Ris: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
The '''Ris''' language, '''ῤάνζι ρις''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
The '''Ris''' language, '''ῤάνζι ρις''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
==Phonology==
==Phonology and orthography==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Hrasú language. There are 20 contrastive consonants.
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasú consonants'''
|+'''Ris consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="9"|Consonants
! colspan="9"|Consonants
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! rowspan="2"| Velar
! rowspan="2"| Velar
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
! rowspan="2"| Glottal
|-
|-
! <small>apical</small>
! <small>plain</small>
 
! <small>whispered</small>
! <small>laminal</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Nasals
!Nasals
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>plain</small>
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/
 
|'''n '''/n/
| colspan="2"|'''n '''/n/
|
 
|
|
 
|[ŋ]
|'''ng''' /ŋ/
 
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
! rowspan="3"|Plosives
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
 
|'''ph''' /pʰ/
|'''bh''' /pʰ/
|'''th''' /tʰ/
 
|'''th''' /t̺ʰ/
 
|
 
|
|
|'''ch''' /kʰ/
|
|
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ]
|-
|-
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/
|
|'''t''' /t/
|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''c''' /k/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''b''' /b/
 
|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|'''g''' /g/
|
|-
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|
|
 
|
|'''sh''' /s̺ʰ/
|'''s''' /s͎/
 
|'''s''' /s/
 
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
 
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/
|[ʝ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Trills
!<small>aspirated</small>
|
|
|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/
|
|
|'''z''' /z/
|'''y''' /ʝ/
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trills
!<small>voiced</small>
 
|
|
|
|
|'''r''' /r/
|'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
 
|'''ou''' /w/
|'''hu''' /w/
 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals
|
|
|
|
 
|'''l''' /l ~ ʎ/
|'''l''' /l ~ ɬ/
 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
Line 190: Line 137:
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|խ}}լո'''
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|ἒ}}τρο'''
|-
|-
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}lá'''
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}étro'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
|  /ˈ{{blue|h}}ɬæ/
|  /ˈ{{blue|h}}ɛtrɔ/


! =
! =


| /ˈ{{blue|x}}ɬæ/
| /ˈ{{blue|x}}ɛtrɔ/


! =
! =


|/ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɬæ/
|/ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɛtrɔ/
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
<!-- Translation -->
| colspan="5"| ''good; well''
| colspan="5"| ''normal, okay''
|}
|}


The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation, producing the palatal fricative [ç]. If followed by a rhotic trill /r/, the pronunciation becomes uvular.
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation from front vowels, producing the palatal fricative [ç].  


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|խև}}յ'''
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|ὒ}}ο'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|խր}}ասվ'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|ἢ}}στιμι'''
|-
|-
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|hy}}ó'''
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|h}}ýo'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|hr}}asú'''
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|h}}ḗstimi'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| /ˈ{{blue|hʝ}}ə/
| /ˈ{{blue|h}}ʏ̩.ɔ/


! →
! →


|[ˈ{{blue|ç}}ə]
|[ˈ{{blue|ç}}ʏ̩.ɔ]


!  
!  


|/ˈ{{blue|hr}}ɑsɯ/
|/ˈ{{blue|h}}eːs͎tɪmɪ/


! →
! →


|/ˈ{{blue|χr}}ʌsɯ/
|[ˈ{{blue|ç}}eːs͎tɪmɪ]
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
<!-- Translation -->
| colspan="4"| ''to leave.''{{sc|subj}}
| colspan="4"| ''to leave'' .{{sc|ind.m.}}
| colspan="3"| ''pride''
| colspan="3"| ''pride'' .{{sc|f}}
|}
|}
The uvularisation of the glottal fricative is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //. The palatalisation is not.


=====Palatalisation=====
=====Palatalisation=====

Revision as of 09:12, 16 June 2013

πρανάσση, ἄι ουαθά πανἂννη!
pranássē, hai ouathá panā́nnē!
Remember: You walk with your feet!


Ris
Rhánzi ris
Pronunciation[/ˈ/]
Created by–
Native toItaly, Cyprus; Sicily
Native speakers301,486 (2012)
Menmer languages
  • Ris
Early form
Proto-Men
Language codes
ISO 639-1ri
ISO 639-2ri
ISO 639-3qhr
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the Greek language; my greatest influence no matter the language.

The language is a language isolate, and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony. It is a fusional language and is morphosyntactically active-stative and with a fluid subject. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.

Background

The Ris language, ῤάνζι ρις, is a constructed language, but does have a fictional background set in the real world.

Phonology and orthography

Consonants

The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.

Ris consonants
Consonants
Bilabial Denti-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain whispered
Nasals plain m /m/ n /n/ [ŋ]
Plosives aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ kh /kʰ/ [ʔ]
unvoiced p /p/ t /t/ k /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricatives unvoiced s /s͎/ h /ç ~ x ~ h/
voiced z /d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/ [ʝ]
Trills aspirated r /r̥ʰ/
voiced r /r/
Approximants ou /w/
Laterals l /l ~ ʎ/

Consonant allophony

Allophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments.

The glottal fricative

The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.

ἒτρο
hétro
/ˈhɛtrɔ/ = /ˈxɛtrɔ/ = /ˈçɛtrɔ/
normal, okay

The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation from front vowels, producing the palatal fricative [ç].

ὒο ἢστιμι
hýo hḗstimi
/ˈhʏ̩.ɔ/ → [ˈçʏ̩.ɔ] /ˈheːs͎tɪmɪ/ → [ˈçeːs͎tɪmɪ]
to leave .ind.m. pride .f
Palatalisation

Palatalisation occurs due to many factors:

  • The phonemes /ʝ/ and /ɪ/, the voiced palatal fricative and the near-close near-front vowel, tend to palatalise adjacent consonants internally.
  • Externally, a final voiced velar stop, /g/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.

All post-bilabial consonants are affected, except the rhotic /r/ and the aspirated apical fricative /s̺ʰ/. As such, the allophony is rather extensive:


Plain /n/ /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /ŋ/ /k/ /g/ /kʰ/ /t̺ʰ / /h/
Palatalised [ɲ] [t͡ʃ] [d͡ʒ] [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʎ] [ɲ]1 [t͡ʃ] [d͡ʒ] [k] [t] [ç]
  1. Realised as /ŋg/ when non-initial. This grants /ŋg/ → [ɲd͡ʒ].


խրոնի դիան ոդզի; մյղի
hráni tian átzi? móngi
/ˈhrænɪ/ → [ˈχræɲɪ] /ˈtɪɑn/ → [ˈt͡ʃɪan] /ˈætzɪ/ → [ˈætʃɪ] /ˈməŋgɪ/ → [ˈməɲd͡ʒɪ]
spider, hand friend now.int to go.subj.
Voicedness

Some phonemes are susceptible to voicedness sandhi. These are the sibilants and the voiced lateral approximant /l/. When preceded by a phoneme differing in voicedness, the above mentioned phonemes assimilate.

hlá gyáng-sóm átzi? méngshi
/ˈçlæ/ → /ˈçɬæ/ /ˈgʝæŋgsəm/ → /ˈgʝæŋgzəm/ /ˈætzɪ/ → /ˈætsɪ/ /ˈmiŋɡs̺ʰɪ/ → /ˈmiŋɡz̺ʱɪ/
good; well; happy to say.subj-you.1.p.pl.acc.inf now.int to dance.subj.caus


The voicedness assimilation is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.

Vowels

There are 10 vowel phonemes in the Hrasic language. In addition to these, the open mid-back unrounded vowel, /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/.

Hrasú vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close é /i/ í /ɨ/ ú /ɯ/
Near-close i /ɪ/ u /ʊ/
Close-mid
Mid e /ə/
Open-mid ó /ɞ/ a /ʌ/ · o /ɔ/
Near-open á /æ/
Open a /ɑ/

Morphology

Nominal

Declension

Declension of gýtē
Animate marked collective
ma.an gýtē - fish
singulative dual-collective plurative
Patientive gýtē gytḗn gytḗr
Agentive gytḗr gytḗrne gytḗra
Dative gytḗs gytḗnse gytḗi
Instrumental gytḗn gytḗnne gytḗs
Genitive gýtēa gýtēan gytēái
Locative gýtēia gýtēian gýtēiar
Vocative gýta gýtan gytár

Samples

  • thýo hā́ katḗrrazas
  • tḗ rhánzatha
  • gytḗra ouārathí ērikí
  • inḗ gýtē mna.
  • Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!
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