Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Naeng/Literature

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language in Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

• Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
  • something Austronesian?

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ ›ƪ = ua üe ie oa ea oy

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	tenuis	b /p~b/	d /t~d/			g /k~g/		' /ʔ/
	aspirated	p /pʰ~bʰ/	t /tʰ~dʰ/			c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̻/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x~ɣ/
	nonspirant		s /s̻/	ł /ɬ/	ș /s̺~ʃ/			h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/		y /j/		l /ʟ/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Vowels

a e i o u y ⟨a e i o u ü⟩

iə eə uə oə oj yə ⟨ie ea uo oa oy üe⟩

ə ⟨ă⟩ (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo øø ua

y

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Nouns

im- is used for the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

• și-: direct case marker
• wa-: indirect case marker
• mi-: locative
• ya-: comitative
• șa-: allative

Pronouns

• 1sg: rie
• 2sg: łen (masculine), łes (feminine)
• 3sg: in (masculine), is (feminine), tan (inanimate)
• 1pl: tsal (exclusive), bang (inclusive)
• 2pl: ngea
• 3pl: uob (animate), tuob (inanimate)

Verbs

Windermere verbs inflect for person/mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense. (Daughter languages use periphrastic constructions for tense, and use aspect and trigger affixes derivationally.) The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.

Personal inflection

The personal affixes are prefixes, and they index the direct case argument. For example:

	rie	łen	łes	in	is	tan	tsal	bang	ngea	uob	tuob
dur 'sit'	rădur	łedur	łedur	dur	dur	dur	tsadur	badur	ngedur	dur	dur
plang 'stand'	răplang	łeplang	łeplang	plang	plang	plang	tsaplang	baplang	ngeplang	plang	plang

Mood

There is only the imperative mood which is marked with da- in place of the personal prefix.

Aspect

• habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with dă- for others
• perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with me- for others
• momentane
• frequentative
• gnomic
• inchoative
• progressive

Trigger

• Core triggers
  • ‹ăn› = Patient trigger [telic]
  • ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
  • ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
  • ‹ăl› = Reflexive trigger
• Applicative triggers
  • ‹eth› = Locative trigger
  • ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
  • ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
  • ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
  • ‹ăm› = Source trigger [also causative]
  • ‹ăchem› = Benefactive trigger [also purposive]
  • ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]

Derivational morphology

• Head-initial concatenation
• hăl- = nominalizer
• verbalizer
• "adjectivizer" ("X-like", "characterized by X")

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Tagalog. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]

Dependent clauses

Complement clauses

nga is the complementizer

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

• often combined with the complementizer: mong