'Ináwah: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =
|creator = User:Iancgil
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:iancgil|iancgil]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|setting =
|nativename = Ináwah
|nativename = '''Ináwah''
|pronunciation=ʔi.ˈná.wah
|pronunciation=[ʔi.ˈná.wah]
|familycolor=conlang
|region =
|fam1= Proto-'Ináwah
|familycolor=
|scripts=* Tlatá Logography
|fam1=  
|fam2=
|fam3=
|famr= 'Ináwah
|iso3=
|script=Tlatá Logography
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


=Introduction=
'Ináwah {{IPA|[ʔi.ˈná.wah]}} is the language spoken by the people of 'Iná, the 'Inábe. It is an agglutinative tonal language inspired largely by the indigenous languages of the Americas such as Sioux, Navajo, Cherokee, Mohowk, Apache, and Mayan.
=Phonology=
=Phonology=
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'></th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Bilabial</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Dental</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Alveolar</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Post Alveolar</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Palatal</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Velar</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Glottal</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Plosive</th><td align=center> p b</td><td align=center>t d</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td align=center>k g</td><td align=center>ʔ</td></tr>
!colspan="2"|
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Nasal</th><td align=center>m</td><td align=center>n</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Bilabial'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Fricative</th><td></td><td></td><td align=center>s z</td><td align=center>ʃ</td><td></td><td align=center>ɣ</td><td align=center>h</td></tr>
!'''Dental'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Lateral Fricative</th><td></td><td align=center>ɬ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Alveolar'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Approximant</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td align=center>j</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Post Alveolar'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Lateral Approximant</th><td></td><td align=center>l</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Palatal'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Affricate</th><td></td><td align=center>tɬ dɮ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Velar'''
</table>
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Plosive'''
!voicless
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|<b>'</b> /ʔ/
|-
!voiced
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Nasal'''
|'''m''' /m/
|'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Fricative'''
!voiceless
|
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|
|'''h''' /h/
|-
!voiced
|
|
|'''z''' /z/
|
|
|'''gh''' /ɣ/
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Lateral Fricative'''
|
|'''lh''' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Lateral Approximant'''
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Affricate'''
!voiceless
|
|
|'''tl''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|
|'''dl''' /dɮ/
|
|
|
|
|}


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'></th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Front</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Back</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Diphthongs</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Close</th><td align=center>i</td><td align=center>u</td>><td align=center>uj</td></tr>
!'''''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Close-Mid</th><td align=center>e</td><td align=center></td>><td align=center>ej</td></tr>
!'''Front'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Open</th><td align=center>a</td><td align=center></td>><td align=center>aj</td></tr>
!'''Back'''
</table>
!'''Diphthongs'''
|-
!'''Close'''
|'''i''' /i/
|'''u''' /u/
|'''uy''' /uj/
|-
!'''Close-Mid'''
|'''e''' /e/
|
|'''ey''' /ej/
|-
!'''Open'''
|'''a''' /a/
|
|'''ay''' /aj/
|}


==Tones==
==Tones==
'Ináwah technically only has two tones (high and neutral), but adjacent, identical vowels with contrasting tones may produce rising or falling tones with long vowel length in lax speech. A high tone is the marked tone and is denoted in romanization by an acute acent above the vowel and by a bar in native orthography.
'Ináwah technically only has two tones (high and neutral), but adjacent, identical vowels with contrasting tones may produce rising or falling tones with long vowel length in lax speech. A high tone is the marked tone and is denoted in romanization by an acute acent.<br><br>
''Examples:''<br>
niʔí > nǐː<br>
nasúʔubá > nasûːubá


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
Line 58: Line 165:


=Orthography=
=Orthography=
==Romanization==
The main orthography of 'Ináwah is the Tlatá logography, but later 'Inábe created and used the Súdu syllabary often along with Tlatá.
Most sounds are represented with the IPA equivalent except for a few mentioned here.


<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
==Tlatá Logography==
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>IPA</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Romanization</th></tr>
The [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Tlat%C3%A1_Logography Tlatá Logography] is the primary writing system used for 'Ináwah.
<tr><td align=center>ʔ</td><td align=center>'</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>ɬ</td><td align=center>lh</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>tɬ</td><td align=center>tl</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>dɮ</td><td align=center>dl</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>j</td><td align=center>y</td></tr>
</table>


==Other Orthographies==
==Súdu Syllabary==
*Tlatá Logography
*Súdu Syllabary


=Morphology=
=Morphology=
==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Verbs play a large role in 'Ináwah and can often compose the entire sentence.They are marked for negation, person, number, tense, and mood/mode.
===Structure of the Verb===
(negation) + (nominal prefix) + [stem] + (tense) + (mood)


===Pronominal Prefixes===
===Pronominal Prefixes===
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
Pronominal prefixes are required for all verbs that are not infinitives.
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'></th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Number</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
'''First Person'''
<tr><td align=center>First Person</td><td>Singular</td><td>pe-</td><td><b>pe</b>mu</td><td>I walk.</td></tr>
 
<tr><td/td><td>Dual Inclusive</td><td>peyé-</td><td><b>peyé</b>mu</td><td>We both walk.</td></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td/td><td>Dual Exclusive</td><td>'ipeyé-</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Number'''
<tr><td/td><td>Plural Inclusive</td><td>té-</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td/td><td>Plural Exclusive</td><td>'ité-</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
</table>
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|pe-
|<b>pe</b>mu
|I walk.
|-
|'''Dual Inclusive'''
|peyé-
|<b>peyé</b>mu
|We both walk.
|-
|'''Dual Exclusive'''
|ipeyé-
|<b>ipeyé</b>mu
|We both walk, but not you.
|-
|'''Plural Inclusive'''
|té-
|<b>té</b>mu
|We all walk.
|-
|'''Plural Exclusive'''
|ité-
|<b>ité</b>mu
|We all walk, but not you
|}
 
'''Second Person'''
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Prefix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|wa-
|<b>wa</b>mu
|You walk.
|-
|'''Dual'''
|wayé-
|<b>wayé</b>mu
|You both walk.
|-
|'''Plural'''
|'iwa-
|<b>iwa</b>mu
|You all walk.
|}
 
'''Third Person'''
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Prefix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|ma-
|<b>ma</b>mu
|He, she, it walks.
|-
|'''Dual'''
|mayé-
|<b>mayé</b>mu
|They both walk.
|-
|'''Plural'''
|'ima-
|<b>ima</b>mu
|They all walk.
|}
 
===Tense===
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Tense'''
!'''Suffix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Present'''
|n/a
|pemu
|I walk.
|-
|'''Imperfect'''
| -shú
|pemu<b>shú</b>
|I was walking/I would walk (before).
|-
|'''Simple Past'''
| -she
|pemu<b>she</b>
|I walked/I had walked.
|-
|'''Progressive'''
| -weh
|pemu<b>weh</b>
|I am walking.
|-
|'''Near Future'''
| -hu
|pemu<b>hu</b>
|I am about to walk.
|-
|'''Future'''
| -tlí
|pemu<b>tlí</b>
|I will walk.
|}


===Negation===
===Negation===
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Negation</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td align=center>Simple Negation</td><td align=center>ba-</td><td align=center><b>ba</b>kemu</td><td align=center>I don't walk.</td></tr>
!'''Negation'''
<tr><td align=center>Double Negation</td><td align=center>'úba-, ba'úba-, 'úba'úba-, …</td><td align=center><b>'úba</b>kemu</td> <td align=center>I don't not walk.</td></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td align=center>Intensified Negation</td><td align=center>ba+ba-, …</td><td align=center><b>baba</b>kemu</td> <td align=center>I definitely don't walk.</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
</table>
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Simple Negation'''
|ba-
|<b>ba</b>kemu
|I don't walk.
|-
|'''Double Negation'''
|'úba-, ba'úba-, 'úba'úba-, …
|<b>'úba</b>kemu
|I don't not walk.
|-
|'''Reduplication Negation'''
|ba+ba-, …
|<b>baba</b>kemu
|I definitely don't walk.
|}
 
===Mood and Mode===
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Mood/Mode'''
!'''Suffix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Indicative'''
|n/a
|wamu
|You walk.
|-
|'''Interrogative'''
| -su
|wamushe<b>su</b>
|Did you walk?
|-
|'''Imperative'''
| -'alé
|wamu<b>'alé</b>
|You must/should walk. (command)
|-
|'''Jussive'''
| -sú'é
|'imamu<b>sú'é</b>
|They must/should walk. (command)
|-
|'''Potential'''
| -bu
|pemu<b>bu</b>
|I could walk.
|-
|'''Hypothetical'''
| -wi
|wamushe<b>wi</b>
|If you could have walked...
|-
|'''Possibility'''
| -ga
|wamu<b>ga</b>
|You might walk.
|-
|'''Opative'''
| -'ubá
|wamu<b>'ubá</b>
|You want/wish to walk.
|}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Structure of the Noun===
(nominal prefix) + [stem] + (derivational morpheme) + (case suffix)
===Case===
'Ináwah noun case is designated solely by syntax. The prenominal prefix attached to the verb is often used as a way to help designate the subject and so there can be some flexibility in word order, but usually only in verse and poetry.
===Pronouns===
'Ináwah pronouns are formed by using pronominal prefixes attached to the noun "be" meaning "person" or "self". If the subject is a pronoun it is omitted since the prenominal prefix attached to the verb is required. In the case that the verb is reflexive, a pronoun will be used and will be understood as the object and not the subject of the sentence.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Prefix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singlular'''
|pe-
|<b>pe</b>be
|I
|-
|'''Dual Inclusive'''
|peyé-
|<b>peyé</b>be
|We both
|-
|'''Dual Exclusive'''
|ipeyé-
|<b>ipeyé</b>be
|We both, but not you
|-
|'''Plural Inclusive'''
|té-
|<b>té</b>be
|We all
|-
|'''Plural Exclusive'''
|ité-
|<b>ité</b>be
|We all, but not you
|}
====Second Person====
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Prefix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|wa-
|<b>wa</b>be
|You
|-
|'''Dual'''
|wayé-
|<b>wayé</b>be
|You both
|-
|'''Plural'''
|iwa-
|<b>iwa</b>be
|You all
|}
====Third Person====
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Prefix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|ma-
|<b>ma</b>be
|He, she, it
|-
|'''Dual'''
|mayé-
|<b>mayé</b>be
|They both
|-
|'''Plural'''
|ima-
|<b>ima</b>be
|They all
|}
==Postpositions==
==Postpositions==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Postposition'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|sa'á
|shali <b>sa'á</b>
|in the dwelling
|-
|'uni
|shali <b>'uni</b>
|outside the dwelling
|-
|té
|shali <b>té</b>
|of the dwelling
|-
|lhú
|wabe <b>lhú</b>
|with you
|-
|se
|shali <b>se</b>
|at the dwelling
|-
|gí
|'éwa <b>gí</b>
|with a hand, by means of a hand
|-
|la
|suné <b>la</b>
|as/like a cat
|-
|hí
|shali <b>hí</b>
|to the dwelling
|}
==Conjunctions==
==Conjunctions==
*nasha - that, so, in order to
*su'í - and
==Interfixes==
==Interfixes==


Line 112: Line 523:


=Sample Texts=
=Sample Texts=
Ídu yáwah té masi lahás ma'ú té.<br>
''The knowledge of the Creator is the most noble.''<br>
Shéna wayadú'í'alé nasha kikí wayadú'í.<br>
''You must receive pain to receive benefit.''<br>
[[Category: Languages]][[Category: A priori]][[Category: 'Ináwah]][[Category: Nominative-accusative languages]]

Latest revision as of 12:03, 15 July 2021

'Ináwah
Ináwah
Pronunciation[ʔi.ˈná.wah]
Created byIancgil
  • Tlatá Logography
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Introduction

'Ináwah [ʔi.ˈná.wah] is the language spoken by the people of 'Iná, the 'Inábe. It is an agglutinative tonal language inspired largely by the indigenous languages of the Americas such as Sioux, Navajo, Cherokee, Mohowk, Apache, and Mayan.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voicless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ ' /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/
Fricative voiceless s /s/ sh /ʃ/ h /h/
voiced z /z/ gh /ɣ/
Lateral Fricative lh /ɬ/
Approximant y /j/
Lateral Approximant l /l/
Affricate voiceless tl /tɬ/
voiced dl /dɮ/

Vowels

Front Back Diphthongs
Close i /i/ u /u/ uy /uj/
Close-Mid e /e/ ey /ej/
Open a /a/ ay /aj/

Tones

'Ináwah technically only has two tones (high and neutral), but adjacent, identical vowels with contrasting tones may produce rising or falling tones with long vowel length in lax speech. A high tone is the marked tone and is denoted in romanization by an acute acent.

Examples:
niʔí > nǐː
nasúʔubá > nasûːubá

Phonotactics

Allowed Syllables

  • CV(h,j)
  • ʔ(syllabic nasal)

Phonological Rules

  • nasal > ʔ + syllabic / $_$
  • j > i / V_$
  • g > ɣ / V$_

Stress

  • High tones always get primary stress.
  • If there is a word with all identical tones, the ultimate syllable receives primary stress.
  • In the event that there are varying tones, the last high tone receives the primary stress.

Orthography

The main orthography of 'Ináwah is the Tlatá logography, but later 'Inábe created and used the Súdu syllabary often along with Tlatá.

Tlatá Logography

The Tlatá Logography is the primary writing system used for 'Ináwah.

Súdu Syllabary

Morphology

Verbs

Verbs play a large role in 'Ináwah and can often compose the entire sentence.They are marked for negation, person, number, tense, and mood/mode.

Structure of the Verb

(negation) + (nominal prefix) + [stem] + (tense) + (mood)

Pronominal Prefixes

Pronominal prefixes are required for all verbs that are not infinitives. First Person

Number Prefix 'Ináwah Example English
Singular pe- pemu I walk.
Dual Inclusive peyé- peyému We both walk.
Dual Exclusive ipeyé- ipeyému We both walk, but not you.
Plural Inclusive té- tému We all walk.
Plural Exclusive ité- itému We all walk, but not you

Second Person

Number Prefix 'Ináwah Example English
Singular wa- wamu You walk.
Dual wayé- wayému You both walk.
Plural 'iwa- iwamu You all walk.

Third Person

Number Prefix 'Ináwah Example English
Singular ma- mamu He, she, it walks.
Dual mayé- mayému They both walk.
Plural 'ima- imamu They all walk.

Tense

Tense Suffix 'Ináwah Example English
Present n/a pemu I walk.
Imperfect -shú pemushú I was walking/I would walk (before).
Simple Past -she pemushe I walked/I had walked.
Progressive -weh pemuweh I am walking.
Near Future -hu pemuhu I am about to walk.
Future -tlí pemutlí I will walk.

Negation

Negation Prefix 'Ináwah Example English
Simple Negation ba- bakemu I don't walk.
Double Negation 'úba-, ba'úba-, 'úba'úba-, … 'úbakemu I don't not walk.
Reduplication Negation ba+ba-, … babakemu I definitely don't walk.

Mood and Mode

Mood/Mode Suffix 'Ináwah Example English
Indicative n/a wamu You walk.
Interrogative -su wamushesu Did you walk?
Imperative -'alé wamu'alé You must/should walk. (command)
Jussive -sú'é 'imamusú'é They must/should walk. (command)
Potential -bu pemubu I could walk.
Hypothetical -wi wamushewi If you could have walked...
Possibility -ga wamuga You might walk.
Opative -'ubá wamu'ubá You want/wish to walk.

Nouns

Structure of the Noun

(nominal prefix) + [stem] + (derivational morpheme) + (case suffix)

Case

'Ináwah noun case is designated solely by syntax. The prenominal prefix attached to the verb is often used as a way to help designate the subject and so there can be some flexibility in word order, but usually only in verse and poetry.

Pronouns

'Ináwah pronouns are formed by using pronominal prefixes attached to the noun "be" meaning "person" or "self". If the subject is a pronoun it is omitted since the prenominal prefix attached to the verb is required. In the case that the verb is reflexive, a pronoun will be used and will be understood as the object and not the subject of the sentence.


Number Prefix 'Ináwah Example English
Singlular pe- pebe I
Dual Inclusive peyé- peyébe We both
Dual Exclusive ipeyé- ipeyébe We both, but not you
Plural Inclusive té- tébe We all
Plural Exclusive ité- itébe We all, but not you

Second Person

Number Prefix 'Ináwah Example English
Singular wa- wabe You
Dual wayé- wayébe You both
Plural iwa- iwabe You all

Third Person

Number Prefix 'Ináwah Example English
Singular ma- mabe He, she, it
Dual mayé- mayébe They both
Plural ima- imabe They all

Postpositions

Postposition 'Ináwah Example English
sa'á shali sa'á in the dwelling
'uni shali 'uni outside the dwelling
té shali té of the dwelling
lhú wabe lhú with you
se shali se at the dwelling
gí 'éwa gí with a hand, by means of a hand
la suné la as/like a cat
hí shali hí to the dwelling

Conjunctions

  • nasha - that, so, in order to
  • su'í - and

Interfixes

Syntax

Word Order

SOV

Noun Phrase

  • Noun + Postposition
  • Noun + Adjective Phrase

Verb Phrase

Sentence Phrase

Dependent Clauses

Sample Texts

Ídu yáwah té masi lahás ma'ú té.
The knowledge of the Creator is the most noble.

Shéna wayadú'í'alé nasha kikí wayadú'í.
You must receive pain to receive benefit.

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