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Revision as of 21:21, 27 July 2013

939 bytes removed ,  27 July 2013
→‎Instrumental
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The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.  
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.  


{{Gloss
|phrase = Thērouna nasērne.
|IPA = /tʰeːˈrʊna naˈseːrnɛ/
|morphemes = thēr-∅-{{red|ouna}} nasēr-ne
|gloss = go.ACT-IND.PRFV-AGT.1.SG boat.III-INS.SG
|translation = We go by boat.
}}


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
{{Gloss
|+
|phrase = Napsantan as...
<!-- Sentence -->
|IPA = /naˈpsantan as/
| colspan="3"|'''thérouna nasér{{blue|ne}}'''
|morphemes = napsa-ntas-n as
 
|gloss = learn.ACT-PCP-INS.SG this.PROX.3.SG
!
|translation = By learning this...
 
}}
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|napsantan}} as...'''
 
!
 
| colspan="4"| '''kterman katristo tíg{{blue|nan}}'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/tʰeːˈrʊna naˈseːrnɛ/
 
!
 
| colspan="3"|/naˈpsantan as/
 
!
 
| colspan="4"| /ˈktɛrman kaˈtrɪsto ˈtɪːkmeːnɛ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>thérouna</small>
|<small>nasér</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ne}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>napsantas</small>
|<small>{{blue|-n}}</small>
|<small>as</small>
 
!
 
|<small>kterman</small>
|<small>katristo</small>
|<small>tíg</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nan}}</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| to travel.{{sc|act.ind.ipfv.1.pl.in-agt}}
|boat.{{sc|ma-inan.}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
!
 
| to learn.{{sc|act.pcp}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
|this.{{sc|prox.3.sg}}
 
!
 
|letter.{{sc|ma-inan.pat.dc}}
| to write.{{sc|act.ind.ipfv.1.sg.in-agt}}
|pen.{{sc|ma-inan.}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|ins}}.dc}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
 
| colspan="3"| ''We go by boat''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"|''By learning this...'' or ''By stealing this...''
 
!
 
| colspan="4"| ''I write letters with pens''
|}


{{Gloss
|phrase = Ankis mia skhasto igan mia.
|IPA = /ˈancɪs mʊ ˈsxastɔ ˈɪkʼan mʊ/
|morphemes = ankis-∅ mou skha-ist-o i
|gloss = elbow.III-PAT.DC my.GEN.1.SG scratch.ACT-IND.IPFV-INV.PAT.1.SG nail.II-INS.DC my.GEN.1.SG
|translation = I scratch my shoulders with my nails.
}}
=====Inanimate subjective instrumental=====
=====Inanimate subjective instrumental=====
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.
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Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.  
Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.  
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
{{Gloss
|+
|phrase = {{red|Lemner}} me tagī.
<!-- Sentence -->
|IPA = /ʎɛmˈnɛr mɛ taˈkʼɪː/
| colspan="3"|'''''{{red|lemner}}'' me tagines'''
|morphemes = lemn-er me tag-∅-ines
 
|gloss = stone.II-{{red|AGT}}.SG me.1.PAT.SG hit.ACT-IND.PRFV-3.INV.PAT.SG
!
|translation = *Stones* hit me.
 
}}
| colspan="2"|'''entagio {{blue|lemnanta}}'''
 
!
 
| colspan="3"|'''tagias me {{blue|lemnanta}}'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="3"|/ʎɛmˈnɛr mɛ takʼɪˈnɛs/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈɛntakʼjɔ ʎɛmˈnanta/
 
!
 
| colspan="3"|/ˈtakʼjas mɛ ʎɛmˈnanta/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>lemner</small>
|<small>me</small>
|<small>tagines</small>
 
!
 
|<small>entagio</small>
|<small>{{blue|lemnanta}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>tagia</small>
|<small>me</small>
|<small>{{blue|lemnanta}}</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|stone.{{sc|ma-inan.{{red|agt}}.sg}}
|me.{{sc|1.pat.sg}}
|hit.{{sc|ind.prfv.3.sg.{{red|agt}}}}}
 
!
 
|hit.{{sc|med.ind.prfv.1.sg.pat}}}
|stone.{{sc|ma-inan.{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
!
 
|hit.{{sc|ind.prfv.2.sg.agt}}
|me.{{sc|1.pat.sg}}
|stone.{{sc|ma-inan.{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
 
|-
<!-- Translations -->
 
| colspan="3"|''*A stone hit me''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''I am hit with stones''


!
{{Gloss
|phrase = Entagio {{blue|lemnanta}}.
|IPA = /ˈɛntakʼjɔ ʎɛmˈnanta/
|morphemes = en-tagi-∅-o lemn-anta
|gloss = MED.hit.IND-PRFV-1.SG.PAT stone.III-{{blue|INS}}.PL
|translation = I am hit with stones.
}}


| colspan="3"|''You hit me with stones''
{{Gloss
|}
|phrase = Tagia me {{blue|lemnanta}}.
|IPA = /ˈtakʼjas mɛ ʎɛmˈnanta/
|morphemes = tagi-∅-s me lemn-anta
|gloss =  hit.ACT.IND-PRFV-2.SG.INV.PAT me.1.PAT.SG stone.II-{{blue|INS}}.PL
|translation = You hit me with stones.
}}




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