Lôppic

Lôppic lôpizô tařak
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-accusative
Head direction
Initial	Mixed		Final
Primary word order
Object-subject-verb
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
3
Nouns decline according to...
Case		Number
Definiteness		Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice		Mood
Person		Number
Tense		Aspect

Lôppic lôpizô tařak
Pronunciation:	{{{pronunciation}}}
Spoken in:	{{{spoken}}}
Region:	North America
Total speakers:	900,094 (native)
Ranking:	<200
Language family:	Panlaffic languages
Writing system:	{{{writing}}}
Official status
Official language in:	{{{official}}}
Regulated by:	{{{regulator}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1	lp
ISO 639-2	lpi
SIL	lpi
See also: Language – Lists of languages

General information

Kihāmát on Google Maps.

The Lôppic language (Lôppic Latin: Lô lôpizô tařak, pronounced [ˈlo loˈpizo ˈtaʁɐk]) is the main language spoken on the Island of Laāláûī, in Kihāmát, and is recognised as the island's official regional language. An inflected fusional nominative-accusative language, Lôppic has two numbers, three genders and seven cases. The language is the second most spoken in the country after Kihā́mmic and both belong to the isolated Panlaffic language family, indigenous to the country's eight islands. There are five extant Panlaffic languages other than Lôppic and Kihā́mmic.

Phonology and orthography

See also: IPA for Lôppic

Like all Panlaffic languages, Lôppic can be written either in Panlaffic script or in the Standardised Romanised Panlaffic Alphabet. For ease of use the Romanised alphabet is used throughout this article.

Consonants

Grapheme		IPA	Description	Notes
P	p	[p]	voiceless bilabial plosive	-
L	l	[l], [ɫ]	alveolar lateral approximant, velarised alveolar lateral approximant	[l] becomes [ɫ] before another consonant
M	m	[m], [ɱ]	bilabial nasal, labiodental nasal	[m] becomes [ɱ] before f and v
N	n	[n], [ŋ]	alveolar nasal, velar nasal	[n] becomes [ŋ] before g and k
D	d	[d]	voiced alveolar plosive	-
H	h	[h], [ɦ]	voiceless glottal fricative, voiced glottal fricative	[h] becomes [ɦ] before y, after k and between two vowels
Ȟ	ȟ	[ç]	voiceless palatal fricative	-
K	k	[k]	voiceless velar plosive	-
Ǩ	ǩ	[x]	voiceless velar fricative	-
R	r	[ɾ], [ɹ]	alveolar tap, alveolar approximant	[ɾ] becomes [ɹ] at the start of a word
Ř	ř	[ʁ]	voiced uvular fricative	-
B	b	[b], [β̞]	voiced bilabial plosive, voiced bilabial approximant	[b] becomes [β̞] when intervocalic
Þ	þ	[θ], [ð]	voiceless dental fricative, voiced dental fricative	-
V	v	[v]	voiced labiodental fricative	-
Z	z	[z]	voiced alveolar fricative	-
Ž	ž	[ʒ]	voiced palato-alveolar fricative	-
F	f	[f]	voiceless labiodental fricative	-
G	g	[g], [ɣ]	voiced velar plosive, voiced velar fricative	[g] becomes [ɣ] when intervocalic
S	S	[s]	voiceless alveolar fricative	-
Š	š	[ʃ]	voiceless palato-alveolar fricative	-
Č	č	[t͡ʃ]	voiceless palato-alveolar affricate	-
T	t	[t]	voiceless alveolar plosive	-
Y	y	[j]	palatal approximant	-

Vowels

Grapheme		IPA	Description
A	a	[a], [ɐ], [ə]	open front unrounded vowel, near-open central vowel, mid central vowel
Ā	ā	[ɑː], [ɑˑ], [ɑ]	open back unrounded vowel
Ã	ã	[ɐ̃]	nasalised near-open central vowel
E	e	[ɛ], [e], [ə]	open-mid front unrounded vowel, close-mid front unrounded vowel, mid central vowel
Ẽ	ẽ	[ẽ]	nasalised close-mid front unrounded vowel
O	o	[ɒ], [ə]	open back rounded vowel, mid central vowel
Ô	ô	[o], [ə]	close-mid back rounded vowel, mid central vowel
Ō	ō	[ɔː], [ɔˑ], [ɔ]	open-mid back rounded vowel
Õ	õ	[õ]	nasalised close-mid back rounded central vowel
I	i	[i], [ɪ], [ɪ̈]	close front unrounded vowel, near-close near-front unrounded vowel, near-close central unrounded vowel
Ī	ī	[iː], [iˑ], [i]	close front unrounded vowel
Ĩ	ĩ	[ɛ̃]	nasalised open-mid front unrounded vowel
U	u	[ʊ], [ʊ̈]	near-close near-back vowel, near-close central rounded vowel
Û	û	[u], [ʊ], [ʊ̈]	close back rounded vowel, near-close near-back vowel, near-close central rounded vowel
Ū	ū	[uː], [uˑ], [u]	close back rounded vowel
Ũ	ũ	[ũ]	nasalised close back rounded vowel

Digraphs

Grapheme		IPA	Description	Notes
LY	ly	[ʎ]	palatal lateral approximant	-
NY	ny	[ɲ]	palatal nasal	-
DZ	dz	[d͡z]	voiced alveolar affricate	-
DS	ds	[d͡z]	voiced alveolar affricate	-
DY	dy	[ɟ]	voiced palatal plosive	-
DŽ	dž	[d͡ʒ]	voiced palato-alveolar affricate	-
KG	kg	[kː]	geminated voiceless velar plosive	-
GK	gk	[gː]	geminated voiced velar plosive	-
TZ	tz	[t͡s]	voiceless alveolar affricate	-
TS	ts	[t͡s]	voiceless alveolar affricate	-
TY	ty	[c]	voiceless palatal plosive	-

Vowel reduction

Depending on whether or not a vowel is stressed in Lôppic, its pronunciation may change, just as in English, Portuguese and Russian. Stressed means that the vowel is a primary or strong secondary stress point, semi-stressed means that it neighbours a stress point, unstressed means that there is at least one other vowel between it and a stress point. The table below shows how pronunciation may change according to stress.

	Stressed	Semi-stressed	Unstressed
A a	[a]	[ɐ]	[ə]
Ā ā	[ɑː]		[ɑˑ]
à ã	[ɐ̃]
E e	[ɛ], [e]	[ə]
Ẽ ẽ	[ẽ]
O o	[ɒ]		[ə]
Ô ô	[o]		[ə]
Ō ō	[ɔː]	[ɔˑ]	[ɔ]
Õ õ	[õ]
I i	[i]	[ɪ]	[ɪ̈]
Ī ī	[iː]	[iˑ]	[i]
Ĩ ĩ	[ɛ̃]
U u	[ʊ]		[ʊ̈]
Û û	[u]	[ʊ]	[ʊ̈]
Ū ū	[uː]	[uˑ]	[u]
Ũ ũ	[ũ]

Alphabet

The Kihā́mmic Coat of Arms

All the Panlaffic languages have traditionally been written in the Panlaffic alphabet, with Lôppic using a specific variant. However, nowadays, chiefly due to the Internet, the Romanised alphabet is gaining use. Unlike in Kihā́mmic the stresses of word are not indicated with stress marks.

Romanised alphabet

P p	L l	A a	Ā ā	Ã ã	M m	N n	E e	Ẽ ẽ	D d	H h	Ȟ ȟ	K k	Ǩ ǩ	O o	Ô ô	Ō ō	Õ õ	R r	Ř ř
[pe]	[le]	[a]	[ɑː]	[ɐ̃]	[me]	[ne]	[e]	[ẽ]	[de]	[he]	[çe]	[ke]	[xe]	[ɒ]	[o]	[ɔː]	[õ]	[ɹe]	[ʁe]
B b	Þ þ	I i	Ī ī	Ĩ ĩ	V v	Ə ə	Z z	Ž ž	F f	G g	S s	Š š	Č č	U u	Û û	Ū ū	Ũ ũ	T t	Y y
[be]	[ɛθ]	[ɪ]	[iː]	[ɛ̃]	[ve]	[ə]	[ze]	[ʒe]	[ɛf]	[ge]	[se]	[ʃe]	[t͡ʃe]	[ʊ]	[u]	[uː]	[ũ]	[te]	[je]

Note that "Ə" is sometimes used when Kihā́mmic names are used in Lôppic.

Note also that letters do not decline and when used in writing (in the Romanised alphabet) are always capitalised. If declension is necessary the word "lef" [letter (of the alphabet)] is used preceding the letter, e.g. "lef G".

Grammar

Cases

There are seven cases in the Lôppic language:

1. Nominative
2. Accusative
3. Genitive
4. Ablative
5. Allative (or dative-allative)
6. Instrumental
7. Locative

Nouns

Masculine

Masculine nouns end in consonants, -ô and -õ. Pluralisation in masculine nouns adds the infix -am- or -m-, some nouns add -an- or -n- instead.

Translation →	building		moon, Moon		church
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	hot	hotam	ônô	ônamô	ačõ	ačamõ
Accusative	hota	hotama	ônôm	ônamôm	ačôm	ačamôm
Genitive	hotī	hotamī	ônī	ônamī	ačônī	ačamôn
Ablative	hota	hotama	ôna	ônama	ačôna	ačamôna
Allative	hotô	hotamô	ônô	ônamô	ačônô	ačamônô
Instrumental	hotû	hotamû	ônû	ônamû	ačônû	ačamônû
Locative	hote	hotame	ône	ôname	ačône	ačamône

Feminine

Feminine nouns end in -a, -ã, -e and -ẽ. Pluralisation in feminine nouns adds the infix -m- or -am-. Some nouns add -n- or -an- instead.

Translation →	grass		war		wind		planet
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lafa	lafma	grã	gramã	fāve	fāvme	aǩẽ	aǩmẽ
Accusative	lafai	lafmai	grãu	gramãu	fāvei	fāvmei	aǩẽu	aǩmẽu
Genitive	lafī	lafmī	grĩ	gramĩ	fāvī	fāvmī	aǩĩ	aǩmĩ
Ablative	lafan	lafman	granã	gramanã	fāva	fāvma	aǩã	aǩmã
Allative	lafô	lafmô	grõ	gramõ	fāvô	fāvmô	aǩõ	aǩmõ
Instrumental	lafû	lafmû	grũ	gramũ	fāvû	fāvmû	aǩũ	aǩmũ
Locative	lafe	lafme	grẽ	gramẽ	fāven	fāvmen	aǩen	aǩmen

Neuter

Neuter nouns end in -û, -ũ, -ī and -ĩ. Pluralisation in neuter nouns adds the infix -tr- or -atr-. Some nouns add -dr- or -adr- instead.

Translation →	eye		god		bone		part
Case ↓	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	čû	čatrû	dāžũ	dāžtrũ	takī	taktrī	haskĩ	haskatrĩ
Accusative	čû	čatrû	dāžũ	dāžtrũ	takī	taktrī	haskĩ	haskatrĩ
Genitive	čī	čatrī	dāžĩ	dāžtrĩ	takīn	taktrīn	haskīn	haskatrīn
Ablative	ča	čatra	dāžã	dāžtrã	taka	taktra	haskã	haskatrã
Allative	čô	čatrô	dāžõ	dāžtrõ	takô	taktrô	haskõ	haskatrõ
Instrumental	čûn	čatrûn	dāžûn	dāžtrûn	taku	taktru	haskũ	haskatrũ
Locative	če	čatre	dāžẽ	dāžtrẽ	take	taktre	haskẽ	haskatrẽ

Diminutives and augmentatives

Diminutives add -ũ (m), -ûna (f) or -ûnû (n) unless the word ends in a vowel, in which case -kũ (m), -kna (f) or -knû (n) is added.

Augmentatives add -at(ô/a/û) but add -mt(ô/a/û) when the word ends in a vowel.

Adjectives do not change according to diminutives or augmentatives.

Articles

Panlaffic languages
Kihā́mmic branch	Church Kihā́mmic • Kihā́mmic
Gánəmannic branch	Gánəmannic • Kétassic • Kyánnic • Lôppic • Lower Fnórric • Upper Fnórric
Engtáffic branch	Angáttic • Engtáffic • Pōllic
Other	Panlaffic alphabet • Panlaffic cases