Proto-Ftseezhic: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox proto-language | |||
| name = Proto-Ftseezhic | |||
| creator = User:IlL | |||
| target = Ftseezhic languages | |||
| familycolor = isolate | |||
| ancestor = [[Proto-Nabŋaic]] | |||
}} | |||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the ancestor of the Ftseezhic languages, a branch of the [[Proto-Mustlup|Mustlup]] family which includes [[Myuftseezh]], [[Chick Corean]] and [[Dry Icelandic]]. It's inspired by Old English. | |||
Numbers: sōecu, kvli, skō, mōj, fāxu, ə̄σē, czeþə̄, poŋud, cēan, xēatī, kvēotī, cīu | |||
*> Myuftseezh: sec, kvliø, sko, moj, fax, øσiø, cziøþø, poŋd, cian, xiatiø, kviotiø, ciu | |||
*> Dry Icelandic: sécy, pli, skó, móvi, fáhy, éσja, czjaþa, poŋyd, cján, hjáti, pjóti, cjú | |||
Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā ō e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi | |||
Myuftseezh: > a a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y | |||
== | Dry Icelandic: > a á ia é ié i í u ó y ú ia iá iu ió i iú é ý | ||
==Cluster reflexes== | |||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j | m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j /m n ŋ p t ts tʂ tɬ k ʔ b d dz dʐ dɮ g f θ s ʂ ɬ x w r l j/ | ||
====PM cluster reflexes==== | |||
<sup>B</sup> = breaking of preceding vowel (occurs before ''x'' or certain consonants/clusters, such as retroflexes/uvulars) | |||
mp nt nts ntɬ ɳʈʂ ɳʈ ŋk ŋkʷ ŋq > mf nþ ns nσ <sup>B</sup>nsz <sup>B</sup>nþ nx nf <sup>B</sup>nx | |||
mb nd ndz ndɮ ɳɖʐ ɳɖ ŋg ŋgʷ ŋɢ > mb nd ndz ndλ <sup>B</sup>ndż <sup>B</sup>nd ng mb <sup>B</sup>ng | |||
mpʼ ntʼ ntsʼ ntɬʼ ɳʈʂʼ ɳʈʼ ŋkʼ ŋkʷʼ ŋqʼ > mp nt nc nξ <sup>B</sup>ncz <sup>B</sup>nt nk mp <sup>B</sup>nk | |||
mm ml mɭ mn mɳ mŋ mj mʔ > mm ml <sup>B</sup>mr mn <sup>B</sup>mn mŋ mj mq | |||
ll lm ln ɭɳ lŋ ly lʔ ɭɭ > ll lm ln <sup>B</sup>rn lŋ ly lq rr | |||
nm nn nʔ ɳɳ ɳʔ ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋʔ > nm nn nq rr <sup>B</sup>rq ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋq | |||
lp lt lts ltɬ ɭʈʂ ɭʈ lk lkʷ lq lb ld ldz ldɮ ɭɖʐ ɭɖ lg lgʷ lɢ lpʼ ltʼ ltsʼ ltɬʼ ɭʈʂʼ ɭʈʼ lkʼ lkʷʼ lqʼ > lf lþ ls σσ <sup>B</sup>rsz Rrt lk lp <sup>B</sup>rk lb ld ldz ll <sup>B</sup>rdż <sup>B</sup>rd lg lb <sup>B</sup>rg | |||
sp st stɬ ʂʈ sk skʷ sq spʼ stʼ stɬʼ ʂʈʼ skʼ skʷʼ sqʼ sb sd sdɮ ʂɖ sg sgʷ sɢ > sp st sξ Rszt sk sp Rsk sp sp st sξ <sup>B</sup>szt sk sp Rsk sp sb zd zλ Rżd zg zb <sup>B</sup>zg | |||
tsp tst ʈʂʈ tsk tskʷ tsq > sp st <sup>B</sup>szt sk sp <sup>B</sup>sk | |||
tsʼpʼ tsʼtʼ ʈʂʼʈʼ tsʼkʼ tsʼkʷʼ tsʼqʼ > cp ct <sup>B</sup>czt ck cp <sup>B</sup>ck | |||
sm sn ʂɳ sŋ sl ʂɭ sw sj sʔ > sn sn <sup>B</sup>szn sŋ sl <sup>B</sup>szr sw sj sq | |||
tsm tsn ʈʂɳ tsŋ tsl tʂɭ tsw tsj > sm sn <sup>B</sup>szn sŋ sl <sup>B</sup>szr sw sj | |||
dzm dzn ɖʐɳ dzŋ dzl ɖʐɭ dzw dzj > zm zn <sup>B</sup>żn zŋ zl <sup>B</sup>żr zw zj | |||
tsʼm tsʼn ʈʂʼɳ tsʼŋ > cm cn <sup>B</sup>czn cŋ | |||
ɬp ɬt ɬʈ ɬk ɬkʷ ɬq ɬpʼ ɬtʼ ɬʈʼ ɬkʼ ɬkʷʼ ɬqʼ > σp σt <sup>B</sup>σt σk σp <sup>B</sup>σk | |||
ɬb ɬd ɬɖ ɬg ɬgʷ ɬɢ > lb ld <sup>B</sup>ld lg lb <sup>B</sup>lg | |||
tɬp tɬt tɬʈ tɬk tɬkʷ tɬq tɬʼpʼ tɬʼtʼ tɬʼʈʼ tɬkʼ tɬkʷʼ tɬqʼ > σp σξ <sup>B</sup>σξ σk σp <sup>B</sup>σk ξp ξξ <sup>B</sup>ξξ ξk ξp <sup>B</sup>ξk | |||
ɬm ɬn ɬɳ ɬŋ ɬw ɬj tɬm tɬn tɬɳ tɬŋ tɬw tɬj > σm σn <sup>B</sup>σr σŋ σw σj σm σn <sup>B</sup>σr σŋ σw σj | |||
dɮm dɮn dɮɳ dɮŋ dɮw dɮj > λm λn <sup>B</sup>λn λŋ λw λj | |||
tɬʼm tɬʼn tɬʼɳ tɬʼŋ tɬʼw tɬʼj > ξm ξn <sup>B</sup>ξn ξŋ ξw ξj | |||
pt pʈ pk pkʷ pq pd pɖ pɡ pɡʷ pɢ pʼtʼ pʼʈʼ pʼkʼ pʼkʷʼ pʼqʼ > ft ft <sup>B</sup>fk pp <sup>B</sup>fk bd bd bg bb <sup>B</sup>bg pt <sup>B</sup>pt pk pp <sup>B</sup>pk | |||
tp tk tkʷ tq tb tg tgʷ tɢ t'p' t'k' t'kʷ' t'q' > þp þk þp <sup>B</sup>þk db dg db <sup>B</sup>dg tp tk tp <sup>B</sup>tk | |||
kp kt kʈ kb kd kɖ k'p' k't' k'ʈ' kʷt kʷʈ kʷd kʷɖ kʷ't' kʷ'ʈ' qp qʈ q'p' q'ʈ' > <sup>B</sup>xp <sup>B</sup>xt <sup>B</sup>xt gb gd <sup>B</sup>gd kp kt <sup>B</sup>kt ft <sup>B</sup>ft vd <sup>B</sup>vd pt <sup>B</sup>pt <sup>B</sup>xp <sup>B</sup>xt <sup>B</sup>kp <sup>B</sup>kt | |||
ps pɬ pʂ pts ptɬ pʈʂ pdz pdɮ pɖʐ p'ts' p'tɬ' p'tʂ' > fs fσ <sup>B</sup>fsz fc fξ <sup>B</sup>fcz vdz vdλ <sup>B</sup>vdż pc pξ <sup>B</sup>pcz | |||
ks kɬ kʂ kts ktɬ kʈʂ kdz kdɮ kɖʐ k'ts' k'tɬ' k'ʈʂ' qɬ qʂ > <sup>B</sup>ks <sup>B</sup>kσ <sup>B</sup>ksz <sup>B</sup>xc <sup>B</sup>xξ <sup>B</sup>xcz gdz gdλ <sup>B</sup>gdż kc kξ <sup>B</sup>kcz <sup>B</sup>kσ <sup>B</sup>ksz | |||
pn pɳ pŋ pl pɭ pj bj tm tn ʈɳ tŋ tl ʈɭ tj dj tsj dzj tɬj dɮj km kn kɳ kŋ kl kɭ kj kʷm kʷn kʷɳ kʷl kʷɭ qm qɳ qŋ qɭ > fn <sup>B</sup>fn fŋ fl <sup>B</sup>fr fj bj þm þn <sup>B</sup>þn þŋ þl <sup>B</sup>þr þj dj sj dzj σj λj <sup>B</sup>xm <sup>B</sup>xn <sup>B</sup>xn <sup>B</sup>xŋ <sup>B</sup>xl <sup>B</sup>xr <sup>B</sup>xj xm fn <sup>B</sup>fn fl <sup>B</sup>fr <sup>B</sup>xm <sup>B</sup>xr <sup>B</sup>xŋ <sup>B</sup>xr | |||
pʼn pʼɳ pʼŋ pʼl pʼɭ pʼj tʼm tʼn ʈʼɳ ʼtŋ tʼl ʈʼɭ tʼj tsʼj tɬʼj kʼm kʼn kʼɳ kʼŋ kʼl kʼɭ kʷʼm kʷʼn kʷʼɳ kʷʼl kʷʼɭ qʼm qʼɳ qʼŋ qʼɭ > pn <sup>B</sup>pn pŋ pl <sup>B</sup>pr pj tm tn <sup>B</sup>tn tŋ tl <sup>B</sup>tr tj cj ξj km kn <sup>B</sup>kn kŋ kl <sup>B</sup>kr pm pn <sup>B</sup>pn pl <sup>B</sup>pr <sup>B</sup>km <sup>B</sup>kr <sup>B</sup>kŋ <sup>B</sup>kr | |||
xm xn xɳ xŋ xp xt xʈ xk xʔ xb xd xɖ xɡ xɡʷ xɢ xpʼ xtʼ xʈʼ xkʼ xs xɬ xʂ xts xtɬ xtʂ xdz xdɮ xdʐ xtsʼ xtɬʼ xtʂʼ xl xɭ xj xʷm xʷn xʷɳ xʷŋ xʷp xʷt xʷʈ xʷkʷ xʷʔ xʷb xʷd xʷɖ xʷɡʷ xʷpʼ xʷtʼ xʷʈʼ xʷkʷʼ xʷs xʷɬ xʷʂ xʷts xʷtɬ xʷtʂ xʷdz xʷdɮ xʷdʐ xʷtsʼ xʷtɬʼ xʷtʂʼ xʷl xʷɭ xʷj χm χn χɳ χŋ χp χt χʈ χq χʔ χb χd χɖ χɢ χpʼ χtʼ χʈʼ χqʼ χs χɬ χʂ χts χtɬ χtʂ χdz χdɮ χdʐ χtsʼ χtɬʼ χtʂʼ χl χɭ χj > see laryngeal reflexes. | |||
mx nx ɳx ŋx px tx ʈx kx bx dx ɖx ɡx pʼx tʼx ʈʼx kʼx sx ɬx ʂx tsx tɬx tʂx dzx dɮx dʐx tsʼx tɬʼx tʂʼx lx ɭx mxʷ nxʷ ɳxʷ ŋxʷ pxʷ txʷ ʈxʷ kʷxʷ ʔxʷ bxʷ dxʷ ɖxʷ ɡʷxʷ pʼxʷ tʼxʷ ʈʼxʷ kʷʼxʷ sxʷ ɬxʷ ʂxʷ tsxʷ tɬxʷ tʂxʷ dzxʷ dɮxʷ dʐxʷ tsʼxʷ tɬʼxʷ tʂʼxʷ lxʷ ɭxʷ mχ nχ ɳχ ŋχ pχ tχ ʈχ qχ ʔχ bχ dχ ɖχ ɢχ pʼχ tʼχ ʈʼχ qʼχ sχ ɬχ ʂχ tsχ tɬχ tʂχ dzχ dɮχ dʐχ tsʼχ tɬʼχ tʂʼχ lχ ɭχ mh nh ɳh ŋh ph th ʈh kh kʷh qh bh dh ɖh ɡh ɡʷh ɢh tsh tɬh tʂh dzh dɮh dʐh lh ɭh > laryngeal vanishes | |||
ʔm ʔn ʔɳ ʔŋ ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ ʔpʼ ʔtʼ ʔʈʼ ʔkʼ ʔkʷʼ ʔqʼ ʔs ʔɬ ʔʂ ʔx ʔxʷ ʔχ ʔts ʔtɬ ʔtʂ ʔdz ʔdɮ ʔdʐ ʔtsʼ ʔtɬʼ ʔtʂʼ ʔw ʔl ʔɭ ʔj hm hn hɳ hŋ hp ht hʈ hk hkʷ hq hb hd hɖ hɡ hɡʷ hɢ hpʼ htʼ hʈʼ hkʼ hkʷʼ hqʼ hs hɬ hʂ hts htɬ htʂ hdz hdɮ hdʐ htsʼ htɬʼ htʂʼ hl hɭ hj > h disappears earlier, lengthening a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū; rest of the clusters remain the same, except ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ > qp qt <sup>B</sup>qt qk <sup>B</sup>qk qp qt <sup>B</sup>qt qk <sup>B</sup>qk | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
a ay ə ə̄ i ī | ====Laryngeal reflexes to Pre-Ftseezhic==== | ||
> a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi | *x: a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū | ||
*xʷ: a ə i u > ō ō iw ū | |||
*x̌: ā ā ē ō | |||
*əy > ē | |||
====Breaking==== | |||
Pre-Ftseezhic: | |||
a ay ə ə̄ ē i ī o ā/ō u ū a+breaking aw/ā+breaking/u-umlaut ə+breaking əw/ə̄+breaking i+breaking iw əy uy | |||
Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi | |||
*[[Myuftseezh]]: > ə a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y | |||
*[[Dry Icelandic]]: > a á ja é jé i í u ó y ú ja já ju jó i jú é ý (unstressed: a a ja a ja i i a a y y ja ja ja ja i i y y) | |||
a ā + u-umlaut = o ēa | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Mustlup languages|F]] | [[Category:Mustlup languages|F]] | ||
[[Category:Xjeof]] |
Latest revision as of 15:26, 14 April 2022
Proto-Ftseezhic | |
---|---|
Created by | IlL |
Reconstruction of | Ftseezhic languages |
Reconstructed ancestor |
Proto-Ftseezhic is the ancestor of the Ftseezhic languages, a branch of the Mustlup family which includes Myuftseezh, Chick Corean and Dry Icelandic. It's inspired by Old English.
Numbers: sōecu, kvli, skō, mōj, fāxu, ə̄σē, czeþə̄, poŋud, cēan, xēatī, kvēotī, cīu
- > Myuftseezh: sec, kvliø, sko, moj, fax, øσiø, cziøþø, poŋd, cian, xiatiø, kviotiø, ciu
- > Dry Icelandic: sécy, pli, skó, móvi, fáhy, éσja, czjaþa, poŋyd, cján, hjáti, pjóti, cjú
Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā ō e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi Myuftseezh: > a a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y Dry Icelandic: > a á ia é ié i í u ó y ú ia iá iu ió i iú é ý
Cluster reflexes
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j /m n ŋ p t ts tʂ tɬ k ʔ b d dz dʐ dɮ g f θ s ʂ ɬ x w r l j/
PM cluster reflexes
B = breaking of preceding vowel (occurs before x or certain consonants/clusters, such as retroflexes/uvulars)
mp nt nts ntɬ ɳʈʂ ɳʈ ŋk ŋkʷ ŋq > mf nþ ns nσ Bnsz Bnþ nx nf Bnx
mb nd ndz ndɮ ɳɖʐ ɳɖ ŋg ŋgʷ ŋɢ > mb nd ndz ndλ Bndż Bnd ng mb Bng
mpʼ ntʼ ntsʼ ntɬʼ ɳʈʂʼ ɳʈʼ ŋkʼ ŋkʷʼ ŋqʼ > mp nt nc nξ Bncz Bnt nk mp Bnk
mm ml mɭ mn mɳ mŋ mj mʔ > mm ml Bmr mn Bmn mŋ mj mq
ll lm ln ɭɳ lŋ ly lʔ ɭɭ > ll lm ln Brn lŋ ly lq rr
nm nn nʔ ɳɳ ɳʔ ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋʔ > nm nn nq rr Brq ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋq
lp lt lts ltɬ ɭʈʂ ɭʈ lk lkʷ lq lb ld ldz ldɮ ɭɖʐ ɭɖ lg lgʷ lɢ lpʼ ltʼ ltsʼ ltɬʼ ɭʈʂʼ ɭʈʼ lkʼ lkʷʼ lqʼ > lf lþ ls σσ Brsz Rrt lk lp Brk lb ld ldz ll Brdż Brd lg lb Brg
sp st stɬ ʂʈ sk skʷ sq spʼ stʼ stɬʼ ʂʈʼ skʼ skʷʼ sqʼ sb sd sdɮ ʂɖ sg sgʷ sɢ > sp st sξ Rszt sk sp Rsk sp sp st sξ Bszt sk sp Rsk sp sb zd zλ Rżd zg zb Bzg
tsp tst ʈʂʈ tsk tskʷ tsq > sp st Bszt sk sp Bsk
tsʼpʼ tsʼtʼ ʈʂʼʈʼ tsʼkʼ tsʼkʷʼ tsʼqʼ > cp ct Bczt ck cp Bck
sm sn ʂɳ sŋ sl ʂɭ sw sj sʔ > sn sn Bszn sŋ sl Bszr sw sj sq
tsm tsn ʈʂɳ tsŋ tsl tʂɭ tsw tsj > sm sn Bszn sŋ sl Bszr sw sj
dzm dzn ɖʐɳ dzŋ dzl ɖʐɭ dzw dzj > zm zn Bżn zŋ zl Bżr zw zj
tsʼm tsʼn ʈʂʼɳ tsʼŋ > cm cn Bczn cŋ
ɬp ɬt ɬʈ ɬk ɬkʷ ɬq ɬpʼ ɬtʼ ɬʈʼ ɬkʼ ɬkʷʼ ɬqʼ > σp σt Bσt σk σp Bσk
ɬb ɬd ɬɖ ɬg ɬgʷ ɬɢ > lb ld Bld lg lb Blg
tɬp tɬt tɬʈ tɬk tɬkʷ tɬq tɬʼpʼ tɬʼtʼ tɬʼʈʼ tɬkʼ tɬkʷʼ tɬqʼ > σp σξ Bσξ σk σp Bσk ξp ξξ Bξξ ξk ξp Bξk
ɬm ɬn ɬɳ ɬŋ ɬw ɬj tɬm tɬn tɬɳ tɬŋ tɬw tɬj > σm σn Bσr σŋ σw σj σm σn Bσr σŋ σw σj
dɮm dɮn dɮɳ dɮŋ dɮw dɮj > λm λn Bλn λŋ λw λj
tɬʼm tɬʼn tɬʼɳ tɬʼŋ tɬʼw tɬʼj > ξm ξn Bξn ξŋ ξw ξj
pt pʈ pk pkʷ pq pd pɖ pɡ pɡʷ pɢ pʼtʼ pʼʈʼ pʼkʼ pʼkʷʼ pʼqʼ > ft ft Bfk pp Bfk bd bd bg bb Bbg pt Bpt pk pp Bpk
tp tk tkʷ tq tb tg tgʷ tɢ t'p' t'k' t'kʷ' t'q' > þp þk þp Bþk db dg db Bdg tp tk tp Btk
kp kt kʈ kb kd kɖ k'p' k't' k'ʈ' kʷt kʷʈ kʷd kʷɖ kʷ't' kʷ'ʈ' qp qʈ q'p' q'ʈ' > Bxp Bxt Bxt gb gd Bgd kp kt Bkt ft Bft vd Bvd pt Bpt Bxp Bxt Bkp Bkt
ps pɬ pʂ pts ptɬ pʈʂ pdz pdɮ pɖʐ p'ts' p'tɬ' p'tʂ' > fs fσ Bfsz fc fξ Bfcz vdz vdλ Bvdż pc pξ Bpcz
ks kɬ kʂ kts ktɬ kʈʂ kdz kdɮ kɖʐ k'ts' k'tɬ' k'ʈʂ' qɬ qʂ > Bks Bkσ Bksz Bxc Bxξ Bxcz gdz gdλ Bgdż kc kξ Bkcz Bkσ Bksz
pn pɳ pŋ pl pɭ pj bj tm tn ʈɳ tŋ tl ʈɭ tj dj tsj dzj tɬj dɮj km kn kɳ kŋ kl kɭ kj kʷm kʷn kʷɳ kʷl kʷɭ qm qɳ qŋ qɭ > fn Bfn fŋ fl Bfr fj bj þm þn Bþn þŋ þl Bþr þj dj sj dzj σj λj Bxm Bxn Bxn Bxŋ Bxl Bxr Bxj xm fn Bfn fl Bfr Bxm Bxr Bxŋ Bxr
pʼn pʼɳ pʼŋ pʼl pʼɭ pʼj tʼm tʼn ʈʼɳ ʼtŋ tʼl ʈʼɭ tʼj tsʼj tɬʼj kʼm kʼn kʼɳ kʼŋ kʼl kʼɭ kʷʼm kʷʼn kʷʼɳ kʷʼl kʷʼɭ qʼm qʼɳ qʼŋ qʼɭ > pn Bpn pŋ pl Bpr pj tm tn Btn tŋ tl Btr tj cj ξj km kn Bkn kŋ kl Bkr pm pn Bpn pl Bpr Bkm Bkr Bkŋ Bkr
xm xn xɳ xŋ xp xt xʈ xk xʔ xb xd xɖ xɡ xɡʷ xɢ xpʼ xtʼ xʈʼ xkʼ xs xɬ xʂ xts xtɬ xtʂ xdz xdɮ xdʐ xtsʼ xtɬʼ xtʂʼ xl xɭ xj xʷm xʷn xʷɳ xʷŋ xʷp xʷt xʷʈ xʷkʷ xʷʔ xʷb xʷd xʷɖ xʷɡʷ xʷpʼ xʷtʼ xʷʈʼ xʷkʷʼ xʷs xʷɬ xʷʂ xʷts xʷtɬ xʷtʂ xʷdz xʷdɮ xʷdʐ xʷtsʼ xʷtɬʼ xʷtʂʼ xʷl xʷɭ xʷj χm χn χɳ χŋ χp χt χʈ χq χʔ χb χd χɖ χɢ χpʼ χtʼ χʈʼ χqʼ χs χɬ χʂ χts χtɬ χtʂ χdz χdɮ χdʐ χtsʼ χtɬʼ χtʂʼ χl χɭ χj > see laryngeal reflexes.
mx nx ɳx ŋx px tx ʈx kx bx dx ɖx ɡx pʼx tʼx ʈʼx kʼx sx ɬx ʂx tsx tɬx tʂx dzx dɮx dʐx tsʼx tɬʼx tʂʼx lx ɭx mxʷ nxʷ ɳxʷ ŋxʷ pxʷ txʷ ʈxʷ kʷxʷ ʔxʷ bxʷ dxʷ ɖxʷ ɡʷxʷ pʼxʷ tʼxʷ ʈʼxʷ kʷʼxʷ sxʷ ɬxʷ ʂxʷ tsxʷ tɬxʷ tʂxʷ dzxʷ dɮxʷ dʐxʷ tsʼxʷ tɬʼxʷ tʂʼxʷ lxʷ ɭxʷ mχ nχ ɳχ ŋχ pχ tχ ʈχ qχ ʔχ bχ dχ ɖχ ɢχ pʼχ tʼχ ʈʼχ qʼχ sχ ɬχ ʂχ tsχ tɬχ tʂχ dzχ dɮχ dʐχ tsʼχ tɬʼχ tʂʼχ lχ ɭχ mh nh ɳh ŋh ph th ʈh kh kʷh qh bh dh ɖh ɡh ɡʷh ɢh tsh tɬh tʂh dzh dɮh dʐh lh ɭh > laryngeal vanishes
ʔm ʔn ʔɳ ʔŋ ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ ʔpʼ ʔtʼ ʔʈʼ ʔkʼ ʔkʷʼ ʔqʼ ʔs ʔɬ ʔʂ ʔx ʔxʷ ʔχ ʔts ʔtɬ ʔtʂ ʔdz ʔdɮ ʔdʐ ʔtsʼ ʔtɬʼ ʔtʂʼ ʔw ʔl ʔɭ ʔj hm hn hɳ hŋ hp ht hʈ hk hkʷ hq hb hd hɖ hɡ hɡʷ hɢ hpʼ htʼ hʈʼ hkʼ hkʷʼ hqʼ hs hɬ hʂ hts htɬ htʂ hdz hdɮ hdʐ htsʼ htɬʼ htʂʼ hl hɭ hj > h disappears earlier, lengthening a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū; rest of the clusters remain the same, except ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ > qp qt Bqt qk Bqk qp qt Bqt qk Bqk
Vowels
Laryngeal reflexes to Pre-Ftseezhic
- x: a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū
- xʷ: a ə i u > ō ō iw ū
- x̌: ā ā ē ō
- əy > ē
Breaking
Pre-Ftseezhic: a ay ə ə̄ ē i ī o ā/ō u ū a+breaking aw/ā+breaking/u-umlaut ə+breaking əw/ə̄+breaking i+breaking iw əy uy
Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi
- Myuftseezh: > ə a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y
- Dry Icelandic: > a á ja é jé i í u ó y ú ja já ju jó i jú é ý (unstressed: a a ja a ja i i a a y y ja ja ja ja i i y y)
a ā + u-umlaut = o ēa