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The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted. | The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted. | ||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Thērouna nasērne. | |||
|IPA = /tʰeːˈrʊna naˈseːrnɛ/ | |||
|morphemes = thēr-∅-{{red|ouna}} nasēr-ne | |||
|gloss = go.ACT-IND.PRFV-AGT.1.SG boat.III-INS.SG | |||
|translation = We go by boat. | |||
}} | |||
{ | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Napsantan as... | |||
|IPA = /naˈpsantan as/ | |||
|morphemes = napsa-ntas-n as | |||
|gloss = learn.ACT-PCP-INS.SG this.PROX.3.SG | |||
|translation = By learning this... | |||
}} | |||
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{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Ankis mia skhasto igan mia. | |||
|IPA = /ˈancɪs mʊ ˈsxastɔ ˈɪkʼan mʊ/ | |||
|morphemes = ankis-∅ mou skha-ist-o i | |||
|gloss = elbow.III-PAT.DC my.GEN.1.SG scratch.ACT-IND.IPFV-INV.PAT.1.SG nail.II-INS.DC my.GEN.1.SG | |||
|translation = I scratch my shoulders with my nails. | |||
}} | |||
=====Inanimate subjective instrumental===== | =====Inanimate subjective instrumental===== | ||
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction. | Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction. | ||
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Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active. | Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active. | ||
{ | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = {{red|Lemner}} me tagī. | |||
|IPA = /ʎɛmˈnɛr mɛ taˈkʼɪː/ | |||
| | |morphemes = lemn-er me tag-∅-ines | ||
|gloss = stone.II-{{red|AGT}}.SG me.1.PAT.SG hit.ACT-IND.PRFV-3.INV.PAT.SG | |||
|translation = *Stones* hit me. | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|stone. | |||
|hit | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Entagio {{blue|lemnanta}}. | |||
|IPA = /ˈɛntakʼjɔ ʎɛmˈnanta/ | |||
|morphemes = en-tagi-∅-o lemn-anta | |||
|gloss = MED.hit.IND-PRFV-1.SG.PAT stone.III-{{blue|INS}}.PL | |||
|translation = I am hit with stones. | |||
}} | |||
| | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Tagia me {{blue|lemnanta}}. | |||
|IPA = /ˈtakʼjas mɛ ʎɛmˈnanta/ | |||
|morphemes = tagi-∅-s me lemn-anta | |||
|gloss = hit.ACT.IND-PRFV-2.SG.INV.PAT me.1.PAT.SG stone.II-{{blue|INS}}.PL | |||
|translation = You hit me with stones. | |||
}} | |||