
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''á''' //
'yáewká /ˤjɛuˤkaˤ/ - our (including you) fence, absolutive


|


|
Also, the quality of a modally voiced vowel sometimes changes if the next vowel also has modal voice (this also depends on whether the intervening consonant is voice or voiceless). In the case of the prefix yew- /jeu/, this changes to yoew- /jɘu/ if the intervening consonant is voiceless (other than a glottal stop) e.g.
|}
<br/>
*Vowels in green are found everywhere.
*Vowels in pink are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark ergative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiced consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards.
*Vowels in blue are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark comitative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards.
*Vowels in orange are only found in reduplications.  


Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g.


*kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
tõn /t&#596;&#628;/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive
*kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive


When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/, /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc.
yoewtõn /j&#600;ut&#596;&#628;/ - our (including you) change, absolutive


Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length.


There are similar restrictions on diphthongs:
These changes are given in the table below:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
|+'''Diphthong phonation /j/'''


{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel
! style="width: 90px; "|Voice
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Close
| éy /ei&#740;/ || ùe /&#616;&#689;/ || || i /i/ || i /i/ || ue /&#616;/
! style="" |Modal
 
|
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''uy''' /ui/
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
| óey /&#600;i&#740;/ || ùey /&#616;&#689;/ || || ii /i&#720;/ || ii /i&#720;/ || uue /&#616;&#720;/
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /ʉɦ/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùy''' /uiɦ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
| áe ~ áae /&#603;(&#720;)&#740;/ || òe ~ òoe /&#600;(&#720;)&#689;/ || || e ~ ee /e(&#720;)/ || e ~ ee /e(&#720;)/ || oe ~ ooe /&#600;(&#720;)/
! style="" |Modal
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iey''' /ei/
 
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ey''' /ɘi/
 
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uoy''' /oi/
|-
|-
! style="" |Tense
| á ~ áa /a(&#720;)&#740;/ || ào ~ àao /&#604;(&#720;)&#689;/ || || a ~ aa /a(&#720;) || a ~ aa /a(&#720;)/ || ae ~ aae /&#603;(&#720;)/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''íey''' /eiʔ/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' /ɘiʔ/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úoy''' /oiʔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
| ów /ou&#740;/ || ù /u&#689;/ || || u /u/ || o /o/ || u /u/
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èy''' /ɘiɦ/
 
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
| óew /&#600;u&#740;/ || ùew /&#616;u&#689;/ || || uu /u&#720;/ || ow /ou/ || uu /u&#720;/
! style="" |Modal
 
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aey''' /ɛi/
 
|
 
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Tense
| áo /&#604;&#740;/ || ò /o&#689;/ || || õ /&#596;/ || ã /&#594;/ || õ /&#596;/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áey''' /ɛiʔ/
 
|
 
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
| áey ~ áaey /&#603;(&#720;)i&#740;/ || òey ~ òoey /&#600;(&#720;)i&#689;/ || || ey ~ eey /e(&#720;)i/ || ey ~ eey /e(&#720;)i/ || oey ~ ooey /&#600;(&#720;)i/
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' /ɜiɦ/
 
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
| áy ~ áay /a(&#720;)i&#740;/ || àoy ~ àaoy /&#604;(&#720;)i&#689;/ || || ay ~ aay /a(&#720;)i/ || ay ~ aay /a(&#720;)i/ || aey ~ aaey /&#603;(&#720;)i/
! style="" |Modal
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ay''' /ai/
 
|
 
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Tense
| óy ~ óoy /o(&#720;)i&#740;/ || ùy ~ ùuy /u(&#720;)i&#740;/ || || uy ~ uuy /u(&#720;)i/ || oy ~ ooy /o(&#720;)i/ || uy ~ uuy /u(&#720;)i/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áy''' /aiʔ/
 
|
 
|
|}
 
 
Same applies to the remaining diphthongs:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
|+'''Diphthong phonation /w/'''
 
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
| áew ~ áaew /&#603;(&#720;)u&#740;/ || òew ~ òoew /&#600;(&#720;)u&#689;/ || || ew ~ eew /e(&#720;)u/ || ew ~ eew /e(&#720;)u/ || oew ~ ooew /&#600;(&#720;)u/
! style="width: 90px; "|Voice
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Close
| áw ~ áaw /a(&#720;)u&#740;/ || àow ~ àaow /&#604;(&#720;)u&#689;/ || || aw ~ aaw /a(&#720;)u/ || aw ~ aaw /a(&#720;)u/ || aew ~ aaew /&#603;(&#720;)u/
! style="" |Modal
 
|
 
|
 
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
| ôw ~ ôow /&#596;(&#720;)w&#740;/ || òw ~ òow /o(&#720;)u&#689;/ || || ow ~ oow /o(&#720;)u/ || õw ~ õow /&#596;(&#720;)u/ || ow ~ oow /o(&#720;)u/
 
|}
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùew''' /ɨuɦ/
 
|
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
! style="" |Modal
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iew''' /ew/
 
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ew''' /ɘu/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''uow''' /ou/
|-
! style="" |Tense
 
|
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úow''' /ouʔ/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èw''' /ɘuɦ/
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùow '''/ouɦ/
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! style="" |Modal
 
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aew''' /ɛu/
 
|
 
| style="background-color: pink;"|'''ow''' /ɔu/
|-
! style="" |Tense
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áew''' /ɛuʔ/
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ów''' /ɔuʔ/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
 
|
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' /ɜuɦ/
 
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
! style="" |Modal
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''aw''' /au/
 
|


|
====Phonation Restrictions====
|-
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /&#616;/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /&#594;/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed in detail here ([[Antarctican/Phonation restrictions]]):
! style="" |Tense
 
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áw''' /auʔ/
 
|
 
|
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 501: Line 239:
! rowspan="2"|Palatal
! rowspan="2"|Palatal


! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Velar
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Velar / Uvular
 
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Uvular


! rowspan="2"|Glottal
! rowspan="2"|Glottal / Placeless


|-
|-
Line 522: Line 258:
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/


|'''my '''//
|'''my '''/m&#690;/


|'''n''' /n/
|'''n''' /n/
Line 528: Line 264:
|
|


|'''ny '''/ɲ/
|'''ny '''/&#626;/


|'''ng '''/ŋ/
|'''ng '''/&#331;/


|'''n''' [ɴ]
|'''n''' /&#628;/


|
|-
|-
!<small>pre-stopped</small>
!<small>pre-stopped</small>
Line 540: Line 275:
|'''pm''' /pm/
|'''pm''' /pm/


|'''pmy '''/pmʲ/
|'''pmy '''/pm&#690;/


|'''tn '''/tn/
|'''tn '''/tn/
Line 546: Line 281:
|
|


|'''cn '''//
|'''cn '''/c&#626;/


|'''kn '''//
|'''kn '''/k&#331;/


|


|
|


|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3"|Stops/Affricate
! rowspan="3"|Stops/Affricates


!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>ejective</small>


|'''pp '''//
|'''pq '''/p'/


|'''ppy '''/pʼʲ/
|'''pqy '''/p'&#690;/


|'''tt '''//
|'''tq '''/t'/


|'''ttl '''/t͡ɬʼ ~ tʼˡ/
|'''tql '''/t&#620;'/


|'''cch '''/t͡ɕʼ ~ /
|'''cqh '''/c' ~ t&#597;'/


|'''kk '''//
|'''kq '''/k'/
 
|


|
|
Line 580: Line 312:
|'''p '''/p/
|'''p '''/p/


|'''py '''//
|'''py '''/p&#690;/


|'''t''' /t/
|'''t''' /t/


|'''tl '''/t͡ɬ ~ tˡ/
|'''tl '''/t&#620;/


|'''ch '''/t͡ɕ ~ c/
|'''ch '''/c ~ t&#597;/


|'''k''' /k/
|'''k''' /k/


|
|'''-''' /&#660;/
 
|'''q''' /ʔ/


|-
|-
Line 599: Line 329:
|'''b '''/b/
|'''b '''/b/


|'''by '''//
|'''by '''/b&#690;/


|'''d''' /d/
|'''d''' /d/


|'''dl '''/d͡ɮ ~ dˡ/
|'''dl '''/d&#622;/


|'''j''' /d͡ʑ ~ ɟ/
|'''j''' /&#607; ~ d&#657;/


|g /ɡ/
|'''g''' /g/


|
|


|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Fricatives/Affricates
! rowspan="2"|Fricatives
!<small>ejective</small>
 
|
 
|
 
|'''tts '''/t͡sʼ ~ sʼ/
 
|
 
|
 
|


|
|
|-
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>


|'''f''' /f/
|'''f''' /f/


|'''fy '''//
|'''fy '''/f&#690;/


|'''s''' /t͡s ~ s/
|'''s''' /s/


|'''hl '''/ɬ/
|'''hl '''/&#620;/


|'''sh '''/ç ~ ɕ/
|'''sh '''/ç ~ &#597;/


|'''h''' /χ ~ x/
|'''h''' /&#967; ~ x/


|
|


|
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
Line 656: Line 367:
|
|


|'''z''' /d͡z ~ z/
|'''z''' /z/
 
|


|
|
Line 673: Line 382:
|'''w''' /w/
|'''w''' /w/


|'''v''' /ɥ/
|'''v''' /&#613;/


| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''l''' /l ~ ɹ ~ ʎ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''l''' /l ~ &#633; ~ &#654;/


|
| '''y''' /j/


|'''r''' /ʁ ~ ʀ/
|'''r''' /&#641; ~ &#640;/


|
|
Line 685: Line 394:




*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology.</span></p>
*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /&#607; ~ d&#657;/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [&#607;] or [d&#657;]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere.
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
*The placeless nasal /&#628;/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
*The placeless nasal /&#628;/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases.
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in four cases.
:#Before a vowel with modal voice and at the beginning of a word.
:#Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word).
:#Before a vowel with modal voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has modal voice.
:#After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation.
:#Before a vowel with breathy voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has breathy voice.
:#Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages.
 
:#/z/ can also be found before vowels with tense voice.
In the latter case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages.
*Fricatives other than /s/ and /z/ (spirant / non-sibilant fricatives) are only found separating two syllables with modal voice (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word), or separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
 
*Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
The same restrictions apply to the distribution of fricatives other than /s/, and of prestopped nasals except that they are never found in the 3rd case.
*The velar nasals /k&#331;/ and /&#331;/ never occur at the beginning of words.
 
*The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, and the velar fricative /&#967;/ are never found before /i/ and /&#616;/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /e&#740;/ and /&#600;&#740;/, nor before diphthongs starting with these.
*Ejectives are only ever found between two vowels with tense voice (possibly with /&#628;/ separating them).
*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*The velar nasals /</span>k&#331;/ and /&#331;/ never occur at the beginning of words.
*The palatalized labial approximant /&#613;/ can never occur before back vowels or low vowels.</span></p>
*The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [&#654;] before a high vowel, [&#633;] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere.
*The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [&#654;] before a high vowel, [&#633;] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere.
*Unpalatalised labial consonants can be velarised or doubly-articulated consonants (e.g. /p/ can be pronounced as [p&#736;] or [kp]). This is especially the case with /w/ and before front vowels).




Line 708: Line 416:
The soft consonants are the palatal consonants, the palatalized labial consonants, and the lateral consonants. All the other consonants are hard.
The soft consonants are the palatal consonants, the palatalized labial consonants, and the lateral consonants. All the other consonants are hard.


For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''iem''' /em/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g.
For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g.


*ziitlòeji /zi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#614;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), mirative
*zuutlòeji /zu&#720;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), indirect
*ziemiitlòeji /zemi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#614;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), mirative, antipassive
*zamuutlòeji /zamu&#720;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), indirect, antipassive


However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''imy''' /im&#690;/ e.g.
However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''emy''' /em&#690;/ e.g.


*pyiquu /p&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, mirative
*pyi-uu /p&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, indirect
*pyimyiquu /p&#690;m&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, mirative, antipassive
*pyemyi-uu /p&#690;em&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, indirect, antipassive
*hliqo /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, mirative
*hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, indirect
*hlimyiqo /&#620;im&#690;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, mirative, antipassive (not *(hliemiqo) /&#620;mi&#660;&#596;/)
*hlemyi-õ /&#620;em&#690;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, indirect, antipassive (not *(hlemi-õ) /&#620;mi&#660;&#596;/)


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Line 725: Line 433:




==Morphology==
==Distribution and Dialects==
 
Antarctican is spoken across a large continent, by a diversity of cultures. As would be expected, there is significant dialectical variation within the language. The differences are most pronounced in the vocabulary, less in the morphology, and even less in the syntax and phonology.
===Nouns===
 
Nouns decline into three cases, Absolutive, Ergative and Comitative. Absolutive case is unmarked while the other two use vowel changes on the final vowel and/or suffixes. Nouns can also take demonstrative and possessive prefixes.
 
====Ergative case====
How this case is formed depends on the phonation and frontness of the final vowel in the word.
 
=====Modally voiced final vowel=====
'''Final vowel is a back vowel'''
 
In this case, lower the back vowel e.g.
 
*ton /t&#596;&#628;/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive
*taon /t&#594;&#628;/ - change, ergative
 
*duoliiengun /dole&#720;&#331;u&#628;/ - dragon, absolutive
*duoliienguon /dole&#720;&#331;o&#628;/ - dragon, ergative
 
If the final vowel is a diphthong that begins with a back vowel, then the start of the diphthong is lowered e.g.
 
*paehuown /p&#603;&#967;ou&#628;/ - dust, absolutive
*paehown /p&#603;&#967;&#596;u&#628;/ - dust, ergative
*yuenpiluoy - /j&#616;&#628;piloi/ - employee, absolutive
*yuenpiloy /j&#616;&#628;pil&#596;i/ - employee, ergative
 
 
'''Final vowel is not a back vowel'''
In this case the ergative suffix is '''–n''' /&#628;/, or '''–ga''' /ga/ if the noun already ended in '''–n''' e.g.*ziva /zi&#613;a/ - boat, absolutive
*zivan /zi&#613;a&#628;/ - boat, ergative
*myaewntayn /m&#690;&#603;u&#628;tai&#628;/ - mountain, absolutive
*myaewntayn-ga / m&#690;&#603;u&#628;tai&#628;ga/ - mountain, ergative
 
=====Final vowel has breathy or tense voice=====
For nouns where the vowel of the last syllable has breathy or tense voice, the situation is more complicated. They all take ergative suffixes of the form C V &#628;, where C is a consonant and V is a vowel. V is almost always /i/, except after /t/ or /d/, when it is /u/. However it is not possible to predict C, as shown by the examples below:
 
*tieyláae /teil&#603;&#660;&#720;/ - shirt, absolutive
*tieyláaesin /teil&#603;&#660;&#720;si&#628; / - shirt, ergative
*píey /pei&#660;/ - book, absolutive
*píeykin /pei&#660;ki&#628;/ - book, ergative
*kùe /k&#616;&#614;/ - goods, absolutive
*kùezin /k&#616;&#614;zi&#628;/ - goods, ergative
*rè /&#641;&#600;&#614;/ - red object, absolutive</span></p>
* rèdun /&#641;&#600;&#614;du&#628;/ – red object, ergative
*kúow /kou&#660;/ - cup, absolutive
*kúowpin */kou&#660;pi&#628;/ - cup, ergative
*píeylánkáe /pei&#660;la&#628;&#660;k&#603;&#660;/ - blanket, absolutive
*píeylánkáetun /pei&#660;la&#628;&#660;k&#603;&#660;tu&#628;/ - blanket, ergative
*wùerù /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;/- frog, absolutive
*wùerùgin /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628;/ - frog, ergative
 
While it may seem that the consonant inserted before the –in (or –un) suffix is random, there are some patterns. Firstly, the inserted consonant is always an obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative), and never a sonorant (nasal or approximant). Secondly, observe that, when the final vowel of the absolutive stem has tense voice, the inserted consonant is always voiceless, while if the final vowel of the absolutive stem has breathy voice, the inserted consonant is always voiced. These two rules hold across the language.</span></p>
 
Also, for readers with knowledge of whatever language Antarctican borrowed the particular noun stem from, note that the “inserted” consonant almost perfectly corresponds with the consonant at the end of the word e.g. the word for “frog”, (''wùerù'' /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;/ in the absolutive case), is in fact descended from the English word “frog”. However, Antarctican does not like final consonants, so the final “g” was lost in the absolutive form. However in the ergative form, there is another vowel following the “g”, so it “reappears”, and the ergative form of the word is ''wùerùgin'' /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628;/. A similar story happens with the “t” in the word for “blanket”, which is also derived from English.
 
====Stem changes====
However, for some of the nouns with breathy or tense voice on the final vowel of the absolutive stem, there are changes in the stem when they take the ergative suffix. These involve a change in vowel phonation to modal voice, and a change in vowel quality. e.g.
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sitùen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /sit&#616;&#628;&#614;/
- wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>suetin-gin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/s&#616;ti&#628;gi&#628;/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a
jellyfish), ergative (not *sitùen-gin)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>As a rule,
if the final vowel undergoes a change, and the second last vowel has the same
voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qùylèn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#660;ui&#614;l&#604;&#628;&#614;/
- island, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>quoyliendun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/&#660;oile&#628;dun/ - island, ergative (not *qùilèndun)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tùrèen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/tu&#614;&#641;&#600;&#614;&#720;&#628;/ - fashionable items, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tuoriiendun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/to&#641;e&#720;&#628;du&#628;/ - fashionable items, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>síeykúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sei&#660;kou&#660;/ - a small amount, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>suekuhli</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/s&#616;ku&#620;i/ - a small amount, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If there
are even more consecutive syllables with the same voicing on the vowel, then
this rule applies to every single one of them e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qámáeláy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - prey, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qamielaeykin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /&#660;amel&#603;iki&#628;/ - prey, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>The changes
in vowel quality and vowel voicing may appear random, but in fact they are not.
The vowel quality of the new vowel can be predicted using the table blow. The
vowels in the first two columns change to their equivalent in the third column
e.g. When sitùen changes to sitin-gin, we can see that ùe changes to i (first
column of the table). </span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>However, if
the vowel is followed by a syllable beginning with a modally voiced consonant
before a modally voiced vowel, then the vowel from the fourth column is used
e.g. when qùylèn changes to quoyliendun, the ùy changes to uoy, since the next
syllable begins with a modally voiced consonant -l-, followed by a modally
voiced vowel -ie-. </span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Also, if
the vowel is followed by a syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant
followed by another modally voice vowel, then the vowel from the fifth column
is used e.g. when qámáláy changes to qamielaeykin, the á changes to ae, since
the next syllable begins with the voiceless -k-, followed by the modally voiced
-i-.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Tense voice</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Breathy voice</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Modal, normal</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Modal, before a
  voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel </span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Modal, before a
  voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:12.1pt'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ei&#660; (íey)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#616;&#614; (ùe)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>i (i)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>i (i)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#616; (ue)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:12.1pt'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#600;i&#660; (éy)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#616;&#614;i&#614;
  (ùey)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>i&#720; (ii)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>i&#720; (ii)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.1pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#616; (uue)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#603;&#660; / &#603;&#660;&#720;
  (áe / áae)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#600;&#614; / &#600;&#614;&#720;
  (è / èe)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal;tab-stops:right 110.85pt'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
  EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal;tab-stops:right 110.85pt'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
  EN-AU'>e / e&#720; (ie / iie)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>e / e&#720; (ie /
  iie)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#600; / &#600;&#720;
  (e / ee)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>a&#660; / a&#660;&#720;
  (á / áa)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#604;&#614; / &#604;&#614;&#720;
  (òe / òoe)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>a / a&#720; (a / aa)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>a / a&#720; (a / aa)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#603; / &#603;&#720;
  (ae / aae)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ou&#660; (úow)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u&#614; (ù)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u (u)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>o (uo)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u (u)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>eu&#660; (éw)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#616;u&#614; (ùew)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u&#720; (uu)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ou (uow)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u&#720; (uu)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#604;&#660; (óe)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>o&#614; (ùo)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#596; (o)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#593; (ao)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#596; (o)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#603;i&#660; / &#603;&#720;i&#660;
  (áey / áaey) </span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#600;i&#614; / &#600;&#720;i&#614;
  (èy / èey)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ei / e&#720;i (iey /
  iiey)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ei / e&#720;i (ey /
  eey)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#600;i / &#600;&#720;i
  (ey / eey)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ai&#660; / a&#720;i&#660;
  (áy / áay)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#604;i&#614; / &#604;&#720;i&#614;
  (òey / òoey)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ai / a&#720;i (ay /
  aay)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ai / a&#720;i (ay /
  aay)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#603;i / &#603;&#720;i
  (aey / aaey)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>oi&#660; / o&#720;i&#660;
  (úoy / úuoy)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ui&#614; / u&#720;i&#614;
  (ùy / ùuy)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ui / u&#720;i (uy /
  uuy)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>oi / o&#720;i (uoy /
  uuoy)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ui / u&#720;i (uy /
  uuy)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#603;u&#660; / &#603;&#720;u&#660;
  (áew / áaew)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#600;u&#614; / &#600;&#720;u&#614;
  (èw / èew)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>eu / e&#720;u (ew /
  eew)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>eu / e&#720;u (ew /
  eew)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#600;u / &#600;&#720;u
  (ew / eew)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>au&#660; / a&#720;u&#660;
  (áw / áaw)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#604;u&#614; / &#604;&#720;u&#614;
  (òew / òoew)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>au / a&#720;u (aw /
  aaw)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>au / a&#720;u (aw /
  aaw)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#603;u / &#603;&#720;u
  (aew / aaew)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#596;u&#660; / &#596;&#720;u&#660;
  (ów / óow)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ou&#614; / o&#720;u&#614;
  (ùow / ùuow)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ou / o&#720;u (uow /
  uuow)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#596;u / &#596;&#720;u
  (ow / oow)</span></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ou / o&#720;u (uow /
  uuow)</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:271.7pt'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>There are many, many other nouns that decline according to this pattern.
All of the nouns that end in /&#628;/ or contain a long vowel in the final
syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>táen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/
- weather, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tenchin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kòoe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /k&#604;&#614;&#720;/
- membership card, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:center 3.25in'><span class=GramE><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>kaadun</span></span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /ka&#720;du&#628;/ - membership
card, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:center 3.25in'><span lang=EN-AU
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:center 3.25in'><span lang=EN-AU
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>However, the converse is not true. For nouns
with non-modally voiced final vowels, but that do not end in /&#628;/ or a long
vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g.<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>                    </span></span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qùenòe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#660;&#616;&#614;n&#604;&#614;/
- eel, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qinajin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#660;ina&#607;i&#628;/
- eel, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>While others do not e.g.</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'></span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /k&#616;&#614;/
- goods, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùezin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> </span>/<span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>k&#616;&#614;zi&#628;/ - goods,
ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>There are
some nouns that have identical absolutive forms, but are distinguished in the
ergative e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:271.7pt'><span class=GramE><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ká</span></span><span lang=EN-AU
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /ka&#660;/ - fence, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:271.7pt'><span class=GramE><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>kaechin</span></span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /k&#603;ci&#628;/ - fence, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:271.7pt'><span class=GramE><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ká</span></span><span lang=EN-AU
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /ka&#660;/ - coconut milk, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kátlin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/kat&#620;i&#628;/ coconut milk, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Obstruent Voicing</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
absolutive form has a voiceless obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative),
that is surrounded by breathy voice vowels (possibly with /&#628;/ separating
them), when the breathy voiced vowels acquire modal voice in the ergative form,
the voiceless obstruent does too, becoming modally voiced e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>nyùewsùeylèn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /&#626;&#616;u&#614;s&#616;&#614;i&#614;l&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - New Zealand,
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>nyuuziiliendun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /&#626;u&#720;zi&#720;le&#628;du&#628;/ - New Zealand, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>This
sometimes applies to word initial consonants as well e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
- bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>bilidlin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pòey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#604;i&#614;/
- baby, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>baybyin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>But
sometimes it does not e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pòey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#604;i&#614;/
- page, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>paydlin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/paid&#622;i&#628;/ - page, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
absolutive form of a noun has a voiceless obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative),
that is preceded by a syllable with a modally voiced vowel, and is followed by
a vowel with tense voice, if this tense voiced vowel becomes modally voiced in
the ergative form, then the voiceless obstruent before it acquires modal voice
too e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yíeysitlíeynyíey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /jei&#660;sit&#620;ei&#660;&#626;ei&#660;/ - mutton, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yíeysidlinyuekin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /jei&#660;sid&#622;i&#626;&#616;ki&#628;/ - mutton, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Here we can
see that the /t&#620;/ in the absolutive form has changed to /d&#622;/ in the
ergative form.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>For word
initial voiceless obstruents followed by tense voiced vowels in the absolutive
form, which change to modal voice in the ergative form, sometimes this change
also <span class=GramE>occurs</span> e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>támá</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /ta&#660;ma&#660;/
- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>damaesin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/dam&#603;si&#628;/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>However others
do not e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kan-gukin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Sonorant Devoicing</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Another
similar pattern occurs in sonorants. If, in the absolutive form, they are
preceded by a syllable with a modally voiced vowel, and followed by a breathy
or tense voiced vowel that changes in the ergative, then the sonorant becomes
devoiced. /w/ becomes /f/, /l/ becomes /&#620;/, /j/ becomes /ç/, and /&#641;/
becomes /&#967;/, voiced nasals become voiceless e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yuuwíey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ju&#720;wei&#660;/ - clothes, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yuufiekin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ju&#720;f&#616;ki&#628;/ - clothes, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qaetienòelùn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /&#660;&#603;ten&#604;&#614;lu&#628;&#614;/ - heart, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qaetietnalunzin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /&#660;&#603;tetnalu&#628;zi&#628;/ - heart, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h3><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Comitative Case</span></h3>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>How this is
formed also depends on the frontness and phonation of the final vowel:</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h4><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Last Vowel of Abs. Form has Modal Voice</span></h4>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Last Vowel of Abs. Form is a Back Vowel</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>In this
case, take the absolutive form, raise /a/ to /&#603;/ and centralise any other
front vowels e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>ziva</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /zi&#613;a/
- boat, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>zivae</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /zi&#613;&#603;</span>/
- boat, comitative</p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myaewntayn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#603;u&#628;tai&#628;/ - mountain, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myaewntaeyn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#603;u&#628;t&#603;i&#628;/ - mountain, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qagiriey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>agi</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#641;</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ei/ - agreement, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qagirey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>agi</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#641;&#600;i/ -
agreement, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Last Vowel of Abs. Form is a Back Vowel</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>In this
case, take the absolutive form, and suffix /pmu/ e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>ton</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /t&#596;&#628;/
- change (as in coins, money), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tonpmu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /t&#596;&#628;pmu/
- change (as in coins, money), comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>duoliiengunpmu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /dole&#720;&#331;u&#628;/ - dragon, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>duoliiengun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/dole&#720;&#331;u&#628;pmu/ - dragon, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>paehuown</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/p&#603;&#967;ou&#628;/ - dust, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>paehuownpmu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/p&#603;&#967;ou&#628;pmu/ - dust, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yuenpiluoy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
- /j&#616;&#628;piloipmu/ - employee, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yuenpiluoypmu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> - /j&#616;&#628;piloipmu/ - employee, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h4><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Other Cases</span></h4>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the last vowel of the absolutive form has tense or breathy voice, the comitative is formed differently. Here, it is formed by taking the ergative, deleting any final /&#628;/ or
/ga/ that had been inserted as a suffix, and then suffixing /</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>u/ e.g.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sitùen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sit&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish),
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>suetin-gin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/s&#616;ti&#628;gi&#628;/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish),
ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>suetin-giqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/s&#616;ti&#628;gi</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u/ - wound caused by a sting,
comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tieyláae</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/teil&#603;&#660;&#720;/ - shirt, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tieyláaesin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/teil&#603;&#660;&#720;si&#628; / - shirt, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tieyláaesiqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /teil&#603;&#660;&#720;si</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u/ - shirt, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>píey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /pei&#660;/
- book, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>píeykin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/pei&#660;ki&#628;/ - book, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>píeykiqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/pei&#660;ki</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u/ - book, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /k&#616;&#614;/
- goods, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùezin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> </span>/<span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>k&#616;&#614;zi&#628;/ - goods,
ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùeziqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> </span>/<span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>k&#616;&#614;zi</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>u/ - goods, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>rè</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#641;&#600;&#614;/
- red object, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>rèdun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#641;&#600;&#614;du&#628;/
– red object, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>rèduqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#641;&#600;&#614;du</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>u/ – red object, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /kou&#660;/
- cup, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kúowpin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/kou&#660;pi&#628;/ - cup, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kúowpiqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/kou&#660;pi</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u/ - cup, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>píeylánkáe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/pei&#660;la&#628;&#660;k&#603;&#660;/ - blanket, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>píeylánkáetun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /pei&#660;la&#628;&#660;k&#603;&#660;tu&#628;/ - blanket, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>píeylánkáetuqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /pei&#660;la&#628;&#660;k&#603;&#660;tu</span><span lang=EN-AU
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u/ -
blanket, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wùerù</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;/
- frog, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wùerùgiqu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628;/ - frog, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wùerùgin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>u/ - frog, comitative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Where
English would say “A and B” or “A with B”, Antarctican instead says “A-mu B”,
putting the first noun into the comitative case and the final noun into
whatever case it would normally be in e.g.</span></p>
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>paehownmu</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>yuuwíey</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>p&#603;&#967;&#596;u&#628;</span><span
  lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
  EN-AU'>u</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ju&#720;wei&#660;</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust-COM</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>clothes-ABS</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=638 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:6.65in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust and clothes,
  absolutive</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>paehownmu</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>yuufuekin</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>p&#603;&#967;&#596;u&#628;</span><span
  lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
  EN-AU'>u</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ju&#720;f&#616;ki&#628;</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust-COM</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>clothes-ERG</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=638 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:6.65in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust and clothes,
  ergative</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>yuufuekimu</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>paehuown</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ju&#720;f&#616;ki</span><span
  lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
  EN-AU'>u</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>p&#603;&#967;ou&#628;</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>clothes-COM</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust-ABS</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=638 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:6.65in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>clothes and dust,
  absolutive</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>yuufuekimu</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>paehown</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ju&#720;f&#616;ki</span><span
  lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
  EN-AU'>u</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>p&#603;&#967;&#596;u&#628;ga</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust-COM</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>clothes-ERG</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=638 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:6.65in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust and clothes, ergative</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>When three
or more things are grouped together, all except the last take the comitative:</span></p>
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>myaewntaeyn</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>yuufuekiqu</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>paehuown</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>m&#690;&#603;u&#628;t&#603;i&#628;</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ju&#720;f&#616;ki</span><span
  lang=EN-AU style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&#660;</span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
  EN-AU'>u</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>p&#603;&#967;ou&#628;</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>mountain-COM</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>clothes-COM</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=213 valign=top style='width:159.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>dust-ABS</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=638 colspan=3 valign=top style='width:6.65in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>mountains, clothes and
  dust, absolutive</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h3><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Pronominal Possession</span></h3>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Where
English would use possessive pronouns (“my”, “your”), Antarctican uses
possessive prefixes. The base forms of each are listed in the table below:</span></p>
 
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Prefix</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Usage</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>myi- /m&#690;i/</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>1<sup>st</sup> person
  singular, 1<sup>st</sup> person exclusive plural</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>yeu- /jeu/</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>1<sup>st</sup>
  person inclusive plural</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>ti- /ti/</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>2<sup>nd</sup>
  person</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>wa- /wa/</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>3<sup>rd</sup>
  person, topicalised</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>si- /si/</span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>3<sup>rd</sup>
  person, non-topicalised</span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>So, in the absolutive
case, “my clothes” or “our clothes” (not including you) would be myiyuuwíey /m&#690;iju&#720;wei&#660;/,
“your clothes” would be tiyuuwíey /tiju&#720;wei&#660;/ etc.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h4><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Phonation spreading</span></h4>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>However,
with some nouns that have breathy or tense voice on their first vowel, the
voice “spreads” back to the prefix, changing the modally voiced vowel in the
base form to its tense voice or breathy voice equivalent (see the table before)
e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive (not
*myikán-kúow)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tíeykán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /tei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - your prisoner, absolutive (not
*tikán-kúow)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
- bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùepùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive (not
*myipùelùe)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tùepùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/t&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If, for any
given word, phonation spreads onto one particular prefix, then it will spread
onto any prefix that attaches to that word e.g. there are no words that take
myíey- as their 1<sup>st</sup> person (exclusive) possessive prefix, but ti- or
tùe as their 2<sup>nd</sup> person possessive prefix.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>However,
if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or
tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then modally voiced forms of the
prefixes are always used when talking about possessing a noun in the ergative
case e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kan-gukin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myikan-gukin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ika&#628;guki&#628;/ - my prisoner, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
- bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>bilidlin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùepùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myibilidlin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ibilid&#622;i&#628;/ - my bridge, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>However,
with other nouns, the phonation spreading is blocked e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>támá</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /ta&#660;ma&#660;/
- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myuetámá</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
(not *myíeytámá)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Prediction </span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If a noun
begins with a glottal stop (which does not count as either voiced or
voiceless), then phonation never spreads from it onto a prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qámáelái</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - prey, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myiqámáelái</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;i&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - my prey, absolutive (never
*myíeyqámáelái)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qòepèn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/
- one who is / was / is to be avenged, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myiqòepèn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;i&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - my one who is / was / is to
be avenged, absolutive (never *myùeqòepèn)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>In other
cases, whether or not the phonation spreads onto the prefix cannot always be
predicted. The only time when it is possible to do so is for absolutive nouns,
if, in the ergative form, the first vowel loses <span class=GramE>its</span>
breathy or tense phonation and becomes modally voiced. In this case, the rules
are given below:</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h6><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Sonorant Initial Stem</span></h6>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
absolutive stem begins with a sonorant (nasal or approximant), and that
sonorant becomes devoiced when the vowel after it acquires modal voice in the
ergative form, then the phonation never spreads in the absolutive form upon
taking a prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>mòoe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/
- betel nut, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pmaagin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myimòoe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;im&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - my betel nut, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Otherwise,
phonation always spreads if the word begins with a sonorant e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>máláeyáa</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - manners, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>malieyaaetun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /malej&#603;&#720;tu&#628;/ - manners, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeymáláeyáa</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ei&#660;ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - my manners,
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h6><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Stem starts with /s/</span></h6>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the absolutive
stem begins with /s/, then tense voice never spreads when it takes a prefix
e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>síeykúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sei&#660;kou&#660;/ - a small amount, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myisíeykúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;isei&#660;kou&#660;/ - my small amount, absolutive (never
*myíeysíeykúow)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sásaechin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sa&#660;s&#603;ci&#628;/ - stab wound, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myisásaechin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;isa&#660;sa&#603;ci&#628;/ - my stab wound, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>In the case
of absolutive nouns with breathy voice on the first vowel, if, in the ergative
form, the initial /s/ becomes voiced /z/, then the breathy voice spreads when
the absolutive form takes a prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sòemùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/
- (major) wife, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>zamibyin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/zamib&#690;i&#628;/ - (major) wife, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùesòemùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - my (major) wife, absolutive
(not *myisòemùe)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>But if, in
the ergative form, the first vowel acquires modal voice but the initial
consonant stays as voiceless /s/, then in the absolutive form, the breathy
voice never spreads e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sòepyùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/s&#604;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech),
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sabyishin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sab&#690;içi&#628;/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myisòepyùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;is&#604;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - my speech (as in words, not a
formal speech), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h6><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Other stems</span></h6>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
absolutive stem begins with another obstruent (oral stop, affricate or
fricative), and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally
voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then tense phonation spreads when the
absolutive form takes a prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kan-gukin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>táen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/
- weather, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tenchin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeytáen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - my weather, absolutive </span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>But if the
obstruent becomes voiced, then tense phonation cannot spread e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>támá</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /ta&#660;ma&#660;/
- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>damaesin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/dama&#603;si&#628;/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myitámá</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ita&#660;ma&#660;/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>And vice
versa, if the obstruent becomes voiced in the ergative form, then tense
phonation is blocked from spreading but breathy phonation spreads e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
- bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>bilidlin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùepùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pòey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#604;i&#614;/
- baby, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>baybyin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùepòey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#604;i&#614;/ - my baby, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>And if the
obstruent stays voiceless in the ergative form, then breathy voice does not
spread e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pòey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#604;i&#614;/
- page, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>paydlin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/paid&#622;i&#628;/ - page, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myipòey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ip&#604;i&#614;/ - my page, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h4><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Irregular Nouns</span></h4>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>A handful
of nouns are irregular, taking special forms whenever they are prefixed. These
can be divided up into a few categories.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>First Consonant Becomes /&#331;/</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
initial consonant of a noun is /k/ or /g/, often it changes to /&#331;/ when
the noun takes a prefix. <span class=GramE>e.g.</span></span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>gali</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/gali/ - hole, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myingali</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;i&#331;ali/ - my hole, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>In such a
case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it always spreads
onto the prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /k&#616;&#614;/
- goods, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùengùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;/ - my goods, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kíeyváy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/kei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - tongue, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeyngíeyváy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - my tongue, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Syllable Insertion</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>For a few
nouns, an additional syllable is inserted between the prefix and the stem. The
consonant is unpredictable and depends on the noun, but the vowel is always
modally voiced /i/ and is never followed by /&#628; /. For any given noun, this
will be the same regardless of the prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>bun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /bu&#628;/
- pants, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myizibun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;izibu&#628;/ - my pants, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tizibun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
tizibu&#628;/ - your pants, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Tense voice
is always blocked from spreading in such cases e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>tlíeynáe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/t&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - business, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myibyitlíeynáe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ib&#690;it&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - my business,
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>But breathy
voice will always spread onto both the prefix and the inserted syllable e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pùey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#616;i&#614;/
- section, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùetlùepùey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;&#616;&#614;t&#620;&#616;&#614;p&#616;i&#614;/ - section,
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Syllable Insertion and Nasalisation</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Some words
undergo both of the above changes when they take a prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>gay</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /gai/
- gift, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myibyigay</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ib&#690;i&#331;ai/ - my gift, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
initial syllable of the unprefixed word has tense voice, then this spreads onto
the inserted syllable, but not onto the actual prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /kou&#660;/
– bigot, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myipyíeyngúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ip&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ou&#660;/ – my bigot, absolutive (not
*myíeypyíeykúow)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
initial syllable of the unprefixed noun has breathy voice, then this spreads on
to both the inserted syllable and the prefix:</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùeròe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /k&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/
- grudge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùepyùengùeròe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/
- my grudge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>First Syllable Deleted</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>A
considerable number of nouns lose their initial syllable when they take a prefix.
In such cases, the prefix always has tense voice e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>puekaay</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/p&#616;ka&#720;i/ - star, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykaay</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#720;i/ - my star, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>fuekirami</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/f&#616;ki&#641;ami/ - swelling, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykirami</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;fiki&#641;ami/ - swelling, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>The only
words that undergo this process are ones that begin with a voiceless obstruent
(oral stop, fricative or affricate), immediately followed by modally voiced /&#616;/
or /i/, <span class=GramE>immediately</span> followed by a second voiceless
obstruent. Many, but by no means all of these words originated in English,
where they began with clusters of /s/ + voiceless consonant. The proto language
did not like these clusters and so inserted a vowel to break them up. However
when they took a prefix this insertion was no longer necessary. A later sound change
put tense voice on all syllables which ended in a voiceless consonant, and
deleted that consonant e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sitùen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sit&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish),
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeytùen</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;t&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - my wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or
a jellyfish), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>suekiraeypi</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - a scrape, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykiraypi</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ei&#660;ki&#641;aipi/ - my scrape, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Syllable Deletion with Ejectivisation</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>A similar
but separate sound change applies to a few words, all of which have íey as
their first vowel, with the second vowel having tense voice. Like before, the
first vowel is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice. However, the consonant
immediately after the prefix changes to an ejective e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>síeypyíey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;/ - spit, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>míeyppyíey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;/ - my spit, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>líeyká</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/lei&#660;ka&#660;/ - square, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykká</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;k&#700;a&#660;/ - my square, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>If the
second syllable begins with /l/, then this always converts to /ts&#700;/ rather
than /t&#620;&#700;/ e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>chilúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/cilou&#660;/ - banner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeyttsúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;ts&#700;ou&#660;/ - my banner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h5><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Other irregular nouns</span></h5>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>There are
other nouns that behave in other ways to those described above when they take a
prefix. What happens needs to be remembered for each noun, however note that
the prefixes for irregular nouns always take tense voice e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kíey</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /kei&#660;/
- mouth, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeytli</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;i/ - my mouth, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h3><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Possession by a Noun</span></h3>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Antarctican
distinguishes alienable and inalienable possession (</span><a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)#Alienable_and_inalienable)"><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)#Alienable_and_inalienable)</span></a><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>. Both are marked with prefixes on
the possessed noun, wiey- for alienable possession and nu- for inalienable
possession (the possessor always takes the absolutive case):</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kùeròetùu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/k&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720;/ - bone, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yini</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/jini/ - dog, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wieykùeròetùu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> yini /weik&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720; jini/ - the
dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>nukùeròetùu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
yini /nuk&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720; jini/ - the dog’s bone,
absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it)</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Where
English would compound nouns together, or use one to modify another.
Antarctican uses the alienable possessive construction e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>qaaehaan</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/&#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;/ - food, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wieyqaaehaan</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> yini /wei&#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628; jini/ - dog food,
absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Whatever
voice spreads from a noun onto a pronominal possessive prefix, also always does
so to an alienable or inalienable possessive prefix e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myíeykán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wáeykán-kúow</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /w&#603;i&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive,
alienable possessive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
- bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùepùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wèypùelùe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/w&#600;i&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive, alienable
possessive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>mòoe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/
- betel nut, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myimòoe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;im&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - my betel nut, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>wieymòoe</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/weim&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - betel nut, absolutive, alienable possessive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>pmaagin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myuepmaagin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - my betel nut, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>weypmaagin</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/w&#600;ipma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative, alienable possessive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<h3><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>Reciprocal Possession</span></h3>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>In
Antarctican, there is no singular vs. plural marking. However, some nouns that imply
a relationship (e.g. friend, brother, enemy, coworker), have special forms to
indicate a pair or group of people / things where that relationship is
reciprocal e.g. where English would say “They are friends / brothers / enemies
/ coworkers (of each other)”.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>These forms
are generally constructed by reduplicating the first syllable of the noun, in
the same “slot” where possession would be marked e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>buraza</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/bu&#641;aza/ - brother, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>buburaza</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/</span>bu<span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>bu&#641;aza/ -
brothers (of each other), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yieruoy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/je&#641;oi/ - ally, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>yieyieruoy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/je&#641;oi/ - allies (of each other), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>However,
the inserted syllable cannot have a long vowel, a diphthong, or end in /&#628;/.
If it would do so then it is truncated e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>duuolaa</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/do&#720;la&#720;/ - coworker, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>duoduuolaa</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/dodo&#720;la&#720;/ - coworkers (of each other), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>nayba</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/naiba/ - neighbour, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>nanayba</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/nanaiba/ - neighbours (of each other), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kúowntátu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/ – acquaintance, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>kúokúowntátu</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/ko&#660;kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/– acquaintances (of each other), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>The same
rules about spreading and non-spreading of phonation onto possessive prefixes,
and the resultant vowel changes, also apply to the possessive prefixes e.g.</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sátuozii</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sa&#660;tozi&#720;/ – enemy, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myisátuozii</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;isa&#660;tozi&#720;/ – my enemy, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>sasátuozii</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/sasa&#660;tozi&#720;/ - enemies (of each other), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>rùy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#641;ui&#614;/
- rival, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myùerùy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#641;ui&#614;/ - my rival, absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>rùrùy</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /&#641;u&#614;&#641;ui&#614;/
- rivals (of each other), absolutive</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>firiendun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – friend, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>myuefiriendun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /m&#690;&#616;fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – my friend, ergative</span></p>
 
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'>fuefiriendun</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-AU'> /f&#616;fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – friends (of each other), ergative</span></p>


<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>
Most speakers of Antarctican will also be bilingual in a second language that is only spoken in their local region. Typically, Antarctican will be used in more formal situations, and the local language used with family and friends. However, it is very common for regional varieties of Antarctican to borrow words from other local languages (which will typically have many similar features to Antarctican due to the [[Antarctican Sprachbund]]).


<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>A few nouns
==Noun Morphology==
have irregular reciprocal possessive forms e.g.</span></p>
{{Main|Antarctican Nouns}}
Nouns inflect for case either through suffixation or a change of the final vowel, and possession (via prefixes). Unlike many European languages nouns do not inflect for either gender or number.
==Verb / Adjective Morphology==
{{Main|Antarctican Verbs}}
There is no distinction between adjectives and verbs in Antarctican. Instead of attributive adjectives like “good”, “bad”, “strong”,
“weak”, there are descriptive verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” and so on.


<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
==Syntax==
EN-AU'>wùerèn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'> /w&#616;&#614;&#640;&#600;&#628;&#614;/
- friend, absolutive</span></p>


<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:
While on the surface [[Antarctican Syntax]] may look superficially similar to English (i.e. they both permit SVO sentences and place relative clauses after the noun), it is actually is quite different from English, being topic-prominent and syntactically ergative.
EN-AU'>fiwùerèn</span></span><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>
/fiw&#616;&#614;&#640;&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - friends (of each other), absolutive</span></p>


<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:EN-AU'>&nbsp;</span></p>


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Antarctican]]

Latest revision as of 02:33, 20 January 2017

Antarctican is the most widely spoken language on the continent of Antarctica in the far future, at a time when runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and rendered most of the rest of the word uninhabitable. It evolved from Proto-Antarctican, which in turn evolved from a mixture of a wide variety of modern-day languages, among them English, Spanish, Japanese and many East Asian languages.

It has a complex phonology and morphophonology, especially in the vowel system. There are a lot of features not found in English e.g. a pitch-register system, phonemic vowel length, prestopped nasals, and ejective consonants. However in other ways the phonology is quite simple compared to English, with a very limited range of syllable shapes.

The morphosyntactic alignment is split ergative (as is the syntax), with noun suffixes following an ergative-absolutive system, but person marking on verbs following a nominative-accusative system. Nouns also inflect for alienable and inalienable possession, and they can undergo some quite complex stem changes. There is no real marking of plurality of nouns.

In the verbal morphology, transitivity is clearly marked. Verbs also inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important.

The syntax is head-initial, and adjectives are not distinguished from verbs.

Phonology

Vowels

The pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the tables below, preceded by its romanisation.

There are 11 monophthongs:

Antarctican monophthongs
Front Central Back
Close i /i/ ue /ɨ/ u /u/
Close-mid e /e/ oe /ɘ/ o /o/
Open-mid ae /ɛ/ ao /ɜ/ õ /ɔ/
Open a /a/ ã /ɒ/


And there are 16 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 8 end in [w]:

Diphthongs ending in /j/
Front Central Back
Close uey /ɨj/ uy /uj/
Close-mid ey /ej/ oey /ɘi/ oy /oj/
Open-mid aey /ɛj/ aoy /ɜj/
Open ay /aj/
Diphthongs ending in /w/
Front Central Back
Close uew /ɨw/
Close-mid ew /ew/ oew /ɘu/ ow /ou/
Open-mid aew /ɛw/ aow /ɜw/ õw /ɔw/
Open aw /aw/


Vowel length

Vowel length is phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.


  • kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
  • koow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive


Vowel Phonation

Antarctican also has a pitch register system (like Burmese and Vietnamese). Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a small pharyngeal stop after the syllable e.g. /aˤ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a small voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aʱ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.


  • kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
  • ków /kouˤ/ - bigot, absolutive


Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.

The vowel õ /ɔ/ cannot take breathy voice, and when it takes tense voice, it is marked with a circumflex accent i.e. ô.


Floating Phonation

Similar to floating tones in Bantu languages (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_tone), the beginnings of words in Antarctican can have floating phonation (unmarked for modal phonation, written with ' before the word for tense phonation, and ` before the word for breathy phonation). As an example, the following words are pronounced identically when not inflected:


ká /kaˤ/ - coconut milk, absolutive

'ká /ˤkaˤ/ - fence, absolutive


However, when they take the prefix wa- (3rd person topicalised possessive), they are different:


waká /wakaˤ/ - his / her coconut milk, absolutive

'wáká /ˤwaˤkaˤ/ - his / her fence, absolutive


Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation e.g.

ámáelái /ʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - prey, absolutive

wa-ámáelái /waʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - his / her prey, absolutive (never wá-ámáelái)


Vowel Mutation

When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is yew- /jeu/, however, when it acquires tense voice, it becomes 'yáew- /ˤjɛuˤ/ e.g.


yewká /jeukaˤ/ - our (including you) coconut milk, absolutive

'yáewká /ˤjɛuˤkaˤ/ - our (including you) fence, absolutive


Also, the quality of a modally voiced vowel sometimes changes if the next vowel also has modal voice (this also depends on whether the intervening consonant is voice or voiceless). In the case of the prefix yew- /jeu/, this changes to yoew- /jɘu/ if the intervening consonant is voiceless (other than a glottal stop) e.g.


tõn /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive

yoewtõn /jɘutɔɴ/ - our (including you) change, absolutive


These changes are given in the table below:


Tense voice Breathy voice Modal, normal Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel
éy /eiˤ/ ùe /ɨʱ/ i /i/ i /i/ ue /ɨ/
óey /ɘiˤ/ ùey /ɨʱ/ ii /iː/ ii /iː/ uue /ɨː/
áe ~ áae /ɛ(ː)ˤ/ òe ~ òoe /ɘ(ː)ʱ/ e ~ ee /e(ː)/ e ~ ee /e(ː)/ oe ~ ooe /ɘ(ː)/
á ~ áa /a(ː)ˤ/ ào ~ àao /ɜ(ː)ʱ/ a ~ aa /a(ː) a ~ aa /a(ː)/ ae ~ aae /ɛ(ː)/
ów /ouˤ/ ù /uʱ/ u /u/ o /o/ u /u/
óew /ɘuˤ/ ùew /ɨuʱ/ uu /uː/ ow /ou/ uu /uː/
áo /ɜˤ/ ò /oʱ/ õ /ɔ/ ã /ɒ/ õ /ɔ/
áey ~ áaey /ɛ(ː)iˤ/ òey ~ òoey /ɘ(ː)iʱ/ ey ~ eey /e(ː)i/ ey ~ eey /e(ː)i/ oey ~ ooey /ɘ(ː)i/
áy ~ áay /a(ː)iˤ/ àoy ~ àaoy /ɜ(ː)iʱ/ ay ~ aay /a(ː)i/ ay ~ aay /a(ː)i/ aey ~ aaey /ɛ(ː)i/
óy ~ óoy /o(ː)iˤ/ ùy ~ ùuy /u(ː)iˤ/ uy ~ uuy /u(ː)i/ oy ~ ooy /o(ː)i/ uy ~ uuy /u(ː)i/
áew ~ áaew /ɛ(ː)uˤ/ òew ~ òoew /ɘ(ː)uʱ/ ew ~ eew /e(ː)u/ ew ~ eew /e(ː)u/ oew ~ ooew /ɘ(ː)u/
áw ~ áaw /a(ː)uˤ/ àow ~ àaow /ɜ(ː)uʱ/ aw ~ aaw /a(ː)u/ aw ~ aaw /a(ː)u/ aew ~ aaew /ɛ(ː)u/
ôw ~ ôow /ɔ(ː)wˤ/ òw ~ òow /o(ː)uʱ/ ow ~ oow /o(ː)u/ õw ~ õow /ɔ(ː)u/ ow ~ oow /o(ː)u/

Phonation Restrictions

However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed in detail here (Antarctican/Phonation restrictions):

Consonants

The pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the table below, followed by its romanisation in brackets.

Antarctican consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar / Uvular Glottal / Placeless
plain palatalised central lateral
Nasals plain m /m/ my /mʲ/ n /n/ ny /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/ n /ɴ/
pre-stopped pm /pm/ pmy /pmʲ/ tn /tn/ cn /cɲ/ kn /kŋ/


Stops/Affricates ejective pq /p'/ pqy /p'ʲ/ tq /t'/ tql /tɬ'/ cqh /c' ~ tɕ'/ kq /k'/
voiceless p /p/ py /pʲ/ t /t/ tl /tɬ/ ch /c ~ tɕ/ k /k/ - /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ by /bʲ/ d /d/ dl /dɮ/ j /ɟ ~ dʑ/ g /g/
Fricatives voiceless f /f/ fy /fʲ/ s /s/ hl /ɬ/ sh /ç ~ ɕ/ h /χ ~ x/
voiced z /z/
Approximant w /w/ v /ɥ/ l /l ~ ɹ ~ ʎ/ y /j/ r /ʁ ~ ʀ/


  • Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /ɟ ~ dʑ/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [ɟ] or [dʑ]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
  • The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere.
  • Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
  • The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
  • Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in four cases.
  1. Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word).
  2. After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation.
  3. Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages.
  4. /z/ can also be found before vowels with tense voice.
  • Fricatives other than /s/ and /z/ (spirant / non-sibilant fricatives) are only found separating two syllables with modal voice (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word), or separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
  • Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
  • The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words.
  • The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, and the velar fricative /χ/ are never found before /i/ and /ɨ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eˤ/ and /ɘˤ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these.
  • The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [ʎ] before a high vowel, [ɹ] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere.
  • Unpalatalised labial consonants can be velarised or doubly-articulated consonants (e.g. /p/ can be pronounced as [pˠ] or [kp]). This is especially the case with /w/ and before front vowels).


Consonant Harmony

Consonants in Antarctican can be grouped into two sets, soft and hard. Many affixes have two alternate forms, one with a soft consonant and one with a hard. When they attach to a word that begins with a soft consonant, the form of the affix with the soft consonant is used. If the word begins with a hard consonant, the form of the affix with the hard consonant is used. The soft consonants are the palatal consonants, the palatalized labial consonants, and the lateral consonants. All the other consonants are hard.

For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is am /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g.

  • zuutlòeji /zuːtɬɘʱɟi/ - to know (a person), indirect
  • zamuutlòeji /zamuːtɬɘʱɟi/ - to know (a person), indirect, antipassive

However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is emy /emʲ/ e.g.

  • pyi-uu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, indirect
  • pyemyi-uu /pʲemʲiʔuː/ - to purify, indirect, antipassive
  • hli-õ /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, indirect
  • hlemyi-õ /ɬemʲiʔɔ/ - to perform, indirect, antipassive (not *(hlemi-õ) /ɬmiʔɔ/)

Phonotactics

Syllable structures are extremely limited, with only shapes being CV and CVɴ.


Distribution and Dialects

Antarctican is spoken across a large continent, by a diversity of cultures. As would be expected, there is significant dialectical variation within the language. The differences are most pronounced in the vocabulary, less in the morphology, and even less in the syntax and phonology.

Most speakers of Antarctican will also be bilingual in a second language that is only spoken in their local region. Typically, Antarctican will be used in more formal situations, and the local language used with family and friends. However, it is very common for regional varieties of Antarctican to borrow words from other local languages (which will typically have many similar features to Antarctican due to the Antarctican Sprachbund).

Noun Morphology

Nouns inflect for case either through suffixation or a change of the final vowel, and possession (via prefixes). Unlike many European languages nouns do not inflect for either gender or number.

Verb / Adjective Morphology

There is no distinction between adjectives and verbs in Antarctican. Instead of attributive adjectives like “good”, “bad”, “strong”, “weak”, there are descriptive verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” and so on.

Syntax

While on the surface Antarctican Syntax may look superficially similar to English (i.e. they both permit SVO sentences and place relative clauses after the noun), it is actually is quite different from English, being topic-prominent and syntactically ergative.