Umbrean/Examples: Difference between revisions
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'''Active''' - Example of active voice where the wolf is in ergative case and the speaker is in accusative case. Notice how the verbs VAT vowel is conjugated according to the object/Patient and not the subject. | '''Active''' - Example of active voice where the wolf is in ergative case and the speaker is in accusative case. Notice how the verbs VAT vowel is conjugated according to the object/Patient and not the subject. | ||
fššedyss tsümj ǧlovëssw | "''fššedyss tsümj ǧlovëssw''" | ||
{{Um-IPA|fššedyss tsümj ǧlovëssw}} | |||
fššed-yss tsümj ǧlov-ëssw | fššed-yss tsümj ǧlov-ëssw | ||
wolf-{{sc|erg.s.indf}} {{sc|1s.acc}} bite-{{sc|1.aff.ind.act.pst.prf}} | wolf-{{sc|erg.s.indf.liv}} {{sc|1s.acc}} bite-{{sc|1.aff.ind.act.pst.prf}} | ||
A wolf bit me | "''A wolf bit me''" | ||
'''Anti-Passive''' - Anti-passive voice, notice how the VAT vowel conjugates into a negative sense and only goes with the subject but also that it can take on a general or undefined meaning. | '''Anti-Passive''' - Anti-passive voice, notice how the VAT vowel conjugates into a negative sense and only goes with the subject but also that it can take on a general or undefined meaning. | ||
fššedy | "''fššedy ǧlovŋets''" | ||
{{Um-IPA|fššedy ǧlovŋets}} | |||
fššed-y ǧlov-ŋ-ets | |||
A wolf is not biting <br> wolves don't bite | wolf-{{sc|int.s.indf.liv}} bite-{{sc|neg}}-{{sc|1.neg.ind.antip.prs.cont}} | ||
"''A wolf is not biting''" <br> "''wolves don't bite''" | |||
'''Passive''' - Passive voice, notice positive VAT and subject agreement | '''Passive''' - Passive voice, notice positive VAT and subject agreement | ||
tswë ǧlovukwš | "''tswë ǧlovukwš''" | ||
{{Um-IPA|tswë ǧlovukwš}} | |||
tswë ǧlov-ukwš | tswë ǧlov-ukwš | ||
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{{sc|1s.int}} bite-{{sc|1.aff.ind.pas.past/prs.term}} | {{sc|1s.int}} bite-{{sc|1.aff.ind.pas.past/prs.term}} | ||
I stopped being bitten <br> I am stopping being bitten | "''I stopped being bitten''" <br> "''I am stopping being bitten''" | ||
===Mood=== | ===Mood=== | ||
'''Indicative''' - Notice that there is no additional marking on the verb itself | '''Indicative''' - Notice that there is no additional marking on the verb itself | ||
Tšees fššedylw vvidjooll | "''Tšees fššedylw vvidjooll''" | ||
{{Um-IPA|Tšees fššedylw vvidjooll}} | {{Um-IPA|Tšees fššedylw vvidjooll}} | ||
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Tšees fššed-ylw vvidj-ooll | Tšees fššed-ylw vvidj-ooll | ||
{{sc|1s.erg}} | {{sc|1s.erg}} wolf-{{sc|acc.sg.def.liv}} see-{{sc|ind.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep}} | ||
I will see the wolf now/soon | "''I will see the wolf now/soon''" | ||
'''Optative''' - Notice the frontal vowel, inter-L of the verb but also the vowel change on the last vowel | '''Optative''' - Notice the frontal vowel, inter-L of the verb but also the vowel change on the last vowel | ||
Tšees fššedylw avvidjliill | "''Tšees fššedylw avvidjliill''" | ||
{{Um-IPA|Tšees fššedylw avvidjliill}} | {{Um-IPA|Tšees fššedylw avvidjliill}} | ||
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Tšees fššed-ylw a>vvidj<l-iill | Tšees fššed-ylw a>vvidj<l-iill | ||
{{sc|1s.erg}} <{{sc|opt}}>see-{{sc|opt.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep}} | {{sc|1s.erg}} wolf-{{sc|acc.sg.def.liv}} <{{sc|opt}}>see-{{sc|opt.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep}} | ||
I want to see the wolf now/soon | "''I want to see the wolf now/soon''" | ||
'''Subjunctive''' - Notice the frontal vowel, inter-L of the verb but also the vowel change on the last vowel | '''Subjunctive''' - Notice the frontal vowel, inter-L of the verb but also the vowel change on the last vowel | ||
Tšees fššedylw uuvvidjljaall | "''Tšees fššedylw uuvvidjljaall''" | ||
{{Um-IPA|Tšees fššedylw uuvvidjljaall}} | {{Um-IPA|Tšees fššedylw uuvvidjljaall}} | ||
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Tšees fššed-ylw uu>vvidj<lj-aall | Tšees fššed-ylw uu>vvidj<lj-aall | ||
{{sc|1s.erg}} <{{sc|sjv}}>see-{{sc|sjv.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep}} | {{sc|1s.erg}} wolf-{{sc|acc.sg.def.liv}} <{{sc|sjv}}>see-{{sc|sjv.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep}} | ||
"''I probably will see the wolf soon''" | |||
===Circumstantial Voice=== | |||
'''Normal''' | |||
"''Tšees Žžötwolwmj kwëltjom ëŋŋy tsmaakë''" | |||
{{Um-IPA|Tšees Žžötwolwmj kwëltjom ëŋŋy tsmaakë}} | |||
Tšees Žžötw-olwmj kwëltj-om ëŋŋ-y tsmaak-ë | |||
{{sc|1s.erg}} meat-{{sc|acc.sg.def.liv}} knife-{{sc|acc.sg.indf.art}} with-{{sc|sg.art.3}} cut-{{sc|ind.aff.1.prs.ctn}} | |||
"''I'm cutting the meat with a knife''" | |||
'''Circumstantial''' | |||
"''kwëltjii mljëŋŋ tsmaakiim''" | |||
{{Um-IPA|kwëltjii mljëŋŋ tsmaakiim}} | |||
kwëltj-ii mlj-ëŋŋ tsmaak-iim | |||
knife-{{sc|int.sg.indf.art}} {{sc|acc.crcv}}-with cut-{{sc|ind.crcv.aff.3.prs.ctn}} | |||
"''With a knife, cutting is being done''"<br> | |||
"''Cutting is being done with a knife''" | |||
==Participles== | |||
===Adjectival Participles=== | |||
"''Tsmaakëzvjevj žžötwiilw''" | |||
{{Um-IPA|Tsmaakëzvjevj žžötwiilw}} | |||
Tsmaak-ëzvj-evj žžötw-iilw | |||
Cut-{{sc|ind.1.pst.pfv.antip.aff}}-{{sc|pst.pfv.antip.pcp.aff.int.liv}} meat-{{sc|sg.liv.int.def}} | |||
"''The cut meat''" | |||
===Adverbial Participles=== | |||
[[Category:Umbrean]] | [[Category:Umbrean]] | ||
Latest revision as of 09:39, 25 May 2013
Verb
VAT
Active - Example of active voice where the wolf is in ergative case and the speaker is in accusative case. Notice how the verbs VAT vowel is conjugated according to the object/Patient and not the subject.
"fššedyss tsümj ǧlovëssw"
/fʃ:edys: t͡sumj xlovɛsw:/
fššed-yss tsümj ǧlov-ëssw
wolf-erg.s.indf.liv 1s.acc bite-1.aff.ind.act.pst.prf
"A wolf bit me"
Anti-Passive - Anti-passive voice, notice how the VAT vowel conjugates into a negative sense and only goes with the subject but also that it can take on a general or undefined meaning.
"fššedy ǧlovŋets"
/fʃ:edy xlovŋet͡s/
fššed-y ǧlov-ŋ-ets
wolf-int.s.indf.liv bite-neg-1.neg.ind.antip.prs.cont
"A wolf is not biting"
"wolves don't bite"
Passive - Passive voice, notice positive VAT and subject agreement
"tswë ǧlovukwš"
/t͡swɛ xlovʉkwʃ/
tswë ǧlov-ukwš
1s.int bite-1.aff.ind.pas.past/prs.term
"I stopped being bitten"
"I am stopping being bitten"
Mood
Indicative - Notice that there is no additional marking on the verb itself
"Tšees fššedylw vvidjooll"
/t͡ʃe:s fʃ:edylw v:ɨdjo:l:/
Tšees fššed-ylw vvidj-ooll
1s.erg wolf-acc.sg.def.liv see-ind.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep
"I will see the wolf now/soon"
Optative - Notice the frontal vowel, inter-L of the verb but also the vowel change on the last vowel
"Tšees fššedylw avvidjliill"
/t͡ʃe:s fʃ:edylw ɒv:ɨdjlɨ:l:/
Tšees fššed-ylw a>vvidj<l-iill
1s.erg wolf-acc.sg.def.liv <opt>see-opt.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep
"I want to see the wolf now/soon"
Subjunctive - Notice the frontal vowel, inter-L of the verb but also the vowel change on the last vowel
"Tšees fššedylw uuvvidjljaall"
/t͡ʃe:s fʃ:edylw ʉ:v:ɨdljɒ:l:/
Tšees fššed-ylw uu>vvidj<lj-aall
1s.erg wolf-acc.sg.def.liv <sjv>see-sjv.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep
"I probably will see the wolf soon"
Circumstantial Voice
Normal
"Tšees Žžötwolwmj kwëltjom ëŋŋy tsmaakë"
/t͡ʃe:s ʒ:ɵtwolwmj kwɛltjom ɛŋ:y t͡smɒ:kɛ/
Tšees Žžötw-olwmj kwëltj-om ëŋŋ-y tsmaak-ë
1s.erg meat-acc.sg.def.liv knife-acc.sg.indf.art with-sg.art.3 cut-ind.aff.1.prs.ctn
"I'm cutting the meat with a knife"
Circumstantial
"kwëltjii mljëŋŋ tsmaakiim"
/kwɛltjɨ: mljɛŋ: t͡smɒ:kɨ:m/
kwëltj-ii mlj-ëŋŋ tsmaak-iim
knife-int.sg.indf.art acc.crcv-with cut-ind.crcv.aff.3.prs.ctn
"With a knife, cutting is being done"
"Cutting is being done with a knife"
Participles
Adjectival Participles
"Tsmaakëzvjevj žžötwiilw"
/t͡smɒ:kɛzvjevj ʒ:ɵtwɨ:lw/
Tsmaak-ëzvj-evj žžötw-iilw
Cut-ind.1.pst.pfv.antip.aff-pst.pfv.antip.pcp.aff.int.liv meat-sg.liv.int.def
"The cut meat"