Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Naeng/Literature

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

In-universe, Windermere was used as a classical language in Talma.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted as a classical language in Talma (perhaps replacing Netagin) - this version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

• Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
  • something Austronesian?

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ ›ƪ = ua üe ie oa ea oy

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	tenuis	b /p~b/	d /t~d/			g /k~g/		' /ʔ/
	aspirated	p /pʰ~bʰ/	t /tʰ~dʰ/			c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̻/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x~ɣ/
	nonspirant		s /s̻/	ł /ɬ/	ș /s̺~ʃ/			h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/		y /j/		l /ʟ/

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Vowels

a e i o u y ⟨a e i o u oy ü⟩

iə eə uə oə oj yə ⟨ie ea uo oa oy üe⟩

ə ⟨ă⟩ (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo øø ua

y

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Nouns

im- is used for the plural prefix.

Pronouns

• 1sg: rie
• 2sg: łen (masculine), łes (feminine)
• 3sg: in (masculine), is (feminine), tan (inanimate)
• 1pl: ămrie (exclusive), bang (inclusive)
• 2pl: łănam
• 3pl: ănam (animate), tănam (inanimate)

Verbs

Personal inflection

The personal affixes are infixes for a verb with an initial cluster. If there is no initial cluster, the personal affixes are prefixes. For example:

	rie	łen	łes	in	is	tan	ămrie	bang	łănam	ănam	tănam
dur 'sit'	rădur	łedur	łesdur	idur	sădur	dur	ărdur	angdur	łamdur	amdur	dur
plang 'stand'	prălang	pelang	peslang	pilang	psălang	plang	părlang	panglang	păłamrang	pamlang	plang

Trigger system/Applicatives

Windermere verbs employ an Austronesian-style trigger system, which are marked with prefixes or infixes.

• Agent trigger
• Patient trigger
• Locative trigger
• Instrumental trigger
• Source/reason trigger
• Benefactive trigger
• Malefactive trigger

[Netagin could use this]

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Indonesian. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]