Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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* Prefixes are added before the reduplicated root. | * Prefixes are added before the reduplicated root. | ||
====The desiderative '' | ====The desiderative ''junya''==== | ||
The '''desiderative''' ''''' | The '''desiderative''' '''''junya''''' is formed by reduplicating of the root and suffixing '''-s'''. The vowel used in the reduplication is the base grade (always oral short), while the one in the original root position shifts to the middle grade (if possible). Inverse-ablauting roots have the reduced vowel in the root position and the original consonant (''y-'' or ''v-'') at the beginning, with saṃdhi applied as needed. | ||
Final added '''-s''' has some special saṃdhi rules, too (in addition to the usual ones): | Final added '''-s''' has some special saṃdhi rules, too (in addition to the usual ones): | ||
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* ''milke'' "to take" → ''mūṃchl-'' | * ''milke'' "to take" → ''mūṃchl-'' | ||
====The necessitative '' | ====The necessitative ''junya''==== | ||
The '''necessitative''' ''''' | The '''necessitative''' '''''junya''''' is formed and conjugates much like the desiderative; it uses a stem formed by reduplication, and adding '''-sū-''', with the same saṃdhi changes found in the desiderative. There are a few differences in the reduplication: | ||
* They have higher-grade or lenghthened vowel in the ''reduplication'' and not the stem; | * They have higher-grade or lenghthened vowel in the ''reduplication'' and not the stem; | ||
* Verbs with non-ablauting vowels always have ''ī''; | * Verbs with non-ablauting vowels always have ''ī''; | ||
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* ''valde'' “to open” → ''voltsū-'' (pf. stem. ''uvoltsū-'') | * ''valde'' “to open” → ''voltsū-'' (pf. stem. ''uvoltsū-'') | ||
====The potential '' | ====The potential ''junya''==== | ||
The '''potential''' ''''' | The '''potential''' '''''junya''''' also conjugates in all tenses and aspects and has a stem formed with initial reduplication. It is formed by adding '''-(e)nā-''' to the root and behaves as a fourth conjugation verb, adding an epenthetic -n before vocalic endings. Note that ''-r-nā-'' becomes '''-rṇā-''' due to saṃdhi. Formation of the perfect stem follows the same rules as in the desiderative. | ||
Potential examples:
| Potential examples:
| ||
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The potential is used both for the sense of "may" (to be possible that) and "can" (to be able to): two sentences such as "I may (it is possible that I) do it" and "I can (I'm able to) do it" would be both translated as ''dadrenānute''. To avoid ambiguity, the "may" sense may be rephrased with the verb ''širgake'' plus subjunctive - e.g. ''dratite šergē'' - while the "can" sense may be rephrased with ''novake'' plus subjunctive - e.g. ''dratite novē'' - or (less commonly) with the infinitive - e.g. ''dṛke novute''. | The potential is used both for the sense of "may" (to be possible that) and "can" (to be able to): two sentences such as "I may (it is possible that I) do it" and "I can (I'm able to) do it" would be both translated as ''dadrenānute''. To avoid ambiguity, the "may" sense may be rephrased with the verb ''širgake'' plus subjunctive - e.g. ''dratite šergē'' - while the "can" sense may be rephrased with ''novake'' plus subjunctive - e.g. ''dratite novē'' - or (less commonly) with the infinitive - e.g. ''dṛke novute''. | ||
====The permissive '' | ====The permissive ''junya''==== | ||
The '''permissive''' ''''' | The '''permissive''' '''''junya''''' also conjugates in all tenses and aspects and is formed with a reduplication with ''-ī-'' as the only possible vowel - except for verbs with a reduplicated non-nasal labial consonant, which have ''ū'' - and ''-ūd-'' after the root. The perfect stem always has a short vowel, and is formed as in the necessitative. | ||
Permissive examples: | Permissive examples: | ||