Ris/Morphology: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
< Ris
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 182: Line 182:
=====Independent=====
=====Independent=====
Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]].
Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a [[w:pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 [[Ris#Number|numbers]], and 7 [[Ris#Cases|cases]].


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="10"|Ris first and second personal pronouns
|-
|-
!Number→
!Number→
Line 193: Line 196:
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Plural


! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
|-
!Person→
!Person→
Line 243: Line 245:
|''kera''
|''kera''


|
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive
Line 265: Line 266:
|''keura''
|''keura''


|
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative
Line 287: Line 287:
|''kei''
|''kei''


|
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental
Line 309: Line 308:
|''kenar''
|''kenar''


|
|-
|-
!Locative
!Locative
Line 331: Line 329:
|''kioura''
|''kioura''


|
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
Line 350: Line 347:


|''kiara''
|''kiara''
|
|-
|-
!Vocative
!Vocative
Line 372: Line 367:


|''ker''
|''ker''
|}


|
The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives.
|}


The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the [[Ris#The topic marker|Ris topic marker]].


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
! colspan="7"|Ris proximal demonstratives


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6"|Ris proximal demonstratives
|-
|-
!Number→
!Number→
Line 388: Line 386:


! scope="col"|Plural
! scope="col"|Plural
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
|-
!Person→
!Person→
Line 409: Line 405:
!Patientive
!Patientive


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''en''
 
|


|''as''
|''as''


|
|''ante''
 
|''ar''


|
|''atai''
|-
|-
!Agentive
!Agentive


|
|''he''


|
|''hai''


|''aus''
|''atir''


|
|''antir''


|''áuras''
|''athe''
 
|
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enai''


|
|''ati''


|''as''
|''antai''


|
|''ata''
 
|''ar''
 
|
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''ena''


|
|''atan''


|''ánas''
|''antan''


|
|''atanta''
 
|''árnas''
 
|
|-
|-
!Locative
!Genitive


|
|''hei''


|
|''hai''


|''au''
|''ai''
 
|


|''áura''
|''anti''


|
|''athi''
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Locative


|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''enou''


|
|''au''


|''ai''
|''antou''


|
|''atouri''
 
|''er''
 
|
|-
|-
!Vocative
!Vocative


|
|''he''


|
|''hia''


|''as''
|''as''


|
|''ante''
 
|''ar''


|
|''athi''
|}
|}


Revision as of 15:42, 16 July 2013

The Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.

Part of a series on
Ris
Rissphere.png
Main
Vocabulary
Contionary
IPA
Waahlis



Verbal

Conjugation

Main article: Ris conjugation

The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.

Active conjugation

The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".


katḗr - to write
Supine katḗra
Participle katránta
Indicative Subjunctive Potential Imperative
Aspects
Perfective ka.tə.ro

katḗro

ka.tər.ra

katḗrra

ka.tə.re.wa

katḗreua

ka.tər.ro

katḗrro

Imperfective ka.tə.ris.to

katrísto

ka.tər.ris.ta

katḗrrista

ka.tə.ris.twa

katrístoua

ka.tər.ris.to

katḗrristo

Iterative ki.ka.tə.ro

kikátro

ki.ka.tər.ra

kikatḗrra

ki.ka.tə.re.wa

kikátreua

ki.ka.tər.ro

kikatḗrro

Applicatives
Cessative ka.tə.ras.kho

katráskho

ka.tər.ras.kha

katḗrraskha

ka.tə.ras.khe.wa

katráskheua

ka.tər.ras.kho

katḗrraskho

Inceptive ka.tə.ri(.)zo

katrízo/katḗrizo

ka.tər.ri.za

katḗrriza

ka.tə.ri.zwa

katḗrizoua

ka.tər.ri.zo

katḗrrizo

Benefactive ka.te.ri.o

katḗrio

ka.ter.ria

katḗrria

ka.te.ri.wa

katḗrioua

ka.ter.ri.o

katḗrrio


mní - to see
Supine mnía
Participle mnínta
Indicative Subjunctive Potential Imperative
Aspects
Perfective mwi.o

mnío

mwi.ra

mníra

mwi.wa

mníoua

mwi.ro

mníro

Imperfective mwi.is.to

mnī́sto

mwi.ris.ta

mnirísta

mwi.is.twa

mnī́stoua

mwi.ris.to

minrísto

Iterative me.mwi.o

memnío

me.mwi.ra

memníra

me.mwi.wa

memníoua

me.mwi.ro

memníro

Applicatives
Cessative mwi.as.kho

mnískho

mwi.ras.kha

mniráskha

mwi.as.khe.wa

mniáskheua

mwi.ras.kho

mniráskho

Inceptive mni.i.zo

mnī́zo

mwi.ri.za

mníriza

mwi.ri.zwa

mnírizoua

mwi.ri.zo

mnírizo

Benefactive mni.i.o

mnī́o

mwi.ri.a

mníria

mwi.i.wa

mnī́oua

mwi.ri.o

mnírio

Mediopassive conjugation

The mediopassive voice is created by prefixing an- to the verb, or sometimes en-.

Nominal

Pronouns

Declension

Independent

Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.


Ris first and second personal pronouns
Number→ Singular Dual Plural
Person→ 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Case ↓ Animate masculine Animate feminine Exclusive Inclusive Exclusive Inclusive
Patientive me ka kai ou nai kane our nera kera
Agentive eu keu kau ouna nau keune ounar naura keura
Dative mas kas kes ous nes kane oui nei kei
Instrumental mena kana kena ouena nenas kanan ouenar nenai kenar
Locative mou kou kiou ou niou koune our nioura kioura
Genitive mia kia ouia nias kiane ouiar niai kiara
Vocative me ka kei ou nei kane our ner ker


The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives.

The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the Ris topic marker.


Ris proximal demonstratives
Number→ Singular Dual Plural
Person→ 3rd 3rd 3rd
Case ↓ Animate masculine Animate feminine Inanimate
Patientive en as ante atai
Agentive he hai atir antir athe
Dative enai ati antai ata
Instrumental ena atan antan atanta
Genitive hei hai ai anti athi
Locative enou au antou atouri
Vocative he hia as ante athi
Enclitic

Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject or agent of the verb.

The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.

  • If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.

The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or Imperative moods, and the subjunctive when it is either in the subjunctive or in the Potential.


Ris pronominal enclitics
singular dual plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
exc. inc. exc. inc.
Indicative and imperative
Subject Patientive -o -a -i -on -ai -an -in -ouna anai -ana -ina
Agentive -os -as -is -onta -es -anta -inta -ounas -anes -anas -ines
Subjunctive and potential
Subject Patientive -a -oua -oui -or er -ar -ir -ora era -ara -ira
Agentive -as -ouas -ouis -oster -ester -aster -ister -ostra -estra -astra -istra

Nominal

The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes, and there is a variety of different paradigms. The principal parts of a noun are therefore essential to memorise the paradigm.

There are three principal parts in Ris; the patientive singulative, the agentive singulative, and the agentive plurative. These forms helps you deduce the remaining forms.

Declension

Various sound changes:

  • əs[-stress] > s / C[+plosive]_#
  • əis > ei / _#
  • əi > e / _#
  • əis > ir / C_V
  • V[-stress]s > t / C[+plosive]_V
  • C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V
First paradigm
kḗrax - bird
kḗrak- kḗrax - bird ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive keir.ak.əs

kḗrax

keir.ak.nəs

kḗrakne

keir.ak.ais

kḗrakai

Agentive keir.ak.əis.ə

kḗrakir

keir.ak.nəis.ə

kḗraknir

keir.ak.əis.əs

kerā́kte

Dative keir.ak.ais

kḗrakai

keir.ak.nais

kḗraknai

keir.ak.ais.ai

kḗrakta

Instrumental keir.ak.ans

kḗrakan

keir.ak.nans

kḗraknan

keir.ak.ans.ai

kḗrakanta

Genitive keir.ak.əis

kḗraki

keir.ak.nəis

kḗrakni

keir.ak.əis.əi

kḗrakti

Locative keir.ak.os

kḗrakou

keir.ak.nos

kḗraknou

keir.ak.os.əi

kḗrakouri

Vocative keir.ak.əs

kḗrax

ker.ak.əs

kḗrakne

keir.ak.əs.əi

kḗrakti


gȳ́ps - friend-to-be
gȳ́p- gȳ́ps - friend-to-be ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive gup.əs

gȳ́ps

gup.nəs

gȳ́pne

gup.ais

gȳ́pai

Agentive gup.əis.ə

gȳ́pir

gup.nəis.ə

gȳ́pnir

gup.əis.əs

gȳ́pte

Dative gup.ais

gȳ́pai

gup.nais

gȳ́pnai

gup.ais.ai

gȳ́pta

Instrumental gup.ans

gȳ́pan

gup.nans

gȳ́pnan

gup.ans.ai

gȳ́panta

Genitive gup.əis

gȳ́pi

gup.nəis

gȳ́pni

gup.əis.əi

gȳ́pti

Locative gup.os

gȳ́pou

gup.nos

gȳ́pnou

gup.os.əi

gȳ́pouri

Vocative gup.əs

goupá

gup.əs

gȳ́pne

gup.əs.əi

goupéri


pā́x - time
pā́g- pā́x - time unm-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive pag.mwəs
pā́gma 		pag.əs

pā́x

pag.ais

pā́gai

Agentive pag.mwəs.ə
pā́gmar 		pag.əis.ə

pā́gir

pag.əis.əs

pā́gte

Dative pag.mw.ais
pā́gmai 		pag.ais

pā́gai

pag.ais.ai

pā́gta

Instrumental pag.mwans

pā́gman

pag.ans

pā́gan

pag.ans.ai

pā́ganta

Genitive pag.mwəis
pā́gme 		pag.əis

pā́gi

pag.əis.əi

pā́gti

Locative pag.mwos
pā́gmau 		pag.os

pā́gou

pag.os.əi

pā́gouri

Vocative pag.mwəs
pā́gma 		pag.əs

pā́x

pag.əs.əi

pā́gti


káukas - songbird
káukat- káukas - song bird ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive kaw.kat.əs

káukas

kaw.kat.nəs

káukante

kaw.kat.ais

káukatai

Agentive kaw.kat.əis.ə

káukatir

kaw.kat.nəis.ə

káukantir

kaw.kat.əis.əs

káukathe

Dative kaw.kat.ais

káukatai

kaw.kat.nais

káukantai

kaw.kat.ais.ai

káukat

Instrumental kaw.kat.ans

káukatan

kaw.kat.nans

káukantan

kaw.kat.ans.ai

káukatanta

Genitive kaw.kat.əis

káukati

kaw.kat.nəis

káukanti

kaw.kat.əis.əi

káukathi

Locative kaw.kat.os

káukatou

kaw.kat.nos

káukantou

kaw.kat.os.əi

káukatouri

Vocative kaw.kat.əs

káukas

kaw.kat.əs

káukante

kaw.kat.əs.əi

káukathi

Second paradigm
píra - door
pír- píra- door ma-inan
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive pir.a

píra

pir.na

pírna

pir.ais

pírai

Agentive pir.əis.ə

pírer

pir.nəis.ə

pírnir

pir.əis.əs

pírrhe

Dative pir.ais

pírai

pir.nais

pírnai

pir.ais.ai

pírera

Instrumental pir.ans

píran

pir.nans

pírnan

pir.ans.ai

píranta

Genitive pir.əis

píri

pir.nəis

pírni

pir.əis.əi

pírrhi

Locative pir.os

pírou

pir.nos

pírnou

pir.os.əi

pírouri

Vocative pir.əs

píre

pir.nəs

pírne

pir.əs.əi

pírrhe


gýtei - fish
gýt- gýtei - fish ma-an
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive gut.əis

gýtei

gut.nəs

gýnte

gut.ais

gýtai

Agentive gut.əis.ə

gýtir

gut.nəis.ə

gýtir

gut.əis.əs

gýthe

Dative gut.ais

gýtai

gut.nais

gýntai

gut.ais.ai

gýtha

Instrumental gut.ans

gýtan

gut.nans

gýntan

gut.ans.ai

gýtanta

Genitive gut.əis

gýti

gut.nəis

gýnti

gut.əis.əi

gýthi

Locative gut.os

gýtou

gut.nos

gýntou

gut.os.əi

gýtouri

Vocative gut.əs

gýte

gut.nəs

gýnte

gut.əs.əi

gýthi

Third paradigm
spatī́a - house
spatəi- spatī́a - house ma-inan
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
Patientive spa.təi.as

spatī́a

spa.təi.nəs

spánte

spa.təi.ais

spatī́e

Agentive spa.təi.əis.ə

spatḗr

spa.təi.nəis.ə

spántir

spa.təi.əis.əs

spatḗre

Dative spa.təi.ais

spatī́e

spa.təi.nais

spántai

spa.təi.ais.ai

spatī́era

Instrumental spa.təi.ans

spatī́an

spa.təi.nans

spántan

spa.təi.ans.ai

spatī́anta

Genitive spa.təi.əis

spatḗ

spa.təi.nəis

spánti

spa.təi.əis.əi

spatḗri

Locative spa.təi.os

spatī́ou

spa.təi.nos

spántou

spa.təi.os.əi

spatī́ouri

Vocative spa.təi.əs

spatī́e

spa.təi.nəs

spánte

spa.təi.əs.əi

spatī́ere

Number

Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.

The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.

Singulative

The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.

thýo trḗma mnío klī́ta mna íntrai pákima ḗs?
/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/ /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/ /ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
thý -o trḗ -ma mní -o klī́ta mna ín- -trai paki- -ma ḗs
to want -ind.prfv.1.sg.m wheat.unm.inan -pat.sg to see -ind.prfv.1.sg.m wolf.ma.an.pat.sg one to be -subj.prfv.1.sg.m time.unm.inan -pat.sg you.2.dat.sg.an.
I want a grain of wheat. I see a wolf. Do you have a minute?
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Ris/Morphology&oldid=8714"