Proto-Ftseezhic: Difference between revisions

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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the ancestor of Fteezhic languages such as [[Myuftseezh]], [[Chick Corean]] and [[Dry Icelandic]]. It's inspired by Old English.
{{Infobox proto-language
| name        = Proto-Ftseezhic
| creator    = User:IlL
| target      = Ftseezhic languages
| familycolor = isolate
| ancestor   = [[Proto-Nabŋaic]]
}}


mp nt nts ntɬ ɳʈʂ ɳʈ ŋk ŋkʷ ŋq > mf nþ ns nσ nsz Rnþ nx nf Rnx
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the ancestor of the Ftseezhic languages, a branch of the [[Proto-Mustlup|Mustlup]] family which includes [[Myuftseezh]], [[Chick Corean]] and [[Dry Icelandic]]. It's inspired by Old English.


mb nd ndz ndɮ ɳɖʐ ɳɖ ŋg ŋgʷ ŋɢ > mb nd ndz ndλ ndż Rnd ng mb Rng
Numbers: sōecu, kvli, skō, mōj, fāxu, ə̄σē, czeþə̄, poŋud, cēan, xēatī, kvēotī, cīu


mpʼ ntʼ ntsʼ ntɬʼ ɳʈʂʼ ɳʈʼ ŋkʼ ŋkʷʼ ŋqʼ > mp nt nc nξ ncz Rnt nk mp Rnk
*> Myuftseezh: sec, kvliø, sko, moj, fax, øσiø, cziøþø, poŋd, cian, xiatiø, kviotiø, ciu
*> Dry Icelandic: sécy, pli, skó, móvi, fáhy, éσja, czjaþa, poŋyd, cján, hjáti, pjóti, cjú


mm ml mn mɳ mŋ mj ll lm ln ɭɳ lŋ ly lʔ ɭɭ nm nn nʔ ɳɳ ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋʔ lp lt lts ltɬ ɭʈʂ ɭʈ lk lkʷ lq lb ld ldz ldɮ ɭɖʐ ɭɖ lg lgʷ lɢ lpʼ ltʼ ltsʼ ltɬʼ ɭʈʂʼ ɭʈʼ lkʼ lkʷʼ lqʼ sp st stɬ ʂʈ sk skʷ sq spʼ stʼ stɬʼ ʂʈʼ skʼ skʷʼ sqʼ sb sd sdɮ ʂɖ sg sgʷ sɢ tsp tst ʈʂʈ tsk tskʷ tsq tsb tsd ʈʂɖ tsg tsgʷ tsɢ tsʼpʼ tsʼtʼ ʈʂʼʈʼ tsʼkʼ tsʼkʷʼ tsʼqʼ sm sn ʂɳ sŋ sl ʂɭ sw sj sʔ tsm tsn ʈʂɳ tsŋ tsl tʂɭ tsw tsj dzm dzn ɖʐɳ dzŋ dzl ɖʐɭ dzw dzj tsʼm tsʼn ʈʂʼɳ tsʼŋ ɬp ɬt ɬʈ ɬk ɬkʷ ɬq ɬpʼ ɬtʼ ɬʈʼ ɬkʼ ɬkʷʼ ɬqʼ ɬb ɬd ɬɖ ɬg ɬgʷ ɬɢ tɬp tɬt tɬʈ tɬk tɬkʷ tɬq tɬʼpʼ tɬʼtʼ tɬʼʈʼ tɬkʼ tɬkʷʼ tɬqʼ ɬm ɬn ɬɳ ɬŋ ɬw ɬj tɬm tɬn tɬɳ tɬŋ tɬw tɬj dɮm dɮn dɮɳ dɮŋ dɮw dɮj tɬʼm tɬʼn tɬʼɳ tɬʼŋ tɬʼw tɬʼj pt pʈ pk pkʷ pq pd pɖ pɡ pɡʷ pɢ p't' p'ʈ' p'k' p'kʷ' p'q' tp tk tkʷ tq tb tg tgʷ tɢ t'p' t'k' t'kʷ' t'q' kp kt kʈ kb kd kɖ k'p' k't' k'ʈ' kʷt kʷʈ kʷd kʷɖ kʷ't' kʷ'ʈ' qp qʈ q'p' q'ʈ' ps pɬ pʂ pts ptɬ pʈʂ pdz pdɮ pɖʐ p'ts' p'tɬ p'tʂ' ks kɬ kʂ kts ktɬ kʈʂ kdz kdɮ kɖʐ k'ts' k'tɬ' k'ʈʂ' qɬ qʂ pn pɳ pŋ pl pɭ pj bj tm tn ʈɳ tŋ tl ʈɭ tj dj tsj dzj tɬj dɮj km kn kɳ kŋ kl kɭ kʷm kʷn kʷɳ kʷl kʷɭ qm qɳ qŋ qɭ xm xn xɳ xŋ xp xt xʈ xk xʔ xb xd xɖ xɡ xɡʷ xɢ xpʼ xtʼ xʈʼ xkʼ xs xɬ xʂ xts xtɬ xtʂ xdz xdɮ xdʐ xtsʼ xtɬʼ xtʂʼ xl xɭ xj xʷm xʷn xʷɳ xʷŋ xʷp xʷt xʷʈ xʷkʷ xʷʔ xʷb xʷd xʷɖ xʷɡʷ xʷpʼ xʷtʼ xʷʈʼ xʷkʷʼ xʷs xʷɬ xʷʂ xʷts xʷtɬ xʷtʂ xʷdz xʷdɮ xʷdʐ xʷtsʼ xʷtɬʼ xʷtʂʼ xʷl xʷɭ xʷj χm χn χɳ χŋ χp χt χʈ χq χʔ χb χd χɖ χɢ χpʼ χtʼ χʈʼ χqʼ χs χɬ χʂ χts χtɬ χtʂ χdz χdɮ χdʐ χtsʼ χtɬʼ χtʂʼ χl χɭ χj mx nx ɳx ŋx px tx ʈx kx bx dx ɖx ɡx pʼx tʼx ʈʼx kʼx sx ɬx ʂx tsx tɬx tʂx dzx dɮx dʐx tsʼx tɬʼx tʂʼx lx ɭx mxʷ nxʷ ɳxʷ ŋxʷ pxʷ txʷ ʈxʷ kʷxʷ ʔxʷ bxʷ dxʷ ɖxʷ ɡʷxʷ pʼxʷ tʼxʷ ʈʼxʷ kʷʼxʷ sxʷ ɬxʷ ʂxʷ tsxʷ tɬxʷ tʂxʷ dzxʷ dɮxʷ dʐxʷ tsʼxʷ tɬʼxʷ tʂʼxʷ lxʷ ɭxʷ mχ nχ ɳχ ŋχ pχ tχ ʈχ qχ ʔχ bχ dχ ɖχ ɢχ pʼχ tʼχ ʈʼχ qʼχ sχ ɬχ ʂχ tsχ tɬχ tʂχ dzχ dɮχ dʐχ tsʼχ tɬʼχ tʂʼχ lχ ɭχ mh nh ɳh ŋh ph th ʈh kh kʷh qh bh dh ɖh ɡh ɡʷh ɢh tsh tɬh tʂh dzh dɮh dʐh lh ɭh Word-medially, also allow ʔm ʔn ʔɳ ʔŋ ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ ʔpʼ ʔtʼ ʔʈʼ ʔkʼ ʔkʷʼ ʔqʼ ʔs ʔɬ ʔʂ ʔx ʔxʷ ʔχ ʔts ʔtɬ ʔtʂ ʔdz ʔdɮ ʔdʐ ʔtsʼ ʔtɬʼ ʔtʂʼ ʔw ʔl ʔɭ ʔj hm hn hɳ hŋ hp ht hʈ hk hkʷ hq hb hd hɖ hɡ hɡʷ hɢ hpʼ htʼ hʈʼ hkʼ hkʷʼ hqʼ hs hɬ hʂ hts htɬ htʂ hdz hdɮ hdʐ htsʼ htɬʼ htʂʼ hl hɭ hj
Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā ō e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi
 
Myuftseezh: > a a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y
==Introduction==
Dry Icelandic: > a á ia é ié i í u ó y ú ia iá iu ió i iú é ý
==Cluster reflexes==


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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j
m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j /m n ŋ p t ts tʂ tɬ k ʔ b d dz dʐ dɮ g f θ s ʂ ɬ x w r l j/
====PM cluster reflexes====
 
<sup>B</sup> = breaking of preceding vowel (occurs before ''x'' or certain consonants/clusters, such as retroflexes/uvulars)
 
mp nt nts ntɬ ɳʈʂ ɳʈ ŋk ŋkʷ ŋq > mf nþ ns nσ <sup>B</sup>nsz <sup>B</sup>nþ nx nf <sup>B</sup>nx
 
mb nd ndz ndɮ ɳɖʐ ɳɖ ŋg ŋgʷ ŋɢ > mb nd ndz ndλ <sup>B</sup>ndż <sup>B</sup>nd ng mb <sup>B</sup>ng
 
mpʼ ntʼ ntsʼ ntɬʼ ɳʈʂʼ ɳʈʼ ŋkʼ ŋkʷʼ ŋqʼ > mp nt nc nξ <sup>B</sup>ncz <sup>B</sup>nt nk mp <sup>B</sup>nk
 
mm ml mɭ mn mɳ mŋ mj mʔ > mm ml <sup>B</sup>mr mn <sup>B</sup>mn mŋ mj mq
 
ll lm ln ɭɳ lŋ ly lʔ ɭɭ > ll lm ln <sup>B</sup>rn lŋ ly lq rr
 
nm nn nʔ ɳɳ ɳʔ ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋʔ > nm nn nq rr <sup>B</sup>rq ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋq
 
lp lt lts ltɬ ɭʈʂ ɭʈ lk lkʷ lq lb ld ldz ldɮ ɭɖʐ ɭɖ lg lgʷ lɢ lpʼ ltʼ ltsʼ ltɬʼ ɭʈʂʼ ɭʈʼ lkʼ lkʷʼ lqʼ > lf lþ ls σσ <sup>B</sup>rsz Rrt lk lp <sup>B</sup>rk lb ld ldz ll <sup>B</sup>rdż <sup>B</sup>rd lg lb <sup>B</sup>rg
 
sp st stɬ ʂʈ sk skʷ sq spʼ stʼ stɬʼ ʂʈʼ skʼ skʷʼ sqʼ sb sd sdɮ ʂɖ sg sgʷ sɢ > sp st sξ Rszt sk sp Rsk sp sp st sξ <sup>B</sup>szt sk sp Rsk sp sb zd zλ Rżd zg zb <sup>B</sup>zg
 
tsp tst ʈʂʈ tsk tskʷ tsq > sp st <sup>B</sup>szt sk sp <sup>B</sup>sk
 
tsʼpʼ tsʼtʼ ʈʂʼʈʼ tsʼkʼ tsʼkʷʼ tsʼqʼ > cp ct <sup>B</sup>czt ck cp <sup>B</sup>ck
 
sm sn ʂɳ sŋ sl ʂɭ sw sj sʔ > sn sn <sup>B</sup>szn sŋ sl <sup>B</sup>szr sw sj sq
 
tsm tsn ʈʂɳ tsŋ tsl tʂɭ tsw tsj > sm sn <sup>B</sup>szn sŋ sl <sup>B</sup>szr sw sj
 
dzm dzn ɖʐɳ dzŋ dzl ɖʐɭ dzw dzj > zm zn <sup>B</sup>żn zŋ zl <sup>B</sup>żr zw zj
 
tsʼm tsʼn ʈʂʼɳ tsʼŋ > cm cn <sup>B</sup>czn cŋ
 
ɬp ɬt ɬʈ ɬk ɬkʷ ɬq ɬpʼ ɬtʼ ɬʈʼ ɬkʼ ɬkʷʼ ɬqʼ > σp σt <sup>B</sup>σt σk σp <sup>B</sup>σk
 
ɬb ɬd ɬɖ ɬg ɬgʷ ɬɢ > lb ld <sup>B</sup>ld lg lb <sup>B</sup>lg
 
tɬp tɬt tɬʈ tɬk tɬkʷ tɬq tɬʼpʼ tɬʼtʼ tɬʼʈʼ tɬkʼ tɬkʷʼ tɬqʼ > σp σξ <sup>B</sup>σξ σk σp <sup>B</sup>σk ξp ξξ <sup>B</sup>ξξ ξk ξp <sup>B</sup>ξk
 
ɬm ɬn ɬɳ ɬŋ ɬw ɬj tɬm tɬn tɬɳ tɬŋ tɬw tɬj > σm σn <sup>B</sup>σr σŋ σw σj σm σn <sup>B</sup>σr σŋ σw σj
 
dɮm dɮn dɮɳ dɮŋ dɮw dɮj > λm λn <sup>B</sup>λn λŋ λw λj
 
tɬʼm tɬʼn tɬʼɳ tɬʼŋ tɬʼw tɬʼj > ξm ξn <sup>B</sup>ξn ξŋ ξw ξj
 
pt pʈ pk pkʷ pq pd pɖ pɡ pɡʷ pɢ pʼtʼ pʼʈʼ pʼkʼ pʼkʷʼ pʼqʼ > ft ft <sup>B</sup>fk pp <sup>B</sup>fk bd bd bg bb <sup>B</sup>bg pt <sup>B</sup>pt pk pp <sup>B</sup>pk
 
tp tk tkʷ tq tb tg tgʷ tɢ t'p' t'k' t'kʷ' t'q' > þp þk þp <sup>B</sup>þk db dg db <sup>B</sup>dg tp tk tp <sup>B</sup>tk
 
kp kt kʈ kb kd kɖ k'p' k't' k'ʈ' kʷt kʷʈ kʷd kʷɖ kʷ't' kʷ'ʈ' qp qʈ q'p' q'ʈ' > <sup>B</sup>xp <sup>B</sup>xt <sup>B</sup>xt gb gd <sup>B</sup>gd kp kt <sup>B</sup>kt ft <sup>B</sup>ft vd <sup>B</sup>vd pt <sup>B</sup>pt <sup>B</sup>xp <sup>B</sup>xt <sup>B</sup>kp <sup>B</sup>kt
 
ps pɬ pʂ pts ptɬ pʈʂ pdz pdɮ pɖʐ p'ts' p'tɬ' p'tʂ' > fs fσ <sup>B</sup>fsz fc fξ <sup>B</sup>fcz vdz vdλ <sup>B</sup>vdż pc pξ <sup>B</sup>pcz
 
ks kɬ kʂ kts ktɬ kʈʂ kdz kdɮ kɖʐ k'ts' k'tɬ' k'ʈʂ' qɬ qʂ > <sup>B</sup>ks <sup>B</sup>kσ <sup>B</sup>ksz <sup>B</sup>xc <sup>B</sup>xξ <sup>B</sup>xcz gdz gdλ <sup>B</sup>gdż kc kξ <sup>B</sup>kcz <sup>B</sup>kσ <sup>B</sup>ksz
 
pn pɳ pŋ pl pɭ pj bj tm tn ʈɳ tŋ tl ʈɭ tj dj tsj dzj tɬj dɮj km kn kɳ kŋ kl kɭ kj kʷm kʷn kʷɳ kʷl kʷɭ qm qɳ qŋ qɭ > fn <sup>B</sup>fn fŋ fl <sup>B</sup>fr fj bj þm þn <sup>B</sup>þn þŋ þl <sup>B</sup>þr þj dj sj dzj σj λj <sup>B</sup>xm <sup>B</sup>xn <sup>B</sup>xn <sup>B</sup>xŋ <sup>B</sup>xl <sup>B</sup>xr <sup>B</sup>xj xm fn <sup>B</sup>fn fl <sup>B</sup>fr <sup>B</sup>xm <sup>B</sup>xr <sup>B</sup>xŋ <sup>B</sup>xr
 
pʼn pʼɳ pʼŋ pʼl pʼɭ pʼj tʼm tʼn ʈʼɳ ʼtŋ tʼl ʈʼɭ tʼj tsʼj tɬʼj kʼm kʼn kʼɳ kʼŋ kʼl kʼɭ kʷʼm kʷʼn kʷʼɳ kʷʼl kʷʼɭ qʼm qʼɳ qʼŋ qʼɭ > pn <sup>B</sup>pn pŋ pl <sup>B</sup>pr pj tm tn <sup>B</sup>tn tŋ tl <sup>B</sup>tr tj cj ξj km kn <sup>B</sup>kn kŋ kl <sup>B</sup>kr pm pn <sup>B</sup>pn pl <sup>B</sup>pr <sup>B</sup>km <sup>B</sup>kr <sup>B</sup>kŋ <sup>B</sup>kr
 
xm xn xɳ xŋ xp xt xʈ xk xʔ xb xd xɖ xɡ xɡʷ xɢ xpʼ xtʼ xʈʼ xkʼ xs xɬ xʂ xts xtɬ xtʂ xdz xdɮ xdʐ xtsʼ xtɬʼ xtʂʼ xl xɭ xj xʷm xʷn xʷɳ xʷŋ xʷp xʷt xʷʈ xʷkʷ xʷʔ xʷb xʷd xʷɖ xʷɡʷ xʷpʼ xʷtʼ xʷʈʼ xʷkʷʼ xʷs xʷɬ xʷʂ xʷts xʷtɬ xʷtʂ xʷdz xʷdɮ xʷdʐ xʷtsʼ xʷtɬʼ xʷtʂʼ xʷl xʷɭ xʷj χm χn χɳ χŋ χp χt χʈ χq χʔ χb χd χɖ χɢ χpʼ χtʼ χʈʼ χqʼ χs χɬ χʂ χts χtɬ χtʂ χdz χdɮ χdʐ χtsʼ χtɬʼ χtʂʼ χl χɭ χj > see laryngeal reflexes.
 
mx nx ɳx ŋx px tx ʈx kx bx dx ɖx ɡx pʼx tʼx ʈʼx kʼx sx ɬx ʂx tsx tɬx tʂx dzx dɮx dʐx tsʼx tɬʼx tʂʼx lx ɭx mxʷ nxʷ ɳxʷ ŋxʷ pxʷ txʷ ʈxʷ kʷxʷ ʔxʷ bxʷ dxʷ ɖxʷ ɡʷxʷ pʼxʷ tʼxʷ ʈʼxʷ kʷʼxʷ sxʷ ɬxʷ ʂxʷ tsxʷ tɬxʷ tʂxʷ dzxʷ dɮxʷ dʐxʷ tsʼxʷ tɬʼxʷ tʂʼxʷ lxʷ ɭxʷ mχ nχ ɳχ ŋχ pχ tχ ʈχ qχ ʔχ bχ dχ ɖχ ɢχ pʼχ tʼχ ʈʼχ qʼχ sχ ɬχ ʂχ tsχ tɬχ tʂχ dzχ dɮχ dʐχ tsʼχ tɬʼχ tʂʼχ lχ ɭχ mh nh ɳh ŋh ph th ʈh kh kʷh qh bh dh ɖh ɡh ɡʷh ɢh tsh tɬh tʂh dzh dɮh dʐh lh ɭh > laryngeal vanishes
 
ʔm ʔn ʔɳ ʔŋ ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ ʔpʼ ʔtʼ ʔʈʼ ʔkʼ ʔkʷʼ ʔqʼ ʔs ʔɬ ʔʂ ʔx ʔxʷ ʔχ ʔts ʔtɬ ʔtʂ ʔdz ʔdɮ ʔdʐ ʔtsʼ ʔtɬʼ ʔtʂʼ ʔw ʔl ʔɭ ʔj hm hn hɳ hŋ hp ht hʈ hk hkʷ hq hb hd hɖ hɡ hɡʷ hɢ hpʼ htʼ hʈʼ hkʼ hkʷʼ hqʼ hs hɬ hʂ hts htɬ htʂ hdz hdɮ hdʐ htsʼ htɬʼ htʂʼ hl hɭ hj > h disappears earlier, lengthening a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū; rest of the clusters remain the same, except ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ > qp qt <sup>B</sup>qt qk <sup>B</sup>qk qp qt <sup>B</sup>qt qk <sup>B</sup>qk


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
a ay ə ə̄ i ī CxʷC CVxʷC u ū a+breaking aw ə+breaking əw i+breaking iw əy uy
====Laryngeal reflexes to Pre-Ftseezhic====
> a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi
*x: a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū
*xʷ: a ə i u > ō ō iw ū
*x̌: ā ā ē ō
*əy > ē
 
====Breaking====
Pre-Ftseezhic:
a ay ə ə̄ ē i ī o ā/ō u ū a+breaking aw/ā+breaking/u-umlaut ə+breaking əw/ə̄+breaking i+breaking iw əy uy
 
Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi
 
*[[Myuftseezh]]: > ə a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y
*[[Dry Icelandic]]: > a á ja é jé i í u ó y ú ja já ju jó i jú é ý (unstressed: a a ja a ja i i a a y y ja ja ja ja i i y y)
 


*[[Myuftseezh]]: > ə a iə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y
a ā + u-umlaut = o ēa
*[[Dry Icelandic]]: > a á ia ié i í u ó y ú ia iá iu ió i iú é ý


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Mustlup languages|F]]
[[Category:Mustlup languages|F]]
[[Category:Xjeof]]

Latest revision as of 15:26, 14 April 2022

Proto-Ftseezhic
Created byIlL
Reconstruction ofFtseezhic languages
Reconstructed
ancestor

Proto-Ftseezhic is the ancestor of the Ftseezhic languages, a branch of the Mustlup family which includes Myuftseezh, Chick Corean and Dry Icelandic. It's inspired by Old English.

Numbers: sōecu, kvli, skō, mōj, fāxu, ə̄σē, czeþə̄, poŋud, cēan, xēatī, kvēotī, cīu

  • > Myuftseezh: sec, kvliø, sko, moj, fax, øσiø, cziøþø, poŋd, cian, xiatiø, kviotiø, ciu
  • > Dry Icelandic: sécy, pli, skó, móvi, fáhy, éσja, czjaþa, poŋyd, cján, hjáti, pjóti, cjú

Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā ō e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi Myuftseezh: > a a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y Dry Icelandic: > a á ia é ié i í u ó y ú ia iá iu ió i iú é ý

Cluster reflexes

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j /m n ŋ p t ts tʂ tɬ k ʔ b d dz dʐ dɮ g f θ s ʂ ɬ x w r l j/

PM cluster reflexes

B = breaking of preceding vowel (occurs before x or certain consonants/clusters, such as retroflexes/uvulars)

mp nt nts ntɬ ɳʈʂ ɳʈ ŋk ŋkʷ ŋq > mf nþ ns nσ Bnsz Bnþ nx nf Bnx

mb nd ndz ndɮ ɳɖʐ ɳɖ ŋg ŋgʷ ŋɢ > mb nd ndz ndλ Bndż Bnd ng mb Bng

mpʼ ntʼ ntsʼ ntɬʼ ɳʈʂʼ ɳʈʼ ŋkʼ ŋkʷʼ ŋqʼ > mp nt nc nξ Bncz Bnt nk mp Bnk

mm ml mɭ mn mɳ mŋ mj mʔ > mm ml Bmr mn Bmn mŋ mj mq

ll lm ln ɭɳ lŋ ly lʔ ɭɭ > ll lm ln Brn lŋ ly lq rr

nm nn nʔ ɳɳ ɳʔ ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋʔ > nm nn nq rr Brq ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋq

lp lt lts ltɬ ɭʈʂ ɭʈ lk lkʷ lq lb ld ldz ldɮ ɭɖʐ ɭɖ lg lgʷ lɢ lpʼ ltʼ ltsʼ ltɬʼ ɭʈʂʼ ɭʈʼ lkʼ lkʷʼ lqʼ > lf lþ ls σσ Brsz Rrt lk lp Brk lb ld ldz ll Brdż Brd lg lb Brg

sp st stɬ ʂʈ sk skʷ sq spʼ stʼ stɬʼ ʂʈʼ skʼ skʷʼ sqʼ sb sd sdɮ ʂɖ sg sgʷ sɢ > sp st sξ Rszt sk sp Rsk sp sp st sξ Bszt sk sp Rsk sp sb zd zλ Rżd zg zb Bzg

tsp tst ʈʂʈ tsk tskʷ tsq > sp st Bszt sk sp Bsk

tsʼpʼ tsʼtʼ ʈʂʼʈʼ tsʼkʼ tsʼkʷʼ tsʼqʼ > cp ct Bczt ck cp Bck

sm sn ʂɳ sŋ sl ʂɭ sw sj sʔ > sn sn Bszn sŋ sl Bszr sw sj sq

tsm tsn ʈʂɳ tsŋ tsl tʂɭ tsw tsj > sm sn Bszn sŋ sl Bszr sw sj

dzm dzn ɖʐɳ dzŋ dzl ɖʐɭ dzw dzj > zm zn Bżn zŋ zl Bżr zw zj

tsʼm tsʼn ʈʂʼɳ tsʼŋ > cm cn Bczn cŋ

ɬp ɬt ɬʈ ɬk ɬkʷ ɬq ɬpʼ ɬtʼ ɬʈʼ ɬkʼ ɬkʷʼ ɬqʼ > σp σt Bσt σk σp Bσk

ɬb ɬd ɬɖ ɬg ɬgʷ ɬɢ > lb ld Bld lg lb Blg

tɬp tɬt tɬʈ tɬk tɬkʷ tɬq tɬʼpʼ tɬʼtʼ tɬʼʈʼ tɬkʼ tɬkʷʼ tɬqʼ > σp σξ Bσξ σk σp Bσk ξp ξξ Bξξ ξk ξp Bξk

ɬm ɬn ɬɳ ɬŋ ɬw ɬj tɬm tɬn tɬɳ tɬŋ tɬw tɬj > σm σn Bσr σŋ σw σj σm σn Bσr σŋ σw σj

dɮm dɮn dɮɳ dɮŋ dɮw dɮj > λm λn Bλn λŋ λw λj

tɬʼm tɬʼn tɬʼɳ tɬʼŋ tɬʼw tɬʼj > ξm ξn Bξn ξŋ ξw ξj

pt pʈ pk pkʷ pq pd pɖ pɡ pɡʷ pɢ pʼtʼ pʼʈʼ pʼkʼ pʼkʷʼ pʼqʼ > ft ft Bfk pp Bfk bd bd bg bb Bbg pt Bpt pk pp Bpk

tp tk tkʷ tq tb tg tgʷ tɢ t'p' t'k' t'kʷ' t'q' > þp þk þp Bþk db dg db Bdg tp tk tp Btk

kp kt kʈ kb kd kɖ k'p' k't' k'ʈ' kʷt kʷʈ kʷd kʷɖ kʷ't' kʷ'ʈ' qp qʈ q'p' q'ʈ' > Bxp Bxt Bxt gb gd Bgd kp kt Bkt ft Bft vd Bvd pt Bpt Bxp Bxt Bkp Bkt

ps pɬ pʂ pts ptɬ pʈʂ pdz pdɮ pɖʐ p'ts' p'tɬ' p'tʂ' > fs fσ Bfsz fc fξ Bfcz vdz vdλ Bvdż pc pξ Bpcz

ks kɬ kʂ kts ktɬ kʈʂ kdz kdɮ kɖʐ k'ts' k'tɬ' k'ʈʂ' qɬ qʂ > Bks BBksz Bxc BBxcz gdz gdλ Bgdż kc kξ Bkcz BBksz

pn pɳ pŋ pl pɭ pj bj tm tn ʈɳ tŋ tl ʈɭ tj dj tsj dzj tɬj dɮj km kn kɳ kŋ kl kɭ kj kʷm kʷn kʷɳ kʷl kʷɭ qm qɳ qŋ qɭ > fn Bfn fŋ fl Bfr fj bj þm þn Bþn þŋ þl Bþr þj dj sj dzj σj λj Bxm Bxn Bxn BBxl Bxr Bxj xm fn Bfn fl Bfr Bxm Bxr BBxr

pʼn pʼɳ pʼŋ pʼl pʼɭ pʼj tʼm tʼn ʈʼɳ ʼtŋ tʼl ʈʼɭ tʼj tsʼj tɬʼj kʼm kʼn kʼɳ kʼŋ kʼl kʼɭ kʷʼm kʷʼn kʷʼɳ kʷʼl kʷʼɭ qʼm qʼɳ qʼŋ qʼɭ > pn Bpn pŋ pl Bpr pj tm tn Btn tŋ tl Btr tj cj ξj km kn Bkn kŋ kl Bkr pm pn Bpn pl Bpr Bkm Bkr BBkr

xm xn xɳ xŋ xp xt xʈ xk xʔ xb xd xɖ xɡ xɡʷ xɢ xpʼ xtʼ xʈʼ xkʼ xs xɬ xʂ xts xtɬ xtʂ xdz xdɮ xdʐ xtsʼ xtɬʼ xtʂʼ xl xɭ xj xʷm xʷn xʷɳ xʷŋ xʷp xʷt xʷʈ xʷkʷ xʷʔ xʷb xʷd xʷɖ xʷɡʷ xʷpʼ xʷtʼ xʷʈʼ xʷkʷʼ xʷs xʷɬ xʷʂ xʷts xʷtɬ xʷtʂ xʷdz xʷdɮ xʷdʐ xʷtsʼ xʷtɬʼ xʷtʂʼ xʷl xʷɭ xʷj χm χn χɳ χŋ χp χt χʈ χq χʔ χb χd χɖ χɢ χpʼ χtʼ χʈʼ χqʼ χs χɬ χʂ χts χtɬ χtʂ χdz χdɮ χdʐ χtsʼ χtɬʼ χtʂʼ χl χɭ χj > see laryngeal reflexes.

mx nx ɳx ŋx px tx ʈx kx bx dx ɖx ɡx pʼx tʼx ʈʼx kʼx sx ɬx ʂx tsx tɬx tʂx dzx dɮx dʐx tsʼx tɬʼx tʂʼx lx ɭx mxʷ nxʷ ɳxʷ ŋxʷ pxʷ txʷ ʈxʷ kʷxʷ ʔxʷ bxʷ dxʷ ɖxʷ ɡʷxʷ pʼxʷ tʼxʷ ʈʼxʷ kʷʼxʷ sxʷ ɬxʷ ʂxʷ tsxʷ tɬxʷ tʂxʷ dzxʷ dɮxʷ dʐxʷ tsʼxʷ tɬʼxʷ tʂʼxʷ lxʷ ɭxʷ mχ nχ ɳχ ŋχ pχ tχ ʈχ qχ ʔχ bχ dχ ɖχ ɢχ pʼχ tʼχ ʈʼχ qʼχ sχ ɬχ ʂχ tsχ tɬχ tʂχ dzχ dɮχ dʐχ tsʼχ tɬʼχ tʂʼχ lχ ɭχ mh nh ɳh ŋh ph th ʈh kh kʷh qh bh dh ɖh ɡh ɡʷh ɢh tsh tɬh tʂh dzh dɮh dʐh lh ɭh > laryngeal vanishes

ʔm ʔn ʔɳ ʔŋ ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ ʔpʼ ʔtʼ ʔʈʼ ʔkʼ ʔkʷʼ ʔqʼ ʔs ʔɬ ʔʂ ʔx ʔxʷ ʔχ ʔts ʔtɬ ʔtʂ ʔdz ʔdɮ ʔdʐ ʔtsʼ ʔtɬʼ ʔtʂʼ ʔw ʔl ʔɭ ʔj hm hn hɳ hŋ hp ht hʈ hk hkʷ hq hb hd hɖ hɡ hɡʷ hɢ hpʼ htʼ hʈʼ hkʼ hkʷʼ hqʼ hs hɬ hʂ hts htɬ htʂ hdz hdɮ hdʐ htsʼ htɬʼ htʂʼ hl hɭ hj > h disappears earlier, lengthening a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū; rest of the clusters remain the same, except ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ > qp qt Bqt qk Bqk qp qt Bqt qk Bqk

Vowels

Laryngeal reflexes to Pre-Ftseezhic

  • x: a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū
  • xʷ: a ə i u > ō ō iw ū
  • x̌: ā ā ē ō
  • əy > ē

Breaking

Pre-Ftseezhic: a ay ə ə̄ ē i ī o ā/ō u ū a+breaking aw/ā+breaking/u-umlaut ə+breaking əw/ə̄+breaking i+breaking iw əy uy

Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi

  • Myuftseezh: > ə a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y
  • Dry Icelandic: > a á ja é jé i í u ó y ú ja já ju jó i jú é ý (unstressed: a a ja a ja i i a a y y ja ja ja ja i i y y)


a ā + u-umlaut = o ēa

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources