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Revision as of 06:03, 11 December 2017
Naeng/Literature | |
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Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
Setting | Verse:Tricin |
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Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.
Introduction
Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.
Todo
- Eevo-ish grammar but more synthetic
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
- Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
- Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
- Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
- Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
Vowels
The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
- · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
Plosive | tenuis | b /p~b/ | d /t~d/ | g /k~g/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
aspirated | p /pʰ~bʰ/ | t /tʰ~dʰ/ | c /kʰ~gʰ/ | |||||
Affricate | ts /ts̻/ | tł /tɬ/ | ||||||
Fricative | spirant | f /f~v/ | th /θ~ð/ | ch /x~ɣ/ | ||||
nonspirant | s /s̻/ | ł /ɬ/ | ș /s̺~ʃ/ | h /h/ | ||||
Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | y /j/ | l /ʟ/ |
The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅
[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]
Mutations
Vowels
a e i o u y ⟨a e i o u ü⟩
iə eə uə oə yə ⟨ie ea ua oa üe⟩
ə ⟨ă⟩ (in unstressed syllables)
In Eevo these are borrowed as:
a e i o w u
ia ee wa oo ua
y
/oj/ is pronounced [ø], which is borrowed into Eevo as øø.
Stress
Stress is invariably final.
Phonotactics
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
Morphology
Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.
Nouns
im- is used as the plural prefix.
The case markers are the following:
- și-: direct case marker
- wa-: indirect case marker
- mi-: locative
- ya-: comitative
- șa-: allative
Pronouns
- TODO: case forms for pronouns
I | thou (m.) | thou (f.) | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they (an.) | they (inan.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indirect | rie | łen | łes | in | is | tan | tsa | bang | ngea | ănam | tănam |
Direct | grie | găłen | găłes | cin | cis | dan | gătsa | găbang | gangea | cănam | dănam |
After a preposition, indirect forms are used.
Verbs
Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense. (Daughter languages use periphrastic constructions for tense, and use aspect and trigger affixes derivationally.) Adjectives behave almost idenitcally to verbs but they cannot take triggers and they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.
Mood
There is only the imperative mood which is marked with șa- in place of the personal prefix.
Aspect
- habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ta- for others
- perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with el- for others
- momentane = heng-
- frequentative = chum-
- gnomic = oy-
- inchoative = ła-
- progressive = hat-
Trigger
- Core triggers
- ‹ăch› = Patient trigger [telic]
- ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
- ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
- ‹ăl› = Reflexive trigger
- Applicative triggers - these meanings are not always literal
- ‹ăn› = Applicative trigger
- ‹eth› = Locative trigger
- ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
- ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
- ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
- ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
- ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
- ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]
Derivational morphology
- Head-initial concatenation
- hăl- = nominalizer
- verbalizer
- "adjectivizer" ("X-like", "characterized by X")
Syntax
Constituent order
The basic word order of Windermere is DIRECT-VERB-INDIRECT - if there is no direct case argument for the trigger to act upon then the word order is VERB-INDIRECT. This should help promote the "focus-first"/"predicate-first" word order in Eevo.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
There is a preverbal negative particle die.
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Complement clauses
nga is the complementizer
Relative clauses
mo- = relativizer
- often combined with the complementizer: mong