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'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''Θėgammīθ''; Modern: ''Þėgamiþ ȝyþik'') is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Old Togarmite
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = θėgarmī́θ
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Northwest Semitic
}}
 
 
'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]].
 
==Todo==
 
Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:  
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:  


a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
'''a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw''' /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
 
===Stress===
===Stress===
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog ''yismāȝū'' /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
 
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').


==Inflection==
==Inflection==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
*1sg: ʔanėχ
====Independent====
*2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
*3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f)
*1pl: naħnė
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
*2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
*1pl: ''náħnė''
*3pl: hum (m), hin (f)
*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
 
====Object====
*1sg: ''-nī''
*2sg: ''-χa'' (f), ''-χi'' (f)
*3sg: ''-uh''/''-hu'' (m), ''-ā''/''-hā'' (f)
*1pl: ''-nė''
*2pl: ''-χum'' (m), ''-χin'' (f)
*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)
 
Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:
* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you'
* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great'
* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!'
 
====Inflected prepositions====


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle ''an''. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift.
 
A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding ''an'' before it: ''bėθ báȝle'' 'a master's house' and ''bėθ an báȝle'' 'the master's house' are both definite.
====Masculine nouns====
====Masculine nouns====
''ȝėlām'' = world
''ȝėlā́m'' = world
*indefinite: ''ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn''
*absolute: ''ȝėlā́m, ȝėlamī́n''
*definite: ''ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl''
*construct: ''ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė''
*construct: ''ȝėlam, ȝėlamė''
*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n''
 
Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:
 
singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''
 
plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''
 
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
''ȝasūraθ'' = noblewoman
''ȝasū́raθ'' = noblewoman
*indefinite: ''ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ''
*indefinite: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ''
*definite: ''ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl''
*construct: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ''
*construct: ''ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ''
*definite: ''an ȝasū́raθ, an ȝasūrė́θ''
 
''warášθ'' = last will
*indefinite: ''warášθ, warašė́θ''
*construct: ''warášθ, warā́šėθ''
*definite: ''an warášθ, an warašė́θ''


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good':
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good' (modifying ''yawm'' (m.) 'day' and ''φarīθ'' (f.) 'fruit' respectively):
*''yawm tėb'' = a good day
 
*''yawman tėban'' = the good day
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
*''yawmėθ tėbīn'' = good days
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
*''yawmėθil tėbīl'' = the good days
! number
*''φarīθ tėbθ'' = a good fruit
!colspan=2| singular
*''φarīθan tėbθan'' = the good fruit
!colspan=2| plural
*''φariyėθ tėbėθ'' = good fruits
|-
*''φariyėθil tėbėθil'' = the good fruits
! gender
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| ''yawm tėb''
| ''φarī́θ tė́baθ''
| ''yawmė́θ tėbī́n''
| ''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ''  
|-
! def.
| ''an yawm an tė́b''
| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
| ''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ''
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:  
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:  
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
Line 51: Line 131:
#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
*perfect: like the English perfect
*present: present, continuing or habitual action
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
*subjunctive: for sequences of tenses
*optative: for sequences of tenses; less strong wishes
*jussive: demands; wishes
*imperative: direct commands
====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
Semantics: basic action
Semantics: basic action


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθāb'' 'to write'
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθā́b'' 'to write'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''χaθabθī''
| ''χaθábθ''
| ''χaθabθa''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθabθi''
| ''χaθábθi''
| ''χaθāb''
| ''χaθā́b''
| ''χaθābaθ''
| ''χaθā́baθ''
| ''χaθabnė''
| ''χaθábnė''
| ''χaθabθum''
| ''χaθábθum''
| ''χaθabθin''
| ''χaθábθin''
| ''χaθābū''
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθābė''
| ''χaθábna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''waχaθabθī''
| ''waχaθabθa''
| ''waχaθabθi''
| ''waχaθāb''
| ''waχaθābaθ''
| ''waχaθabnė''
| ''waχaθabθum''
| ''waχaθabθin''
| ''waχaθābū''
| ''waχaθābė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔaχėθōb''
| ''ʔaχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōb''
| ''θaχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōbī''
| ''θaχėθṓbī''
| ''yaχėθōb''
| ''yaχėθṓb''
| ''yaχėθōbī''
| ''yaχėθṓbī''
| ''naχėθōb''
| ''naχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōbū''
| ''θaχėθṓbū''
| ''θaχėθōbna''
| ''θaχėθṓbna''
| ''yaχėθōbū''
| ''yaχėθṓbū''
| ''yaχėθōbna''
| ''yaχėθṓbna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔaχθōb''
| ''ʔaχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōb''
| ''θaχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōbī''
| ''θaχθṓbī''
| ''yaχθōb''
| ''yaχθṓb''
| ''yaχθōbī''
| ''yaχθṓbī''
| ''naχθōb''
| ''naχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōbū''
| ''θaχθṓbū''
| ''θaχθōbna''
| ''θaχθúbna''
| ''yaχθōbū''
| ''yaχθṓbū''
| ''yaχθōbna''
| ''yaχθúbna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔaχθubanna''
| ''ʔaχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubanna''
| ''θaχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubīnna''
| ''θaχθubínna''
| ''yaχθubanna''
| ''yaχθubánna''
| ''yaχθubīnna''
| ''yaχθubínna''
| ''naχθubanna''
| ''naχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubūnna''
| ''θaχθubúnna''
| ''θaχθubnanna''
| ''θaχθubnánna''
| ''yaχθubūnna''
| ''yaχθubúnna''
| ''yaχθubnanna''
| ''yaχθubnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔáχθub''
| ''θáχθub''
| ''θáχθubī''
| ''yáχθub''
| ''yáχθubī''
| ''náχθub''
| ''θáχθubū''
| ''θáχθubna''
| ''yáχθubū''
| ''yáχθubna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χuθōb!''
| ''χuθṓb!''
| ''χuθbī!''
| ''χuθṓbī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χuθbū!''
| ''χuθṓbū!''
| ''χuθōbna!''
| ''χuθṓbna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''χėθēb''
|colspan=10| ''χėθḗb''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''maχθūb''
|colspan=10| ''χaθū́b''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''χiθėb''
|colspan=10| ''χiθė́b''
|}
|}


Example: ''hamāl'' 'to suffer', ''žaχār'' 'to remember'
Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'


====Binyan 1P: ''nufȝāl''====
====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdāl'' 'to grow'
|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdā́l'' 'to grow'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nugdalθī''
| ''nugdálθ''
| ''nugdalθa''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdalθi''
| ''nugdálθi''
| ''nugdāl''
| ''nugdā́l''
| ''nugdālaθ''
| ''nugdā́laθ''
| ''nugdalnė''
| ''nugdálnė''
| ''nugdalθum''
| ''nugdálθum''
| ''nugdalθin''
| ''nugdálθin''
| ''nugdālū''
| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdālė''
| ''nugdálna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wanugdalθī''
| ''wanugdalθa''
| ''wanugdalθi''
| ''wanugdāl''
| ''wanugdālaθ''
| ''wanugdalnė''
| ''wanugdalθum''
| ''wanugdalθin''
| ''wanugdālū''
| ''wanugdālė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔaggėdāl''
| ''ʔuggėdā́l''
| ''θaggėdāl''
| ''θuggėdā́l''
| ''θaggėdalī''
| ''θuggėdā́lī''
| ''yaggėdāl''
| ''yuggėdā́l''
| ''yaggėdālī''
| ''yuggėdā́lī''
| ''naggėdāl''
| ''nuggėdā́l''
| ''θaggėdālū''
| ''θuggėdā́lū''
| ''θaggėdalna''
| ''θuggėdálna''
| ''yaggėdālū''
| ''yuggėdā́lū''
| ''yaggėdalna''
| ''yuggėdálna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔaggudāl''
| ''ʔuggadā́l''
| ''θaggudāl''
| ''θuggadā́l''
| ''θaggudālī''
| ''θuggadā́lī''
| ''yaggudāl''
| ''yuggadā́l''
| ''yaggudālī''
| ''yuggadā́lī''
| ''naggudāl''
| ''nuggadā́l''
| ''θaggudālū''
| ''θuggadā́lū''
| ''θaggudalna''
| ''θuggadálna''
| ''yaggudālū''
| ''yuggadā́lū''
| ''yaggudalna''
| ''yuggadálna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔaggudalanna''
| ''ʔuggadalánna''
| ''θaggudalanna''
| ''θuggadalánna''
| ''θaggudalīnna''
| ''θuggadalínna''
| ''yaggudalanna''
| ''yuggadalánna''
| ''yaggudalīnna''
| ''yuggadalínna''
| ''naggudalanna''
| ''nuggadalánna''
| ''θaggudalūnna''
| ''θuggadalúnna''
| ''θaggudalnanna''
| ''θuggadalnánna''
| ''yaggudalūnna''
| ''yuggadalúnna''
| ''yaggudalnanna''
| ''yuggadalnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúggadal''
| ''θúggadal''
| ''θúggadalī''
| ''yúggadal''
| ''yúggadalī''
| ''núggadal''
| ''θúggadalū''
| ''θúggadalna''
| ''yúggadalū''
| ''yúggadalna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''higgudāl!''
| ''huggadā́l!''
| ''higgudālī!''
| ''huggadā́lī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''higgudālū!''
| ''huggadā́lū!''
| ''higgudalna!''
| ''huggadálna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''muggudāl''
|colspan=10| ''muggadā́l''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nugdėl, higgadūl''
|colspan=10| ''nugdė́l''
|}
|}


Line 251: Line 340:


Examples:  
Examples:  
*''šabbēr'' 'to shatter' (intensive of ''š-b-r'' 'to break')
*''šabbḗr'' 'to shatter' (intensive of ''š-b-r'' 'to break')
*''žaχχēr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''hassēb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''h-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''šayyēr'' 'to sing of' (applicative of ''š(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''nabbēʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out'
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''θargēm'' 'to translate'
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
*''parkēs'' 'to act' (from Greek ''praxis'')  
*''θargḗm'' 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום ''targum'')
*''lammēs'' 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from ''lammūsīn'' 'alms', from Greek ''eleēmosynē'')
*''lammḗs'' 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from ''lammū́sīn'' 'alms', from Greek ''eleēmosynē'')
*''raθθēm'' 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek ''arithmos'' 'number')
*''raθθḗm'' 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek ''arithmos'' 'number')


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 2A conjugation: ''žaχχēr'' 'to record; to cause to remember'
|+ Binyan 2A conjugation: ''žaχχḗr'' 'to record; to cause to remember'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 276: Line 365:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žaχχirθī''
| ''žaχχírθ''
| ''žaχχirθa''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχirθi''
| ''žaχχírθi''
| ''žaχχēr''
| ''žaχχḗr''
| ''žaχχēraθ''
| ''žaχχḗraθ''
| ''žaχχirnė''
| ''žaχχírnė''
| ''žaχχirθum''
| ''žaχχírθum''
| ''žaχχirθin''
| ''žaχχírθin''
| ''žaχχērū''
| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχērė''
| ''žaχχírna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažaχχirθī''
| ''wažaχχirθa''
| ''wažaχχirθi''
| ''wažaχχēr''
| ''wažaχχēraθ''
| ''wažaχχirnė''
| ''wažaχχirθum''
| ''wažaχχirθin''
| ''wažaχχērū''
| ''wažaχχērė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔužχėχēr''
| ''ʔažaχėχḗr''
| ''θužχėχēr''
| ''θažaχėχḗr''
| ''θužχėχērī''
| ''θažaχėχḗrī''
| ''yužχėχēr''
| ''yažaχėχḗr''
| ''yužχėχērī''
| ''yažaχėχḗrī''
| ''nužχėχēr''
| ''nažaχėχḗr''
| ''θužχėχērū''
| ''θažaχėχḗrū''
| ''θužχėχirna''
| ''θažaχėχírna''
| ''yužχėχērū''
| ''yažaχėχḗrū''
| ''yužχėχirna''
| ''yažaχėχírna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔužaχχēr''
| ''ʔažaχχḗr''
| ''θužaχχēr''
| ''θažaχχḗr''
| ''θužaχχērī''
| ''θažaχχḗrī''
| ''yužaχχēr''
| ''yažaχχḗr''
| ''yužaχχērī''
| ''yažaχχḗrī''
| ''nužaχχēr''
| ''nažaχχḗr''
| ''θužaχχērū''
| ''θažaχχḗrū''
| ''θužaχχirna''
| ''θažaχχírna''
| ''yužaχχērū''
| ''yažaχχḗrū''
| ''yužaχχirna''
| ''yažaχχírna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔužaχχiranna''
| ''ʔažaχχiránna''
| ''θužaχχiranna''
| ''θažaχχiránna''
| ''θužaχχirīnna''
| ''θažaχχirínna''
| ''yužaχχiranna''
| ''yažaχχiránna''
| ''yužaχχirīnna''
| ''yažaχχirínna''
| ''nužaχχiranna''
| ''nažaχχiránna''
| ''θužaχχirūnna''
| ''θažaχχirúnna''
| ''θužaχχirnanna''
| ''θažaχχirnánna''
| ''yužaχχirūnna''
| ''yažaχχirúnna''
| ''yužaχχirnanna''
| ''yažaχχirnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔažáχχir''
| ''θažáχχir''
| ''θažáχχirī''
| ''yažáχχir''
| ''yažáχχirī''
| ''nažáχχir''
| ''θažáχχirū''
| ''θažáχχirna''
| ''yažáχχirū''
| ''yažáχχirna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''žaχχēr!''
| ''žaχχḗr!''
| ''žaχχērī!''
| ''žaχχḗrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''žaχχērū!''
| ''žaχχḗrū!''
| ''žaχχirna!''
| ''žaχχírna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mužaχχēr''
|colspan=10| ''mužaχχḗr''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''žaχχūr, žaχχarθ''
|colspan=10| ''žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ''
|}
|}


====Binyan 2P: ''φuȝȝāl''====
====Binyan 2P: ''φuȝȝāl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 2P conjugation: ''žuχχār'' 'to be recorded'
|+ Binyan 2P conjugation: ''žuχχā́r'' 'to be recorded'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 370: Line 459:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žuχχarθī''
| ''žuχχárθ''
| ''žuχχarθa''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχarθi''
| ''žuχχárθi''
| ''žuχχār''
| ''žuχχā́r''
| ''žuχχāraθ''
| ''žuχχā́raθ''
| ''žuχχarnė''
| ''žuχχárnė''
| ''žuχχarθum''
| ''žuχχárθum''
| ''žuχχarθin''
| ''žuχχárθin''
| ''žuχχārū''
| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχārė''
| ''žuχχárna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažuχχarθī''
| ''wažuχχarθa''
| ''wažuχχarθi''
| ''wažuχχār''
| ''wažuχχāraθ''
| ''wažuχχarnė''
| ''wažuχχarθum''
| ''wažuχχarθin''
| ''wažuχχārū''
| ''wažuχχārė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔužχėχār''
| ''ʔažuχėχā́r''
| ''θužχėχār''
| ''θažuχėχā́r''
| ''θužχėχārī''
| ''θažuχėχā́rī''
| ''yužχėχār''
| ''yažuχėχā́r''
| ''yužχėχārī''
| ''yažuχėχā́rī''
| ''nužχėχār''
| ''nažuχėχā́r''
| ''θužχėχārū''
| ''θažuχėχā́rū''
| ''θužχėχarna''
| ''θažuχėχárna''
| ''yužχėχārū''
| ''yažuχėχā́rū''
| ''yužχėχarna''
| ''yažuχėχárna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔužuχχār''
| ''ʔažuχχā́r''
| ''θužuχχār''
| ''θažuχχā́r''
| ''θužuχχārī''
| ''θažuχχā́rī''
| ''yužuχχār''
| ''yažuχχā́r''
| ''yužuχχārī''
| ''yažuχχā́rī''
| ''nužuχχār''
| ''nažuχχā́r''
| ''θužuχχārū''
| ''θažuχχā́rū''
| ''θužuχχarna''
| ''θažuχχárna''
| ''yužuχχārū''
| ''yažuχχā́rū''
| ''yužuχχarna''
| ''yažuχχárna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔužuχχaranna''
| ''ʔažuχχaránna''
| ''θužuχχaranna''
| ''θažuχχaránna''
| ''θužuχχarīnna''
| ''θažuχχarínna''
| ''yužuχχaranna''
| ''yažuχχaránna''
| ''yužuχχarīnna''
| ''yažuχχarínna''
| ''nužuχχaranna''
| ''nažuχχaránna''
| ''θužuχχarūnna''
| ''θažuχχarúnna''
| ''θužuχχarnanna''
| ''θažuχχarnánna''
| ''yužuχχarūnna''
| ''yažuχχarúnna''
| ''yužuχχarnanna''
| ''yažuχχarnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔažúχχar''
| ''θažúχχar''
| ''θažúχχarī''
| ''yažúχχar''
| ''yažúχχarī''
| ''nažúχχar''
| ''θažúχχarū''
| ''θažúχχarna''
| ''yažuχχarū''
| ''yažúχχarna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 433: Line 522:
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mužuχχār''
|colspan=10| ''mužuχχā́r''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 443: Line 532:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdēs'' 'to dedicate, to set apart'
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdḗs'' 'to dedicate, to set apart'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 457: Line 546:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hakdisθī''
| ''hakdísθ''
| ''hakdisθa''
| ''hakdísθa''
| ''hakdisθi''
| ''hakdísθi''
| ''hakdēs''
| ''hakdḗs''
| ''hakdēsaθ''
| ''hakdḗsaθ''
| ''hakdisnė''
| ''hakdísnė''
| ''hakdisθum''
| ''hakdísθum''
| ''hakdisθin''
| ''hakdísθin''
| ''hakdēsū''
| ''hakdḗsū''
| ''hakdēsė''
| ''hakdísna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wakdisθī''
| ''wakdisθa''
| ''wakdisθi''
| ''wakdēs''
| ''wakdēsaθ''
| ''wakdisnė''
| ''wakdisθum''
| ''wakdisθin''
| ''wakdēsū''
| ''wakdēsė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔakėdēs''
| ''ʔakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēs''
| ''θakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēsī''
| ''θakėdḗsī''
| ''yakėdēs''
| ''yakėdḗs''
| ''yakėdēsī''
| ''yakėdḗsī''
| ''nakėdēs''
| ''nakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēsū''
| ''θakėdḗsū''
| ''θakėdisna''
| ''θakėdísna''
| ''yakėdēsū''
| ''yakėdḗsū''
| ''yakėdisna''
| ''yakėdísna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔakdēs''
| ''ʔakdḗs''
| ''θakdēs''
| ''θakdḗs''
| ''θakdēsī''
| ''θakdḗsī''
| ''yakdēs''
| ''yakdḗs''
| ''yakdēsī''
| ''yakdḗsī''
| ''nakdēs''
| ''nakdḗs''
| ''θakdēsū''
| ''θakdḗsū''
| ''θakdisna''
| ''θakdísna''
| ''yakdēsū''
| ''yakdḗsū''
| ''yakdisna''
| ''yakdísna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔakdisanna''
| ''ʔakdisánna''
| ''θakdisanna''
| ''θakdisánna''
| ''θakdisīnna''
| ''θakdisínna''
| ''yakdisanna''
| ''yakdisánna''
| ''yakdisīnna''
| ''yakdisínna''
| ''nakdisanna''
| ''nakdisánna''
| ''θakdisūnna''
| ''θakdisúnna''
| ''θakdisnanna''
| ''θakdisnánna''
| ''yakdisūnna''
| ''yakdisúnna''
| ''yakdisnanna''
| ''yakdisnánna''
|-na''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔákdis''
| ''θákdis''
| ''θákdisī''
| ''yákdis''
| ''yákdisī''
| ''nákdis''
| ''θákdisū''
| ''θákdisna''
| ''yákdisū''
| ''yákdisna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēs!''
| ''hakdḗs!''
| ''hakdēsī!''
| ''hakdḗsī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēsū!''
| ''hakdḗsū!''
| ''hakdisna!''
| ''hakdísna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''makdēs''
|colspan=10| ''makdḗs''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''hakdūs''
|colspan=10| ''hakdū́s''
|}
|}


====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3P conjugation: ''hukdās'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hukdā́s'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 553: Line 642:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hukdasθī''
| ''hukdásθ''
| ''hukdasθa''
| ''hukdásθa''
| ''hukdasθi''
| ''hukdásθi''
| ''hukdās''
| ''hukdā́s''
| ''hukdāsaθ''
| ''hukdā́saθ''
| ''hukdasnė''
| ''hukdásnė''
| ''hukdasθum''
| ''hukdásθum''
| ''hukdasθin''
| ''hukdásθin''
| ''hukdāsū''
| ''hukdā́sū''
| ''hukdāsė''
| ''hukdásna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wukdasθī''
| ''wukdasθa''
| ''wukdasθi''
| ''wukdās''
| ''wukdāsaθ''
| ''wukdasnė''
| ''wukdasθum''
| ''wukdasθin''
| ''wukdāsū''
| ''wukdāsė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔukėdās''
| ''ʔukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdās''
| ''θukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdāsī''
| ''θukėdā́sī''
| ''yukėdās''
| ''yukėdā́s''
| ''yukėdāsī''
| ''yukėdā́sī''
| ''nukėdās''
| ''nukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdāsū''
| ''θukėdā́sū''
| ''θukėdasna''
| ''θukėdásna''
| ''yukėdāsū''
| ''yukėdā́sū''
| ''yukėdasna''
| ''yukėdásna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔukdās''
| ''ʔukdā́s''
| ''θukdās''
| ''θukdā́s''
| ''θukdāsī''
| ''θukdā́sī''
| ''yukdās''
| ''yukdā́s''
| ''yukdāsī''
| ''yukdā́sī''
| ''nukdās''
| ''nukdā́s''
| ''θukdāsū''
| ''θukdā́sū''
| ''θukdasna''
| ''θukdásna''
| ''yukdāsū''
| ''yukdā́sū''
| ''yukdasna''
| ''yukdásna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔukdasanna''
| ''ʔukdasánna''
| ''θukdasanna''
| ''θukdasánna''
| ''θukdasīnna''
| ''θukdasínna''
| ''yukdasanna''
| ''yukdasánna''
| ''yukdasīnna''
| ''yukdasínna''
| ''nukdasanna''
| ''nukdasánna''
| ''θukdasūnna''
| ''θukdasúnna''
| ''θukdasnanna''
| ''θukdasnánna''
| ''yukdasūnna''
| ''yukdasúnna''
| ''yukdasnanna''
| ''yukdasnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúkdas''
| ''θúkdas''
| ''θúkdasī''
| ''yúkdas''
| ''yúkdasī''
| ''núkdas''
| ''θúkdasū''
| ''θúkdasna''
| ''yúkdasū''
| ''yúkdasna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 616: Line 705:
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mukdās''
|colspan=10| ''mukdā́s''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 622: Line 711:
|}
|}


====Binyan 4: ''haφθaȝāl''====
====Binyan 4: ''heθφaȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state


''haždaχar'' = 'to come to mind'
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''heθlaħā́m'' 'to be at war'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! past
| ''heθlaħámθ''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''heθlaħámθi''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
| ''heθlaħámnė''
| ''heθlaħámθum''
| ''heθlaħámθin''
| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''heθlaħámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔeθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́mī''
| ''yeθlėħā́m''
| ''yeθlėħā́mī''
| ''neθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́mū''
| ''θeθlėħámna''
| ''yeθlėħā́mū''
| ''yeθlėħámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔeθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́mī''
| ''yeθlaħā́m''
| ''yeθlaħā́mī''
| ''neθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́mū''
| ''θeθlaħámna''
| ''yeθlaħā́mū''
| ''yeθlaħámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔeθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamínna''
| ''yeθlaħamánna''
| ''yeθlaħamínna''
| ''neθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamúnna''
| ''θeθlaħamnánna''
| ''yeθlaħamánna''
| ''yeθlaħamnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔéθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħamī''
| ''yéθlaħam''
| ''yéθlaħamī''
| ''néθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħamū''
| ''θéθlaħamna''
| ''yéθlaħamū''
| ''yéθlaħamna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''heθlaħā́m!''
| ''heθlaħā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heθlaħā́mū!''
| ''heθlaħámna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''meθlaħā́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''heθlaħū́m''
|}
 
====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive or change of state


====Binyan 5: ''niφθuȝāl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''niθluħā́m'' 'to go to war'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! past
| ''niθluħámθ''
| ''niθluħámθa''
| ''niθluħámθi''
| ''niθluħā́m''
| ''niθluħā́maθ''
| ''niθluħámnė''
| ''niθluħámθum''
| ''niθluħámθin''
| ''niθluħā́mū''
| ''niθluħámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔeθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́mī''
| ''yeθθulėħā́m''
| ''yeθθulėħā́mī''
| ''neθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́mū́''
| ''θeθθulėħámna''
| ''yeθθulėħā́mū''
| ''yeθθulėħámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔeθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́mī''
| ''yeθθulħā́m''
| ''yeθθulħā́mī''
| ''neθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́mū́''
| ''θeθθulħámna''
| ''yeθθulħā́mū''
| ''yeθθulħámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔeθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamínna''
| ''yeθθulħamánna''
| ''yeθθulħamínna''
| ''neθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamúnna''
| ''θeθθulħamnánna''
| ''yeθθulħamánna''
| ''yeθθulħamnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔeθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħamī''
| ''yeθθúlħam''
| ''yeθθúlħamī''
| ''neθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħamū''
| ''θeθθúlħamna''
| ''yeθθúlħamū''
| ''yeθθúlħamna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''heθθulħā́m!''
| ''heθθulħā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heθθulħā́mū!''
| ''heθθulħámna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''meθθulħā́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''niθlaħė́m''
|}


====Binyan 6A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
====Binyan 6A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
Line 633: Line 909:


Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Conjugation is similar to Binyan 2, just with the prefix θa- added.


====Binyan 6P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====
====Binyan 6P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====


====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
Semantics: "to make oneself X", tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.


Examples:  
Examples:  
*''hastacȝēd'' 'to dare, to venture'
*''hastamȝḗl'' 'to dare, to venture'
*''hastažχēr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastaχθēb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide'




{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastatȝēm'' 'to attempt'
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastatȝḗm'' 'to attempt'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 660: Line 939:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastatȝimθī''
| ''hastatȝímθ''
| ''hastatȝimθa''
| ''hastatȝímθa''
| ''hastatȝimθi''
| ''hastatȝímθi''
| ''hastatȝēm''
| ''hastatȝḗm''
| ''hastatȝēmaθ''
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''hastatȝimnė''
| ''hastatȝímnė''
| ''hastatȝimtum''
| ''hastatȝímtum''
| ''hastatȝimtin''
| ''hastatȝímtin''
| ''hastatȝēmū''
| ''hastatȝḗmū''
| ''hastatȝēmė''
| ''hastatȝímna''
|-
|-
! subjunctive
! subjunctive
| ''wastatȝimθī''
| ''wastatȝímθī''
| ''wastatȝimθa''
| ''wastatȝímθa''
| ''wastatȝimθi''
| ''wastatȝímθi''
| ''wastatȝēm''
| ''wastatȝḗm''
| ''wastatȝēmaθ''
| ''wastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''wastatȝimnė''
| ''wastatȝímnė''
| ''wastatȝimtum''
| ''wastatȝímtum''
| ''wastatȝimtin''
| ''wastatȝímtin''
| ''wastatȝēmū''
| ''wastatȝḗmū''
| ''wastatȝēmė''
| ''wastatȝímna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔastatėȝēm''
| ''θastatėȝēm''
| ''θastatėȝēmī''
| ''yastatėȝēm''
| ''yastatėȝēmī''
| ''nastatėȝēm''
| ''θastatėȝēmū''
| ''θastatėȝimna''
| ''yastatėȝēmū''
| ''yastatėȝimna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔastatȝēm''
| ''ʔastatȝḗm''
| ''θastatȝēm''
| ''θastatȝḗm''
| ''θastatȝēmī''
| ''θastatȝḗmī''
| ''yastatȝēm''
| ''yastatȝḗm''
| ''yastatȝēmī''
| ''yastatȝḗmī''
| ''nastatȝēm''
| ''nastatȝḗm''
| ''θastatȝēmū''
| ''θastatȝḗmū''
| ''θastatȝimna''
| ''θastatȝímna''
| ''yastatȝēmū''
| ''yastatȝḗmū''
| ''yastatȝimna''
| ''yastatȝímna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔastatȝimanna''
| ''ʔastatȝimánna''
| ''θastatȝimanna''
| ''θastatȝimánna''
| ''θastatȝimīnna''
| ''θastatȝimínna''
| ''yastatȝimanna''
| ''yastatȝimánna''
| ''yastatȝimīnna''
| ''yastatȝimínna''
| ''nastatȝimanna''
| ''nastatȝimánna''
| ''θastatȝimūnna''
| ''θastatȝimúnna''
| ''θastatȝimnanna''
| ''θastatȝímnanna''
| ''yastatȝimūnna''
| ''yastatȝimúnna''
| ''yastatȝimnanna''
| ''yastatȝímnanna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝimī''
| ''yastátȝim''
| ''yastátȝimī''
| ''nastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝimū''
| ''θastátȝímna''
| ''yastátȝimū''
| ''yastátȝimna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hastatȝēm!''
| ''hastatȝḗm!''
| ''hastatȝēmī!''
| ''hastatȝḗmī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hastatȝēmū!''
| ''hastatȝḗmū!''
| ''hastatȝimna!''
| ''hastatȝímna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mustatȝēm''
|colspan=10| ''mustatȝḗm''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''hastatȝūm''
|colspan=10| ''hastatȝū́m''
|}
|}


====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastutȝām'' 'to be attempted'
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastutȝā́m'' 'to be attempted'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 754: Line 1,033:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastutȝamtī''
| ''hastutȝámθ''
| ''hastutȝamta''
| ''hastutȝámθa''
| ''hastutȝamti''
| ''hastutȝámθi''
| ''hastutȝām''
| ''hastutȝā́m''
| ''hastutȝāmaθ''
| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
| ''hastutȝamnė''
| ''hastutȝámnė''
| ''hastutȝamtum''
| ''hastutȝámθum''
| ''hastutȝamtin''
| ''hastutȝámθin''
| ''hastutȝāmū''
| ''hastutȝā́mū''
| ''hastutȝāmė''
| ''hastutȝámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wastutȝamtī''
| ''wastutȝamta''
| ''wastutȝamti''
| ''wastutȝām''
| ''wastutȝāmaθ''
| ''wastutȝamnė''
| ''wastutȝamtum''
| ''wastutȝamtin''
| ''wastutȝāmū''
| ''wastutȝāmė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔastutėȝām''
| ''ʔastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝām''
| ''θastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝāmī''
| ''θastutėȝā́mī''
| ''yastutėȝām''
| ''yastutėȝā́m''
| ''yastutėȝāmī''
| ''yastutėȝā́mī''
| ''nastutėȝām''
| ''nastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝāmū''
| ''θastutėȝā́mū''
| ''θastutėȝamna''
| ''θastutėȝámna''
| ''yastutėȝāmū''
| ''yastutėȝā́mū''
| ''yastutėȝamna''
| ''yastutėȝámna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔastutȝām''
| ''ʔastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝām''
| ''θastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝāmī''
| ''θastutȝā́mī''
| ''yastutȝām''
| ''yastutȝā́m''
| ''yastutȝāmī''
| ''yastutȝā́mī''
| ''nastutȝām''
| ''nastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝāmū''
| ''θastutȝā́mū''
| ''θastutȝamna''
| ''θastutȝámna''
| ''yastutȝāmū''
| ''yastutȝā́mū''
| ''yastutȝamna''
| ''yastutȝámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamínna''
| ''yastutȝamánna''
| ''yastutȝamínna''
| ''nastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamúnna''
| ''θastutȝamnánna''
| ''yastutȝamúnna''
| ''yastutȝamnánna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔastutȝamanna''
| ''ʔastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝamanna''
| ''θastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝamīnna''
| ''θastútȝamī''
| ''yastutȝamanna''
| ''yastútȝam''
| ''yastutȝamīnna''
| ''yastútȝamī''
| ''nastutȝamanna''
| ''nastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝamūnna''
| ''θastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝamnanna''
| ''θastútȝamna''
| ''yastutȝamūnna''
| ''yastutȝamū''
| ''yastutȝamnanna''
| ''yastútȝamna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 817: Line 1,096:
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mustutȝām''
|colspan=10| ''mustutȝā́m''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 824: Line 1,103:


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
# m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
# m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
# m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
# m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
# m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š
# m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
# m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ
# m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
# m. ħámsaθ, f. ħámse
# m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
# m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
# m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
# m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
# m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 840: Line 1,120:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
===Schleicher===
''Χabšan wa-φarasīnan''
''An χabše wan φarasīn''


''Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''


yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 15:22, 13 October 2021

Old Togarmite
θėgarmī́θ
Pronunciation[/tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/]
Created byIlL
SettingLõis
Afro-Asiatic
  • Semitic
    • Northwest Semitic
      • Old Togarmite


Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (θėgarmī́θ /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: Þėrmiþ ȝyþik) is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite.

Todo

Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs

Phonology

Consonants

  • m n /m n/
  • p t c č k ʔ /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
  • b d j g /b d dʒ g/
  • φ θ χ /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • s š ħ h /s ʃ ħ h/
  • z ž ȝ /z ʒ ʁ/
  • w l r y /w l r j/

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Stress

Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.

Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog yasmā́ȝū /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').

Inflection

Pronouns

Independent

  • 1sg: ʔanė́χ
  • 2sg: ʔáθθa (m), ʔéθθi (f)
  • 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
  • 1pl: náħnė
  • 2pl: ʔáθθum (m), ʔéθθin (f)
  • 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)

Object

  • 1sg: -nī
  • 2sg: -χa (f), -χi (f)
  • 3sg: -uh/-hu (m), -ā/-hā (f)
  • 1pl: -nė
  • 2pl: -χum (m), -χin (f)
  • 3pl: -um/-hum (m), -in/-hin (f)

Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:

  • 1s perfect: žaχárθuχa 'I remember you'
  • 3ms perfect: χabbḗranī 'he has made me great'
  • prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: yuχabbḗrunī 'he makes me great'; χabbḗrunī 'make me great!'

Inflected prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle an. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift.

A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding an before it: bėθ báȝle 'a master's house' and bėθ an báȝle 'the master's house' are both definite.

Masculine nouns

ȝėlā́m = world

  • absolute: ȝėlā́m, ȝėlamī́n
  • construct: ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė
  • definite: an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n

Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:

singular: báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn

plural: bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin

Feminine -(a)θ nouns

ȝasū́raθ = noblewoman

  • indefinite: ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ
  • construct: ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ
  • definite: an ȝasū́raθ, an ȝasūrė́θ

warášθ = last will

  • indefinite: warášθ, warašė́θ
  • construct: warášθ, warā́šėθ
  • definite: an warášθ, an warašė́θ

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good' (modifying yawm (m.) 'day' and φarīθ (f.) 'fruit' respectively):

Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives
number singular plural
gender m. f. m. f.
indef. yawm tėb φarī́θ tė́baθ yawmė́θ tėbī́n φariyė́θ tėbė́θ
def. an yawm an tė́b an φarī́θ an tė́baθ an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ

Verbs

See Togarmite/Old/Gzarot for common verb irregularities..

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:

  1. φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
  2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
  3. φėȝēl/φūȝāl - L-stem
  4. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
  5. haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
  6. niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
  7. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
  8. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:

  • perfect: like the English perfect
  • present: present, continuing or habitual action
  • future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
  • subjunctive: for sequences of tenses
  • optative: for sequences of tenses; less strong wishes
  • jussive: demands; wishes
  • imperative: direct commands

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1A conjugation: χaθā́b 'to write'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past χaθábθ χaθábθa χaθábθi χaθā́b χaθā́baθ χaθábnė χaθábθum χaθábθin χaθā́bū χaθábna
present ʔaχėθṓb θaχėθṓb θaχėθṓbī yaχėθṓb yaχėθṓbī naχėθṓb θaχėθṓbū θaχėθṓbna yaχėθṓbū yaχėθṓbna
future ʔaχθṓb θaχθṓb θaχθṓbī yaχθṓb yaχθṓbī naχθṓb θaχθṓbū θaχθúbna yaχθṓbū yaχθúbna
optative ʔaχθubánna θaχθubánna θaχθubínna yaχθubánna yaχθubínna naχθubánna θaχθubúnna θaχθubnánna yaχθubúnna yaχθubnánna
jussive ʔáχθub θáχθub θáχθubī yáχθub yáχθubī náχθub θáχθubū θáχθubna yáχθubū yáχθubna
imperative - χuθṓb! χuθṓbī! - - - χuθṓbū! χuθṓbna! - -
active participle χėθḗb
passive participle χaθū́b
verbal noun χiθė́b

Example: ħamā́l 'to suffer', žaχā́r 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nuφȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1P conjugation: nugdā́l 'to grow'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past nugdálθ nugdálθa nugdálθi nugdā́l nugdā́laθ nugdálnė nugdálθum nugdálθin nugdā́lū nugdálna
present ʔuggėdā́l θuggėdā́l θuggėdā́lī yuggėdā́l yuggėdā́lī nuggėdā́l θuggėdā́lū θuggėdálna yuggėdā́lū yuggėdálna
future ʔuggadā́l θuggadā́l θuggadā́lī yuggadā́l yuggadā́lī nuggadā́l θuggadā́lū θuggadálna yuggadā́lū yuggadálna
optative ʔuggadalánna θuggadalánna θuggadalínna yuggadalánna yuggadalínna nuggadalánna θuggadalúnna θuggadalnánna yuggadalúnna yuggadalnánna
jussive ʔúggadal θúggadal θúggadalī yúggadal yúggadalī núggadal θúggadalū θúggadalna yúggadalū yúggadalna
imperative - huggadā́l! huggadā́lī! - - - huggadā́lū! huggadálna! - -
participle muggadā́l
verbal noun nugdė́l

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.

Examples:

  • šabbḗr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
  • žaχχḗr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
  • ħassḗb 'to consider' (applicative of ħ-s-b 'to think')
  • sayyḗr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of s(-y-)r 'to sing')
  • žāhḗb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
  • nabbḗʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
  • θargḗm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
  • lammḗs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammū́sīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
  • raθθḗm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')
Binyan 2A conjugation: žaχχḗr 'to record; to cause to remember'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žaχχírθ žaχχírθa žaχχírθi žaχχḗr žaχχḗraθ žaχχírnė žaχχírθum žaχχírθin žaχχḗrū žaχχírna
present ʔažaχėχḗr θažaχėχḗr θažaχėχḗrī yažaχėχḗr yažaχėχḗrī nažaχėχḗr θažaχėχḗrū θažaχėχírna yažaχėχḗrū yažaχėχírna
future ʔažaχχḗr θažaχχḗr θažaχχḗrī yažaχχḗr yažaχχḗrī nažaχχḗr θažaχχḗrū θažaχχírna yažaχχḗrū yažaχχírna
optative ʔažaχχiránna θažaχχiránna θažaχχirínna yažaχχiránna yažaχχirínna nažaχχiránna θažaχχirúnna θažaχχirnánna yažaχχirúnna yažaχχirnánna
jussive ʔažáχχir θažáχχir θažáχχirī yažáχχir yažáχχirī nažáχχir θažáχχirū θažáχχirna yažáχχirū yažáχχirna
imperative - žaχχḗr! žaχχḗrī! - - - žaχχḗrū! žaχχírna! - -
participle mužaχχḗr
verbal noun žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 2P conjugation: žuχχā́r 'to be recorded'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žuχχárθ žuχχárθa žuχχárθi žuχχā́r žuχχā́raθ žuχχárnė žuχχárθum žuχχárθin žuχχā́rū žuχχárna
present ʔažuχėχā́r θažuχėχā́r θažuχėχā́rī yažuχėχā́r yažuχėχā́rī nažuχėχā́r θažuχėχā́rū θažuχėχárna yažuχėχā́rū yažuχėχárna
future ʔažuχχā́r θažuχχā́r θažuχχā́rī yažuχχā́r yažuχχā́rī nažuχχā́r θažuχχā́rū θažuχχárna yažuχχā́rū yažuχχárna
optative ʔažuχχaránna θažuχχaránna θažuχχarínna yažuχχaránna yažuχχarínna nažuχχaránna θažuχχarúnna θažuχχarnánna yažuχχarúnna yažuχχarnánna
jussive ʔažúχχar θažúχχar θažúχχarī yažúχχar yažúχχarī nažúχχar θažúχχarū θažúχχarna yažuχχarū yažúχχarna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mužuχχā́r
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Binyan 3A conjugation: hakdḗs 'to dedicate, to set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hakdísθ hakdísθa hakdísθi hakdḗs hakdḗsaθ hakdísnė hakdísθum hakdísθin hakdḗsū hakdísna
present ʔakėdḗs θakėdḗs θakėdḗsī yakėdḗs yakėdḗsī nakėdḗs θakėdḗsū θakėdísna yakėdḗsū yakėdísna
future ʔakdḗs θakdḗs θakdḗsī yakdḗs yakdḗsī nakdḗs θakdḗsū θakdísna yakdḗsū yakdísna
optative ʔakdisánna θakdisánna θakdisínna yakdisánna yakdisínna nakdisánna θakdisúnna θakdisnánna yakdisúnna yakdisnánna
jussive ʔákdis θákdis θákdisī yákdis yákdisī nákdis θákdisū θákdisna yákdisū yákdisna
imperative - hakdḗs! hakdḗsī! - - - hakdḗsū! hakdísna! - -
participle makdḗs
verbal noun hakdū́s

Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl

A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.

Binyan 3A conjugation: hukdā́s 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hukdásθ hukdásθa hukdásθi hukdā́s hukdā́saθ hukdásnė hukdásθum hukdásθin hukdā́sū hukdásna
present ʔukėdā́s θukėdā́s θukėdā́sī yukėdā́s yukėdā́sī nukėdā́s θukėdā́sū θukėdásna yukėdā́sū yukėdásna
future ʔukdā́s θukdā́s θukdā́sī yukdā́s yukdā́sī nukdā́s θukdā́sū θukdásna yukdā́sū yukdásna
optative ʔukdasánna θukdasánna θukdasínna yukdasánna yukdasínna nukdasánna θukdasúnna θukdasnánna yukdasúnna yukdasnánna
jussive ʔúkdas θúkdas θúkdasī yúkdas yúkdasī núkdas θúkdasū θúkdasna yúkdasū yúkdasna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mukdā́s
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.

Binyan 4: heθφaȝāl

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ > st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd.

Binyan 4A conjugation: heθlaħā́m 'to be at war'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past heθlaħámθ heθlaħámθa heθlaħámθi heθlaħā́m heθlaħā́maθ heθlaħámnė heθlaħámθum heθlaħámθin heθlaħā́mū heθlaħámna
present ʔeθlėħā́m θeθlėħā́m θeθlėħā́mī yeθlėħā́m yeθlėħā́mī neθlėħā́m θeθlėħā́mū θeθlėħámna yeθlėħā́mū yeθlėħámna
future ʔeθlaħā́m θeθlaħā́m θeθlaħā́mī yeθlaħā́m yeθlaħā́mī neθlaħā́m θeθlaħā́mū θeθlaħámna yeθlaħā́mū yeθlaħámna
optative ʔeθlaħamánna θeθlaħamánna θeθlaħamínna yeθlaħamánna yeθlaħamínna neθlaħamánna θeθlaħamúnna θeθlaħamnánna yeθlaħamánna yeθlaħamnánna
jussive ʔéθlaħam θéθlaħam θéθlaħamī yéθlaħam yéθlaħamī néθlaħam θéθlaħamū θéθlaħamna yéθlaħamū yéθlaħamna
imperative - heθlaħā́m! heθlaħā́mī! - - - heθlaħā́mū! heθlaħámna! - -
active participle meθlaħā́m
verbal noun heθlaħū́m

Binyan 5: niθφuȝāl

Semantics: reflexive or change of state

Binyan 4A conjugation: niθluħā́m 'to go to war'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past niθluħámθ niθluħámθa niθluħámθi niθluħā́m niθluħā́maθ niθluħámnė niθluħámθum niθluħámθin niθluħā́mū niθluħámna
present ʔeθθulėħā́m θeθθulėħā́m θeθθulėħā́mī yeθθulėħā́m yeθθulėħā́mī neθθulėħā́m θeθθulėħā́mū́ θeθθulėħámna yeθθulėħā́mū yeθθulėħámna
future ʔeθθulħā́m θeθθulħā́m θeθθulħā́mī yeθθulħā́m yeθθulħā́mī neθθulħā́m θeθθulħā́mū́ θeθθulħámna yeθθulħā́mū yeθθulħámna
optative ʔeθθulħamánna θeθθulħamánna θeθθulħamínna yeθθulħamánna yeθθulħamínna neθθulħamánna θeθθulħamúnna θeθθulħamnánna yeθθulħamánna yeθθulħamnánna
jussive ʔeθθúlħam θeθθúlħam θeθθúlħamī yeθθúlħam yeθθúlħamī neθθúlħam θeθθúlħamū θeθθúlħamna yeθθúlħamū yeθθúlħamna
imperative - heθθulħā́m! heθθulħā́mī! - - - heθθulħā́mū! heθθulħámna! - -
active participle meθθulħā́m
verbal noun niθlaħė́m

Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Conjugation is similar to Binyan 2, just with the prefix θa- added.

Binyan 6P: θaφuȝȝāl

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Examples:

  • hastamȝḗl 'to dare, to venture'
  • hastažχḗr 'to make note of'
  • hastaχθḗb 'to copy, to transcribe'
  • hastaχlė 'to commit suicide'


Binyan 7A conjugation: hastatȝḗm 'to attempt'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastatȝímθ hastatȝímθa hastatȝímθi hastatȝḗm hastatȝḗmaθ hastatȝímnė hastatȝímtum hastatȝímtin hastatȝḗmū hastatȝímna
subjunctive wastatȝímθī wastatȝímθa wastatȝímθi wastatȝḗm wastatȝḗmaθ wastatȝímnė wastatȝímtum wastatȝímtin wastatȝḗmū wastatȝímna
future ʔastatȝḗm θastatȝḗm θastatȝḗmī yastatȝḗm yastatȝḗmī nastatȝḗm θastatȝḗmū θastatȝímna yastatȝḗmū yastatȝímna
optative ʔastatȝimánna θastatȝimánna θastatȝimínna yastatȝimánna yastatȝimínna nastatȝimánna θastatȝimúnna θastatȝímnanna yastatȝimúnna yastatȝímnanna
jussive ʔastátȝim θastátȝim θastátȝimī yastátȝim yastátȝimī nastátȝim θastátȝimū θastátȝímna yastátȝimū yastátȝimna
imperative - hastatȝḗm! hastatȝḗmī! - - - hastatȝḗmū! hastatȝímna! - -
participle mustatȝḗm
verbal noun hastatȝū́m

Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastutȝā́m 'to be attempted'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastutȝámθ hastutȝámθa hastutȝámθi hastutȝā́m hastutȝā́maθ hastutȝámnė hastutȝámθum hastutȝámθin hastutȝā́mū hastutȝámna
present ʔastutėȝā́m θastutėȝā́m θastutėȝā́mī yastutėȝā́m yastutėȝā́mī nastutėȝā́m θastutėȝā́mū θastutėȝámna yastutėȝā́mū yastutėȝámna
future ʔastutȝā́m θastutȝā́m θastutȝā́mī yastutȝā́m yastutȝā́mī nastutȝā́m θastutȝā́mū θastutȝámna yastutȝā́mū yastutȝámna
optative ʔastutȝamánna θastutȝamánna θastutȝamínna yastutȝamánna yastutȝamínna nastutȝamánna θastutȝamúnna θastutȝamnánna yastutȝamúnna yastutȝamnánna
optative ʔastútȝam θastútȝam θastútȝamī yastútȝam yastútȝamī nastútȝam θastútȝam θastútȝamna yastutȝamū yastútȝamna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mustutȝā́m
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Numerals

Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.

  1. m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
  2. m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
  3. m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š
  4. m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ
  5. m. ħámsaθ, f. ħámse
  6. m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
  7. m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
  8. m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
  9. m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
  10. m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre

Syntax

Vocabulary

Derivation

Sample texts

Schleicher

An χabše wan φarasīn

Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.

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