Literature talk:Schleicher's fable: Difference between revisions

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'''Proto-Veraic''' is the ancestor of [[Verapamil]] and [[Diltiazem]]. It's part of the "CW complex" spoken in eastern Cuadhlabh.


It's inspired by Old Turkic.
==Phonology==
Proto-Veraic is reconstructed with the following consonants:
* The voiceless stops *p (labial), *t (dental), *c (palatal), *k (velar) and *kʷ (labialized velar). The Verapamil reflexes of these sounds are the fricatives ''f'', ''s'', ''hy'', ''h'' and ''hw'' respectively. In Diltiazem, these sounds surface as voiceless aspirated stops, except for *c which becomes ''th'' /θ/.
* The voiced stops *b (labial), *d (dental), *j́ (palatal), *g (velar) and *gʷ (labialized velar), which become the stops ''p'', ''t'', ''ty'', ''c'' and ''qu'' respectively in Verapamil. In Diltiazem, these sounds surface as voiced stops, except for *j́ which becomes ''kh'' /x/.
* The nasals *m and *n, and the sonorants *j, *l and *r, which are retained in Verapamil and Diltiazem, except for *j which becomes ''s'' in Diltiazem.
* *w and *ŋ, which become ''v'' resp. ''w'' in Verapamil and ''v'' resp. ''gh'' in Diltiazem (but /ŋ/ is retained before *k and *g).
* *h, which is lost in Verapamil and is retained in Diltiazem.
These sounds aren't as certainly known:
* *ń, which becomes ''ny'' in Verapamil and ''z'' in Diltiazem.
* *ř, which becomes ''zh'' in Verapamil and ''sh'' /ʃ/ in Diltiazem.
Proto-Veraic, like most modern Veraic languages, had five vowels: *a, *e, *i, *o, *u; which can be short or long. Long vowels are written with a macron.
There were also two diphthongs: *ai and *au.
Proto-Veraic allowed consonant clusters of up to three consonants before a vowel.
==Grammar==
Proto-Veraic morphosyntax was somewhat unusual by CW standards:
* unmarked OVS word order (not attested in any modern CW language),
* topic-comment syntax (as in [[Belen]]),
* no pro-drop,
* only three tenses (present, past and future),
* generally isolating (modern CW languages are either agglutinating, like Verapamil, or fusional, like [[Clofabosin]]).
However, Proto-Veraic also had some grammatical features common in CW languages such as:
* head-final syntax (e.g. postpositions, complementizers after the verb, adjectives and relative clauses before the noun),
* tense agreement,
* no grammatical gender.
===Nouns===
Proto-Veraic nouns had four cases: nominative, dative, ablative and locative, but no grammatical gender or number.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="3"| '''*tallo - tree'''
|-
!|Nominative
|*tallo
|-
!|Dative
|*tallōn
|-
!|Locative
|*tallod
|-
!|Ablative
|*tallōl
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="3"| '''*ēruki - pot'''
|-
!|Nominative
|*ēruki
|-
!|Dative
|*ērukīn
|-
!|Locative
|*ērukid
|-
!|Ablative
|*ērukīl
|}
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Verbs===
The bare verb stem was used for the present tense.
The future and past endings were *-bdi and *-ri respectively.
The auxiliary verb *iwa 'walk' was used for the progressive aspect; it turned into the Verapamil present tense suffix -ːva.
==Derivational morphology==
* *-ki, used for tools
** *ēru 'to contain' (→ Verapamil ''éru'') → *ēruki 'pot' (→ Verapamil ''érwi'')
** *wilte 'to fly' (→ Verapamil ''viltë'') → *wilteki 'airplane' (→ Verapamil ''vilti'')
==Numbers==
# īr
# gai
# mīn
# dān
# mār
# tī
The word for seven in Verapamil, ''atu'' comes from the verb *ad 'to continue'.
Higher numbers have not been reconstructed.

Latest revision as of 02:23, 10 January 2019

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