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Tarkandamonian: Difference between revisions
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|name = Tarkandamonian | |name = Tarkandamonian | ||
|nativename = Tarkandamon | |nativename = Tarkandamon | ||
|creator = Anyar | |creator = User:Anyar | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = tar'kandamɔn | ||
|setting = Earth | |setting = Earth | ||
|region = Hindu Kush | |region = Hindu Kush | ||
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|speakers = 436,232 | |speakers = 436,232 | ||
|date = 1980 <!-- Inception Date: May 21, 2021 --> | |date = 1980 <!-- Inception Date: May 21, 2021 --> | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = isolate | ||
|nation = Ōran Kan (“Beautiful Land”) | |nation = Ōran Kan (“Beautiful Land”) | ||
| | |script1 = Latn | ||
|script2 = Deva | |||
|script3 = Arab | |||
}} | }} | ||
<!-- Introduction --> | <!-- Introduction --> | ||
= Introduction = | == Introduction == | ||
Tarkandamonian, from the word ''Tarkandamon'', meaning "Those who speak properly", is the official language spoken in Ōran Kan, a country situated between the border of the Pakistani-admininstered Gilgit-Baltistan region, and Indian-administered Kashmir. It is separated from Ladakh by a small strip of land approximately 25KM in length extending from Gilgit-Balikstan to Kashmir. It is estimated that roughly 100,000 speakers live outside of Ōran Kan, the vast majority having fled the country after a military coup led by Brigadier General Enor Gavilna overthrew President Gar Tindra in early July 1983. The majority of the expatriate community lives in various parts of the EU, with the largest number in Spain and Italy. | Tarkandamonian, from the word ''Tarkandamon'', meaning "Those who speak properly", is the official language spoken in Ōran Kan, a country situated between the border of the Pakistani-admininstered Gilgit-Baltistan region, and Indian-administered Kashmir. It is separated from Ladakh by a small strip of land approximately 25KM in length extending from Gilgit-Balikstan to Kashmir. It is estimated that roughly 100,000 speakers live outside of Ōran Kan, the vast majority having fled the country after a military coup led by Brigadier General Enor Gavilna overthrew President Gar Tindra in early July 1983. The majority of the expatriate community lives in various parts of the EU, with the largest number in Spain and Italy. | ||
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<!-- Phonology --> | <!-- Phonology --> | ||
= Phonology = | == Phonology == | ||
<!-- Consonants --> | <!-- Consonants --> | ||
<!-- Vowels --> | <!-- Vowels --> | ||
= Orthography = | == Orthography == | ||
Tarkandamonian was written in an Arabic-derived script via Muslim-ruled Sindh prior to its discovery by Western explorers in the 1870's by the ruling elite, but an Indic-derived script was in use among the merchant class. After the British annexed Ōran Kan, the Latin alphabet was introduced and replaced the pre-existing scripts. | Tarkandamonian was written in an Arabic-derived script via Muslim-ruled Sindh prior to its discovery by Western explorers in the 1870's by the ruling elite, but an Indic-derived script was in use among the merchant class. After the British annexed Ōran Kan, the Latin alphabet was introduced and replaced the pre-existing scripts. | ||
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In this article, the IPA representation will be provided alongside the Tarkandamonian word or phrase if the pronunciation deviates from the older Geruna-based spelling. | In this article, the IPA representation will be provided alongside the Tarkandamonian word or phrase if the pronunciation deviates from the older Geruna-based spelling. | ||
= Grammar = | == Grammar == | ||
<!-- Nouns --> | <!-- Nouns --> | ||
== Nouns == | === Nouns === | ||
=== Case === | ==== Case ==== | ||
{| class="bluetable" | {| class="bluetable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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<nowiki>**</nowiki> Ungrammatical | <nowiki>**</nowiki> Ungrammatical | ||
=== Number === | ==== Number ==== | ||
== Pronouns == | === Pronouns === | ||
Tarkandamonian pronouns mark for person and number. The pronouns are divided into two classes based on polarity, one class for positive statements, and the other for indicating negation. The so-called negative personal pronouns are unusual in that unlike the positive class, the negative class can optionally mark for direct objects, provided that an overt direct object does not surface. Additionally, they obligatorily encode tense, aspect, and mood (TAM). TAM and polarity marking in the negative class arose from cliticization of pronominal forms to a copula, which itself encoded negation. | Tarkandamonian pronouns mark for person and number. The pronouns are divided into two classes based on polarity, one class for positive statements, and the other for indicating negation. The so-called negative personal pronouns are unusual in that unlike the positive class, the negative class can optionally mark for direct objects, provided that an overt direct object does not surface. Additionally, they obligatorily encode tense, aspect, and mood (TAM). TAM and polarity marking in the negative class arose from cliticization of pronominal forms to a copula, which itself encoded negation. | ||
=== Positive Forms === | ==== Positive Forms ==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Negative Forms === | ==== Negative Forms ==== | ||
==== Intransitive ==== | ===== Intransitive ===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==== Transitive ==== | ===== Transitive ===== | ||
<!-- Adjectives --> | <!-- Adjectives --> | ||
<!-- Verbs --> | <!-- Verbs --> | ||
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<!-- Syntax --> | <!-- Syntax --> | ||
== Verbs == | === Verbs === | ||
First person singular object paradigm with ''-maz'', "to teach", to lead". | First person singular object paradigm with ''-maz'', "to teach", to lead". | ||
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Conjugation paradigms are arranged according to object agreement type, e.g. first person singular object, etc. | Conjugation paradigms are arranged according to object agreement type, e.g. first person singular object, etc. | ||
=== First Person Singular Object === | ==== First Person Singular Object ==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Second Person Singular Object === | ==== Second Person Singular Object ==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Third Person Singular Object === | ==== Third Person Singular Object ==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
= Adverbs = | == Adverbs == | ||
Adverbs do not form a distinct word class. The majority are identical in form with adjectives, differentiated only by syntax. A smaller set of adverbs are uninflectable particles, primarily time adverbials. | Adverbs do not form a distinct word class. The majority are identical in form with adjectives, differentiated only by syntax. A smaller set of adverbs are uninflectable particles, primarily time adverbials. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
= Syntax = | == Syntax == | ||
Tarkandamonian exhibits strict SOV order, and modifiers to heads also display strict ordering: adverbs precede the adjectives and verbs they modify, the positive polarity particle ''vor'' always appears as the initial element of a clause, while its counterpart, the negative polarity pseudo-verb ''-la-'', follows the subject in intransitive clauses, and between the subject and object clausal arguments. Any oblique arguments, including the indirect object, always occurs after the direct object in transitive verbs, and after the pseudo-verb ''-la-'', if expressed in intransitive clauses. The interrogative particle ''tunima'' obligatorily appears immediately before the verb; it is the only particle that may appear between the verb and any of its adverbial modifiers. | Tarkandamonian exhibits strict SOV order, and modifiers to heads also display strict ordering: adverbs precede the adjectives and verbs they modify, the positive polarity particle ''vor'' always appears as the initial element of a clause, while its counterpart, the negative polarity pseudo-verb ''-la-'', follows the subject in intransitive clauses, and between the subject and object clausal arguments. Any oblique arguments, including the indirect object, always occurs after the direct object in transitive verbs, and after the pseudo-verb ''-la-'', if expressed in intransitive clauses. The interrogative particle ''tunima'' obligatorily appears immediately before the verb; it is the only particle that may appear between the verb and any of its adverbial modifiers. | ||
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<!-- Babel Text --> | <!-- Babel Text --> | ||
= Texts = | == Texts == | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Sener zi va ahen arintar. | |phrase = Sener zi va ahen arintar. | ||
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}} | }} | ||
= Vocabulary = | == Vocabulary == | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||