Yutch: Difference between revisions
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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
Toot human estants nasce liver et equal in dignitate et draights. | Toot human estants nasce liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie deve at age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate. | ||
/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstənts næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ | /tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstənts næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈdutət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət laɪ diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/ | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== |
Revision as of 14:29, 9 January 2023
Yutch (/jʌtʃ/) is a Gallo-Romance language closely related to Twench.
Yutch | |
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Yutch | |
Pronunciation | [jʌtʃ] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Introduction
Etymology
Yutch is ultimately derived from Iuti, the Latin name for the Jutes.
Phonology
Orthography
Alphabet
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Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).
Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.
The possessive is formed in -'s (-' after -s).
Articles
Precede the noun they modify.
- Definite article: le /lə, (stressed) liː/
- Indefinite article (only in the singular):
- Before consonants: a /ə/
- Before vowels: an /ən/
Pronouns
Person/ Number | Subject | Object | Possessive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjective | Pronoun | |||
1S | you /juː/ | me /miː/ | my /maɪ/ | mine /maɪn/ |
2S (arch.) | tou /taʊ/ | te /tiː/ | ty /taɪ/ | tine /taɪn/ |
3SM | ill /ɪl/ | le /liː/ | sy /saɪ/ | sine /saɪn/ |
3SF | ell /ɛl/ | lay /leɪ/ | lay /leɪ/ | lays /leɪz/ |
3SN | louth /laʊθ/ | louth /laʊθ/ | louths /laʊθs/ | louths /laʊθs/ |
1P | noose /nuːs/ | noose /nuːs/ | noster /nʌstər/ | nosters /nʌstərz/ |
2S+P | woose /wuːs/ | woose /wuːs/ | woster /wʌstər/ | wosters /wʌstərz/ |
3P | lie /laɪ/ | else /ɛls/ | lour /laʊər/ | lours /laʊərz/ |
Numerals
Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | null | nullem | — |
1 | une | prime | — |
2 | doose | second | demy |
3 | treece | terce | terce |
4 | quatter | quart | quart |
5 | cink | kint | kint |
6 | six | sixt | sixt |
7 | set | settem | settem |
8 | aught | aughtem | aughtem |
9 | nove | novem | novem |
10 | deace | deacem | deacem |
11 | onze | onzem | onzem |
12 | dozz | dozzem | dozzem |
13 | trezz | trezzem | trezzem |
14 | quatterze | quatterzem | quatterzem |
15 | kinze | kinzem | kinzem |
16 | sezz | sezzem | sezzem |
17 | setdiss | setdissem | setdissem |
20 | waint | waintem | waintem |
21 | waint-une | waint-prime | waint-unem |
30 | traint | traintem | traintem |
40 | quarant | quarantem | quarantem |
50 | cinkant | cinkantem | cinkantem |
60 | sixant | sixantem | sixantem |
70 | settant | settantem | settantem |
80 | aughtant | aughtantem | aughtantem |
90 | novant | novantem | novantem |
100 | cent | centem | centem |
1000 | mill | millem | millem |
10⁶ | million | millionem | millionem |
Verbs
Principal parts
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from two principal parts: the (non-third person singular) simple present and the past participle.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
Verb classes
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
In regular verbs, the past stem and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffix -et (-t after final -e).
Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.
Some irregular verbs have a past participle distinct from the past stem. For those verbs, the past tense is included as a citation form between the present and the past participle.
Personal endings
The following personal endings are used in the present tense:
- -(e)s in the third person singular (archaic: -(e)th)
- -(e)st in the archaic second person singular
Besides the above endings, only the highly irregular verb at est "to be" has differing personal forms. .
Tenses
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb at est followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb at have "to have" followed by the past participle.
Voice
The passive is formed with the verb at est "to be" followed by the past participle.
Non-finite forms
Infinitive: at + present stem
Present participle: present stem + -(e)nt
Past participle: past stem
Negation and Interrogation
Negation and interrogation are accomplished with the conjugated helping verb at fay "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:
- You cant. "I sing" > You fay pass cant. "I do not sing"
- Ill dorms. "He sleeps." > Fays ill dorm? "Does he sleep?"
- Ell manges. "She eats." > Keeth fays ell mange? "What does she eat?"
- Lie wise. "They saw." > Lie fiss weethe. "They did see."
Archaically, negation and interrogation can be accomplished without the helper verb. Examples:
- You cant pass. "I sing not."
- Dorms ill? "Sleeps he?"
- Keeth manges ell? "What eats she?"
Examples of verbs
Regular - at cant "to sing"
Infinitive | at cant | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present participle | cantent | ||
Past participle | cantet | ||
Present | Past | Imperative | |
you | cant | cantet | |
tou | cantest | cantetst | cant |
el/lay/lou | cants | cantet | |
noose | cant | cantet | |
woose | cant | cantet | cant |
else | cant | cantet |
Irregular - at cathe "to fall"
Infinitive | at cathe | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present participle | cathent | ||
Past participle | case | ||
Present | Past | Imperative | |
you | cathe | case | |
tou | cathest | casest | cathe |
el/lay/lou | cathes | case | |
noose | cathe | case | |
woose | cathe | case | cathe |
else | cathe | case |
Irregular - at die "to say"
Infinitive | at die | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present participle | dient | ||
Past participle | dight | ||
Present | Past | Imperative | |
you | die | diss | |
tou | diest | dissest | die |
el/lay/lou | dies | diss | |
noose | die | diss | |
woose | die | diss | die |
else | die | diss |
Irregular - at est "to be"
Infinitive | at est | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present participle | estent | ||
Past participle | estet | ||
Present | Past | Imperative | |
you | son | fow | |
tou | ist | fowst | est |
el/lay/lou | is | fow | |
noose | son | fore | |
woose | son | fore | est |
else | son | fore |
Irregular: at have "to have"
Infinitive | at have | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present participle | havent | ||
Past participle | hat | ||
Present | Past | Imperative | |
you | have | hat | |
tu | hast | hatst | have |
el/lay/lou | has | hat | |
noose | have | hat | |
woose | have | hat | have |
else | have | hat | have |
Irregular - at fay "to do"
Infinitive | at fay | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present participle | fayent | ||
Past participle | faight | ||
Present | Past | Imperative | |
you | fay | fiss | |
tou | fayest | fissest | fay |
el/lay/lou | fays | fiss | |
noose | fay | fiss | |
woose | fay | fiss | fay |
else | fay | fiss |
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Toot human estants nasce liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie deve at age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstənts næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈdutət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət laɪ diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/