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==Grammar== | =Phonology= | ||
===Personal | |||
==Vowels== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan='2'| !!colspan='2'| Front !!colspan='2'| Back | |||
|- | |||
! Unrounded !! Rounded !! Unrounded !! Rounded | |||
|- | |||
! Closed | |||
| i || y || ɯ || u | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| æ || ø || ɑ || o | |||
|} | |||
=Grammar= | |||
==Nouns== | |||
===Noun declension=== | |||
<!--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic_languages--> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Suffix | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || -Ø | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || -mA, -ya | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || -ni | |||
|- | |||
| Ablative || -ti (> -či) | |||
|- | |||
| Dative-Locative || -dA, -dU <!--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic_languages--> | |||
|- | |||
| Comitative-Loc || -lA | |||
|- | |||
| Translative-Prolative || -ri, -li | |||
|- | |||
| Oblique || -KA (-ga) <!--Can combine with others? e.g. -n-ka > ngga?--> | |||
|} | |||
The oblique can combine with other forms. For example: | |||
* -nKA > -nggA (an elaborate and over-the-top sounding genitive that might be a little old-fashioned) | |||
This case stacking can occur in many other cases. | |||
* -nTA > -ndA | |||
Not mentioned here is -s-, which is sometimes used for genitive constructions. It is a reduced genitive marker of ambiguous origins. | |||
===Plural affixes=== | |||
* -t(V) - cf. ablative | |||
* -s - cf. ablative | |||
* -ni - cf. ablative | |||
* -la - cf. comitative | |||
(combinations are possible too: -tara for example) | |||
==Pronouns== | |||
===Personal Pronouns=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st Person | |||
| mi, min- || ma-?, man-? | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd Person | |||
| ti (či?), tin- || ta, tan-? <!-- si, sa(n-)--> | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd Person | |||
| V, te-? || V.pl | |||
|} | |||
===Personal suffixes=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 7: | Line 79: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1st Person | ! 1st Person | ||
| | | -mi || -ma- <!--Turkish -uz/miz, Evenki -vun, Finnic -mmek--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd Person | ! 2nd Person | ||
| | | -ti/či/si || -Ca- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd Person | ! 3rd Person | ||
| | | -(n) || -tV- | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Verbs== | ||
<!--https://en. | <!--https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Manchu/Lesson_6_-_Verbs_1--> | ||
===Verb affixes=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Role !! Affix !! Examples and Notes | ||
|- | |||
| Verbal nouns || -mA || Cf. Finnic -mA, Turkic -mA, Tungusic -mA, Korean -(eu)m | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Continuative || -mA bi, -m'bi || Cf. Manchu -me bi > -mbi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Translative || -ri || (Also a noun declension suffix) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Past 1 (also passive?) || -TA || Cf. Japanese, Turkic | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | (also passive?) || -nV? || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Past 2 || -ha || cf. Mongolian -x, Manchu -ha | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Copula== | |||
* bi, bVi (cf. Manchu, Mongolian; semantically similar to Japanese iru) |
Latest revision as of 11:39, 12 March 2017
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
Closed | i | y | ɯ | u |
Open | æ | ø | ɑ | o |
Grammar
Nouns
Noun declension
Case | Suffix |
---|---|
Nominative | -Ø |
Accusative | -mA, -ya |
Genitive | -ni |
Ablative | -ti (> -či) |
Dative-Locative | -dA, -dU |
Comitative-Loc | -lA |
Translative-Prolative | -ri, -li |
Oblique | -KA (-ga) |
The oblique can combine with other forms. For example:
- -nKA > -nggA (an elaborate and over-the-top sounding genitive that might be a little old-fashioned)
This case stacking can occur in many other cases.
- -nTA > -ndA
Not mentioned here is -s-, which is sometimes used for genitive constructions. It is a reduced genitive marker of ambiguous origins.
Plural affixes
- -t(V) - cf. ablative
- -s - cf. ablative
- -ni - cf. ablative
- -la - cf. comitative
(combinations are possible too: -tara for example)
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st Person | mi, min- | ma-?, man-? |
2nd Person | ti (či?), tin- | ta, tan-? |
3rd Person | V, te-? | V.pl |
Personal suffixes
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st Person | -mi | -ma- |
2nd Person | -ti/či/si | -Ca- |
3rd Person | -(n) | -tV- |
Verbs
Verb affixes
Role | Affix | Examples and Notes |
---|---|---|
Verbal nouns | -mA | Cf. Finnic -mA, Turkic -mA, Tungusic -mA, Korean -(eu)m |
Continuative | -mA bi, -m'bi | Cf. Manchu -me bi > -mbi |
Translative | -ri | (Also a noun declension suffix) |
Past 1 (also passive?) | -TA | Cf. Japanese, Turkic |
(also passive?) | -nV? | |
Past 2 | -ha | cf. Mongolian -x, Manchu -ha |
Copula
- bi, bVi (cf. Manchu, Mongolian; semantically similar to Japanese iru)