Páuluòbeng: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:44, 8 February 2021

Páuluòbeng (yi bPáuluòbeng) is a minority language closely related to Ciètian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.

Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than Anbirese).

Figure out how to assign tones

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung

lr̀ /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup

ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain

dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley

yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùun /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree

jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'

Áiзaan /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'

neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants; Yorkshire vowels

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

ā or a: mid level, relaxed
á: rising
à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

/tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.

Short vowels:

a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/

Long vowels:

ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
- [aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
- [əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/

R-linking vowels:

uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
- e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
final -i = /ɪ/
final -ou = /o/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R

Example of linking R: yi χazr àard [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Ciètian: ye χazerr àrd [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
No linking R: yi búuθ àard [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Ciètian: ye bùθa àrd [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ye and ye^N changes to yen (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:

*yi^L ùur > yin ùur /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. nan ùurn /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
*yi àavr > yin àavr /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. nan áavr /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'

**Definite article**
singular		plural
common	neuter	common	neuter
yi^L, yin yi bpràan /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner'	yi, yin yi hāar /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower'	na, nan na bpràanr /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners'	na^L na γǎar /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers'

Nouns are usually pluralized with -r. If the singular already ends in -r, the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.

Pluralization patterns

sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
- bpràan /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > bpràanr /bræ̂:nə/
sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
- hāar /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > hǎar /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
- àavr /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > áavr /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
- tèe /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. tèen /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'

Adjectives

Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.

shàan /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > shàanr /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ Eevo tŋawm 'true')
zhùu /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > zhùun /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ Eevo dru 'copper')

Verbs

There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.

The ergative particle is u /ʊ/.

Tonal ablaut patterns

present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
- shuò 'digs' (~Eevo troh 'to oppose'); shuōn 'dug'

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Báoluòveng''' (''yi vBáoluòveng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Qenian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin, [[Ufirlandisg]], and English (particularly Received Pronunciation).
+'''Páuluòbeng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.
-This idea may be better as a Germlang...
+Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than [[Anbirese]]).
+Figure out how to assign tones
 ==Todo==
 Glottal reinforcement mania
@@ Line 7: / Line 9: @@
 Final schwa > tone split
-dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhel, zhem, zhen, zheng
+dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung
-''eħgeng, yi ħ-eħgeng; pl. eħgenger'' /əhˈkəŋ/ = mountain
+''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup
-''dèi, yi dèi; pl. dèin'' /tɛ̂ɪ/ = valley
+''ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr'' /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain
-''yi xüēid'' /ɕɥǿʏʔ/ = rose
+''dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen'' /têː, têːn/ = valley
+''yi syøød'' /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose
 ''mand'' /manʔ/ = to take
@@ Line 19: / Line 23: @@
 ''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful
-''dùn'' /tû:n/ = far
+''dùun'' /tû:n/ = far
-''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ɪljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
+''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
-''yi mār'' /mɑ́:/ = tree
+''yi mār'' /mǽ:/ = tree
-''jiarm'' /t͡ɕɑ́:m/ 'heavy'
+''jyarm'' /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'
-''yi kaθer'' /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'
+''yi kaθr'' /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'
-''ái'' /ɑ̌ɪ/ 'gold'
+''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'
-''neħdier'' /nəhtjə/ = chain
+''Áiзaan'' /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'
+''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain
 ==Phonology==
-More Mandarin than Qenian - be careful not to have linking R everywhere
+Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants;  Yorkshire vowels
 ====Tones====
@@ Line 47: / Line 53: @@
 p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin
-* /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
+* /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
-* Historical initial /f/ retained
-* Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
 * h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/
 ====Vowels====
+Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.
 Short vowels:
-*a e ie i o u ü /a ə (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ə (ɥ)ʏ/
+*a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/
-Diphthongs:
+Long vowels:
-*ai ei uai ui iei üei /aɪ ɛɪ waɪ wɛɪ jɛɪ ɥøʏ/
+*ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
-*ao iao ou iu /aʊ jaʊ əʊ jəʊ/
+**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
-*ì ù ǜ /(j)iː~(j)ɪj uː~ʊw (ɥ)yː~(ɥ)ʏɥ/
+*au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
+**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
+*ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/
-Long monophthongs (linking R /ɹ/ is used when a vowel follows):
+R-linking vowels:
-*uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)oː(ɹ)/
+*uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
-*(i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)ɑː(ɹ)/
+*(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
-*er, èr, eir /ɜː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)/
+*r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
-*ir, ìr, ier, ièr /jɜː(ɹ)~jɛː(ɹ)/
+*ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
-*ür, ǜr /ɥɜː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
+*ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
-*uir /wɜː(ɹ)/
+*ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
-*air aor our /ajə(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ), awə(ɹ)~aː(ɹ), əwə(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)/
+*air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
-*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) õː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
+*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
 **e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
 Unstressed vowels:
-*e, final -er = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
+*final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
 *final -i = /ɪ/
-*final -ou = /əʊ/
+*final -ou = /o/
 Many grammatical endings are merged in {{PAGENAME}}.
 =====Linking R=====
-*Example of linking R: ''yi kaθer àrd'' [jɪ ˈkʰaħə ɹ‿ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Qenian]]: ''ye kaħerr àrd'' [jə ˈkʰahər ʔɔɯt])
+*Example of linking R: ''yi χazr àard'' [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye χazerr àrd'' [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
-*No linking R: ''yi búd àrd'' [jɪ ˈpǔːʔ ɑ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Qenian]]: ''ye bùta àrd'' [jə ˈpuːtʰə ʔɔɯt])
+*No linking R: ''yi búuθ àard'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])
 ====Mutations====
-Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Qenian. Lenition is similar to Qenian, except t lenites to θ /ħ/.
+Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.
 ==Grammar==
 ===Nouns===
-The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Qenian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
+The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
+As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:
+*''*yi<sup>L</sup> ùur'' > ''yin ùur'' /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. ''nan ùurn'' /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
+*''*yi àavr'' > ''yin àavr'' /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. ''nan áavr'' /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'
 {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
 |+ '''Definite article'''
-! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural || colspan=2 | collective
+! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural
 |-
-! common || neuter || common || neuter || common || neuter
+! common || neuter || common || neuter
 |-
-| ''yi<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi''  || ''na'' || ''na<sup>N</sup>'' || ''ba<sup>L</sup>'' || ''ba''
+| ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi bpràan'' /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' || ''yi, yin''<br/>''yi hāar'' /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' || ''na, nan''<br/>''na bpràanr'' /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' || ''na<sup>L''</sup><br/>''na γǎar'' /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers'
 |}
+Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.
+====Pluralization patterns====
+#sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
+#*''bpràan'' /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > ''bpràanr'' /bræ̂:nə/
+#sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
+#*''hāar'' /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > ''hǎar'' /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
+#sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
+#*''àavr'' /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > ''áavr'' /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
+#sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
+#*''tèe'' /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. ''tèen'' /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'
+===Adjectives===
+Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.
+*''shàan'' /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > ''shàanr'' /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''tŋawm'' 'true')
+*''zhùu'' /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > ''zhùun'' /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''dru'' 'copper')
 ===Verbs===
-Verbs, on the other hand, are more conservative than in Qenian and are more similar to [[Anbirese]]: conjugated verb forms are still used, and the ''-ìn'' preterite, derived from the Tigol ''-ín'' participle, is used with split-ergativity depending on whether the verb is transitive.
+There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.
+The ergative particle is ''u'' /ʊ/.
+====Tonal ablaut patterns====
+#present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
+#present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
+#*''shuò'' 'digs' (~Eevo ''troh'' 'to oppose'); ''shuōn'' 'dug'
+[[Category:Languages]]
+[[Category:Conlangs]]
+[[Category:A priori]]

Páuluòbeng: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:44, 8 February 2021

Contents

Todo

Phonology

Tones

Consonants

Vowels

Linking R

Mutations

Grammar

Nouns

Pluralization patterns

Adjectives

Verbs

Tonal ablaut patterns

Navigation menu

Páuluòbeng: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:44, 8 February 2021

Todo

Phonology

Tones

Consonants

Vowels

Linking R

Mutations

Grammar

Nouns

Pluralization patterns

Adjectives

Verbs

Tonal ablaut patterns

Navigation menu

Search