Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Naeng/Literature

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

In-universe, Windermere was used as a classical language in Talma.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language in Talma (perhaps replacing Netagin) - this version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

• Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
  • something Austronesian?

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ ›ƪ = ua üe ie oa ea oy

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	tenuis	b /p~b/	d /t~d/			g /k~g/		' /ʔ/
	aspirated	p /pʰ~bʰ/	t /tʰ~dʰ/			c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̻/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x~ɣ/
	nonspirant		s /s̻/	ł /ɬ/	ș /s̺~ʃ/			h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/		y /j/		l /ʟ/

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Vowels

a e i o u y ⟨a e i o u oy ü⟩

iə eə uə oə oj yə ⟨ie ea uo oa oy üe⟩

ə ⟨ă⟩ (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo øø ua

y

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Nouns

im- is used for the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

• și-: direct case marker
• wa-: indirect case marker
• mi-: locative
• ya-: comitative
• șa-: allative

Pronouns

• 1sg: rie
• 2sg: łen (masculine), łes (feminine)
• 3sg: in (masculine), is (feminine), tan (inanimate)
• 1pl: tsal (exclusive), bang (inclusive)
• 2pl: ngeab
• 3pl: uob (animate), tuob (inanimate)

Verbs

Personal inflection

The personal affixes are prefixes, and they index the direct case argument. For example:

	rie	łen	łes	in	is	tan	tsal	bang	ngeab	uob	tuob
dur 'sit'	rădur	łedur	łedur	dur	dur	dur	tsadur	badur	ngidur	dur	dur
plang 'stand'	răplang	łeplang	łeplang	plang	plang	plang	tsaplang	baplang	ngiplang	plang	plang

Mood

There is only the imperative mood which is marked with da- in place of the personal prefix.

Aspect

Used derivationally in descendants

Trigger

Windermere verbs employ an Austronesian-style trigger system, which are marked with prefixes or infixes.

These triggers are most similar to active and passive voices:

• ‹ăn› = Patient trigger [telic]
• ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
• ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]

These triggers are most similar to applicatives:

• ‹ăl› = Locative trigger
• ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
• ‹ăfang› = Destination trigger
• ‹ăm› = Source trigger [also causative]
• ‹ăchem› = Benefactive trigger [also purposive]
• ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]
• ‹ăbro› = Comitative trigger

[Netagin could use this actually]

Derivational morphology

• Head-initial concatenation
• hăl- = nominalizer

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Tagalog. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]

Dependent clauses

Complement clauses

nga is the complementizer

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

• often combined with the complementizer: mong