Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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'''Proto-Talmic''' is the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including [[Thensarian]], [[Tíogall]], [[Nurian]], [[Roshterian]], ...).
{{construction}}
==Diachronics==
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
Some sound changes from [[Proto-Quihum]]:
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
*Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].
*Ejectives become voiced stops:
 
**cʼ z > z
* PET
**ƛʼ λ > ɮ
** Talmic
**qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
*** [[Tigol]]
*xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
**** [[Eevo]]
*ƛ > t
**** [[Anbirese]]
*Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
**** Ciètian
*lenition of p > φ
 
*Cluster simplifications
== Syntax ==
*tk, tq > rk, rq
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
 
== Morphology ==
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
 
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.
 
==History of Talmic studies==
===History of the term===
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.
 
==Todo==
*''-nəm'' = patientive
*''sθan-'' = gather
**''sθannəm'' = gathering
***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set
**~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''?
 
*add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
**''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
 
Change 1pl.ex from m to b


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="11"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
Line 44: Line 68:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|  
|  
| *θ
| *t
| *t
|
|
|
| *k
| *k
Line 55: Line 79:
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *δ
| *d
| *d
|
|  
|  
| *g
| *g
Line 67: Line 91:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *ɸ
| *ɸ
|
| *s
| *s
| *ɬ
|
|
|  
|  
| [x]
|  
|  
| [χ]
|  
|  
| *h
| *h
Line 79: Line 103:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| *ɮ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁʷ
|rowspan="2"| *γ
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| *l
| *r
| *r
| *l
| *y
| *j
|  
|  
| *w
| *w
|   
|   
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū


Diphthongs:  
Diphthongs:  
Line 104: Line 129:
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou


====Thensarian reflexes====
==Derivational morphology==
PTal reflexes in bold
===Affixes===
Some derivational affixes are:
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
**Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs
*''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix)
**Roshterian ''-iac''
*''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer
**Roshterian ''-ait''


*{{recon|''a''}} > '''o''' > ''o''
====Ablaut patterns====
*{{recon|''ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''ā''' > ''ā''
*{{recon|''aʔ, əx̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''ə''}} > '''e''' > ''e''
*{{recon|''i''}} > '''i''' > ''i''
*{{recon|''u''}} > '''u''' > ''u''
*{{recon|''ay''}} > '''oi''' > ''ȳ''
*{{recon|''əy''}} > '''ai''' > ''ae''
*{{recon|''iy''}} > '''ei''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''uy''}} > '''ui''' > ''ui''
*{{recon|''iʔ, ix''}} > '''ī''' > ''ī''
*{{recon|''aw''}} > '''ou''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''əw''}} > '''eu''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''iw''}} > '''iu''' > ''iū''
*{{recon|''uʔ, ux, uxʷ''}} > '''ū''' > ''ū''
*{{recon|''uw''}} > '''ou''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > C'''a''' > ''Ca''
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > C'''o''' > ''Co''
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > C'''ə''' > ''Cy''
*{{recon|''əʔ, əx, ix̌''}} > '''ē''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''au''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''ixʷ, ix̌ʷ''}} > '''eu''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''ija'' > ''iā''
*{{recon|''əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ''}} > ''eja'' > ''eā''
*{{recon|''iy(ə)x''}} > ''ije'' > ''iē''


==Morphology==
==Syntax==
{| class="bluetable"
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
|+Present tense
== Gibberish ==
|-
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.
! Person  !! ''daisman'' "I build"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *daisman || *kaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *daismar  || *kaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *daismam || *kaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *daismasim || *kaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *daisma || *kaφs
|-
| 1EX || *daismamē || *kaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *daismant || *kaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *daismaske || *kaφsəske
|-
| 3PL || *daismat || *kaφsət
|}




{| class="bluetable"
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
|+Preterite tense
|-
! Person  !! ''daisman'' "I build"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *daismannem || *keφsənnem
|-
| 2SG || *daismaroi  || *keφsroi
|-
| 3SG.M || *daismasəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *daismast || *keφsəst
|-
| 3SG.N || *daismaso || *keφso
|-
| 1EX || *daismamer || *keφsəmer
|-
| 1IN || *daismanter || *keφsənter
|-
| 2PL || *daismasker || *keφsəsker
|-
| 3PL || *daismater || *keφsəter
|}
 
==Syntax==
*{{recon|''-is''}} = emphatic particle
 
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 9 August 2022

Eta-Talmic/Lexicon
Eta-Talmic/Swadesh list

The Talmic languages (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ TAHL-mik) are a subfamily of the Quame languages, originally spoken chiefly in the Bitaleta region in the planet of Tricin.

Syntax

Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.

Morphology

Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify

Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.

History of Talmic studies

History of the term

The Talmic family was referred to as the "Kwēm languages" (Scellan: brits Cłeem) in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word cēm for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as Naquian, the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.

Todo

  • -nəm = patientive
  • sθan- = gather
    • sθannəm = gathering
      • Skellan sdann = (mathematics) set
    • ~ sta- in stāmom?
  • add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
    • -ssōs = another noun suffix
    • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
    • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Change 1pl.ex from m to b

Phonology

Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *θ *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *δ *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s [x] [χ] *h
voiced *γ *γʷ
Resonant *l *r *y *w

The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.

Vowels

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Derivational morphology

Affixes

Some derivational affixes are:

  • -nam (n.) = patient suffix
  • -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
    • What if *-əx̌- meant something else in PQuih?
    • Roshterian -ia-/-i- - fossilized suffix in many verbs
  • -ākos (n.) = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
    • Roshterian -iac
  • -akt(V)- = adjectivizer
    • Roshterian -ait

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb.

Gibberish

φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.

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