Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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====The honorific verb ''tilah''====

The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early part of the 5th millennium, as an adaptation of Ancient Kūṣṛmāṭhi ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (in ''~~an-form~~'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead).

The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early part of the 5th millennium, as an adaptation of Ancient Kūṣṛmāṭhi ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (always in its infinitive stem, modified according to the needed ''junia'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead).

Its conjugation is mostly regular but has some particularities:

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* The perfect exterior has the stem ''nīl-'' and has a shortened 1PL and 2PL: ''nīlam - nīles - nīla - nīlara - nīlari - nīla - nīlьma - nīlьša - nīla''. The interior has ''nīlьr-'' (''nīlьram, nīlьres, nīlьrā...'') and the causative ''nīlьd-'' (''nīlьdam, nīlьdes, nīlьdā...'' ''nīlьdṛm, nīlьdṛs, nīlьdirā...'').

* The future is regular, but the endings (as well as the interior and the causative forms) all start with ''e'' instead of ''i'': ''tileṣyam, tileṣyes, tileṣya...'' Note that the causative forms have dissimilation of the stem to ''tireld-'' (''tireldiṣyam...'' ''tireldirṣyam...'').

* The subjunctive imperfective exterior is regular with the stem ''til-'' in the 1SG (''~~tilatiam~~'') and only ''t'' in the others (''~~tīsei~~, ~~tīti~~...''). The interior has ''tiler-'' and the causative ''tireld-''.

* The subjunctive imperfective exterior is regular with the stem ''til-'' in the 1SG (''tilati'') and only ''t'' in the others (''tīsь, tī...''). The interior has ''tiler-'' and the causative ''tireld-''.

* The subjunctive perfective exterior always has the stem ''t-'' (''~~tevitam~~, ~~tevšei~~, ~~tevite~~...''); the interior has ''tilьr-'' and the causative ''tilьd-'')

* The subjunctive perfective exterior always has the stem ''t-'' (''tēta, tēti, tēt...''); the interior has ''tilьr-'' and the causative ''tilьd-'')

* The optative is completely regular, with the (regular) stem ''tilūy-''.

All voice affixes come before ''tilah'', as if the ''an-form'' were only a verbal prefix. The honorific verb is not used where there already is a honorific suppletive verb (cf. ''moṣite'' "you (honorific) ask" (verb ''muṣke'') → ''pardhite'' (verb ''pṛdhake''), not *~~muṣantetilši~~).

All voice affixes come before ''tilah'', as if the ''an-form'' were only a verbal prefix. The honorific verb is not used where there already is a honorific suppletive verb (cf. ''moṣite'' "you (honorific) ask" (verb ''muṣke'') → ''pardhite'' (verb ''pṛdhake''), not *muṣṭetilši).

Note that roots ending in -Cv- and -Cy- undergo a special saṃdhi change that changes those in -Cu- and -Ci- before consonants (see first example below).

Examples of the use of ''tilah'':

* ''nāmvegde'' ((s)he/it crushes) → ''~~nāmvantetilah~~''

* ''nāmvegde'' ((s)he/it crushes) → ''nāmutetilah''

* ''lå'' (I go, walk) → ''~~lunantilah~~''

* ''lå'' (I go, walk) → ''luntilah''

* ''pūni'' (you work) → ''~~pūnantilši~~''

* ''pūni'' (you work) → ''pūntilši''

* ''pupūṃsįm'' (we want to work) → ''~~pupūṃsantilęm~~''

* ''pupūṃsįm'' (we want to work) → ''pupūṃstilęm''

* ''pū ~~pūnīti~~'' (if (s)he/it works) → ''pū ~~pūnantīti~~''

* ''pū pūnī'' (if (s)he/it works) → ''pū pūntī''

In actual usage, ''tilah'' denotes respect towards the listener, and is used whenever the action being spoken of effects the listener in some way so, even in polite speech, not all verbs will use ''tilah'' - overusing it is a common error among people learning the language, not only foreigners but also young Chlouvānem people themselves.

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 ====The honorific verb ''tilah''====
-The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early part of the 5th millennium, as an adaptation of Ancient Kūṣṛmāṭhi ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (in ''an-form'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead).
+The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early part of the 5th millennium, as an adaptation of Ancient Kūṣṛmāṭhi ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (always in its infinitive stem, modified according to the needed ''junia'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead).
 Its conjugation is mostly regular but has some particularities:
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 * The perfect exterior has the stem ''nīl-'' and has a shortened 1PL and 2PL: ''nīlam - nīles - nīla - nīlara - nīlari - nīla - nīlьma - nīlьša - nīla''. The interior has ''nīlьr-'' (''nīlьram, nīlьres, nīlьrā...'') and the causative ''nīlьd-'' (''nīlьdam, nīlьdes, nīlьdā...'' ''nīlьdṛm, nīlьdṛs, nīlьdirā...'').
 * The future is regular, but the endings (as well as the interior and the causative forms) all start with ''e'' instead of ''i'': ''tileṣyam, tileṣyes, tileṣya...'' Note that the causative forms have dissimilation of the stem to ''tireld-'' (''tireldiṣyam...'' ''tireldirṣyam...'').
-* The subjunctive imperfective exterior is regular with the stem ''til-'' in the 1SG (''tilatiam'') and only ''t'' in the others (''tīsei, tīti...''). The interior has ''tiler-'' and the causative ''tireld-''.
+* The subjunctive imperfective exterior is regular with the stem ''til-'' in the 1SG (''tilati'') and only ''t'' in the others (''tīsь, tī...''). The interior has ''tiler-'' and the causative ''tireld-''.
-* The subjunctive perfective exterior always has the stem ''t-'' (''tevitam, tevšei, tevite...''); the interior has ''tilьr-'' and the causative ''tilьd-'')
+* The subjunctive perfective exterior always has the stem ''t-'' (''tēta, tēti, tēt...''); the interior has ''tilьr-'' and the causative ''tilьd-'')
 * The optative is completely regular, with the (regular) stem ''tilūy-''.
-All voice affixes come before ''tilah'', as if the ''an-form'' were only a verbal prefix. The honorific verb is not used where there already is a honorific suppletive verb (cf. ''moṣite'' "you (honorific) ask" (verb ''muṣke'') → ''pardhite'' (verb ''pṛdhake''), not *muṣantetilši).
+All voice affixes come before ''tilah'', as if the ''an-form'' were only a verbal prefix. The honorific verb is not used where there already is a honorific suppletive verb (cf. ''moṣite'' "you (honorific) ask" (verb ''muṣke'') → ''pardhite'' (verb ''pṛdhake''), not *muṣṭetilši).
+Note that roots ending in -Cv- and -Cy- undergo a special saṃdhi change that changes those in -Cu- and -Ci- before consonants (see first example below).
 Examples of the use of ''tilah'':
-* ''nāmvegde'' ((s)he/it crushes) → ''nāmvantetilah''
+* ''nāmvegde'' ((s)he/it crushes) → ''nāmutetilah''
-* ''lå'' (I go, walk) → ''lunantilah''
+* ''lå'' (I go, walk) → ''luntilah''
-* ''pūni'' (you work) → ''pūnantilši''
+* ''pūni'' (you work) → ''pūntilši''
-* ''pupūṃsįm'' (we want to work) → ''pupūṃsantilęm''
+* ''pupūṃsįm'' (we want to work) → ''pupūṃstilęm''
-* ''pū pūnīti'' (if (s)he/it works) → ''pū pūnantīti''
+* ''pū pūnī'' (if (s)he/it works) → ''pū pūntī''
 In actual usage, ''tilah'' denotes respect towards the listener, and is used whenever the action being spoken of effects the listener in some way so, even in polite speech, not all verbs will use ''tilah'' - overusing it is a common error among people learning the language, not only foreigners but also young Chlouvānem people themselves.