Ndongan: Difference between revisions
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| name = Ndongan | | name = Ndongan | ||
| nativename = {{dict|Кѣязик Ндоҥске|language=Ndongan}} | | nativename = {{dict|Кѣязик Ндоҥске|language=Ndongan}} | ||
| pronunciation = | | pronunciation = kʲɘjɶzik ⁿdɔŋskʲe | ||
| familycolor = indo-european | | familycolor = indo-european | ||
| fam2 = [[:w:Centum and satem languages|Satem]] | | fam2 = [[:w:Centum and satem languages|Satem]] | ||
| fam3 = [[:w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] | | fam3 = [[:w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] | ||
| Line 65: | Line 64: | ||
|fam7=[[:w:Afro-Russian|Afro-Russian]] | |fam7=[[:w:Afro-Russian|Afro-Russian]] | ||
| creator = [[User:Учхљёная|Elliott Wheeler]] | | creator = [[User:Учхљёная|Elliott Wheeler]] | ||
| script = | | script = Cyrl | ||
| setting = [[Verse:L′ywai!]] | | setting = [[Verse:L′ywai!|L′ywai!]] | ||
| nation = [[Verse:L′ywai!/Ndonga|Ndonga]] ([[:w:Angola|Angola]]), [[Verse:L′ywai!/Chornarus|Chornarus]] ([[:w:Namibia|Namibia]]), [[Verse:L′ywai!/Mozambique|Mozambique]] | | nation = [[Verse:L′ywai!/Ndonga|Ndonga]] ([[:w:Angola|Angola]]), [[Verse:L′ywai!/Chornarus|Chornarus]] ([[:w:Namibia|Namibia]]), [[Verse:L′ywai!/Mozambique|Mozambique]] | ||
| region = (Former) [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa|Russian Africa]], [[:w:Southern Africa|Southern Africa]] | | region = (Former) [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa|Russian Africa]], [[:w:Southern Africa|Southern Africa]] | ||
| | | clcr = qrq | ||
| speakers = 35.6 million | | speakers = 35.6 million | ||
| date = 12016 | | date = 12016 | ||
| ethnicity = Ndongans, [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa#African-Russians|African-Russians]] | | ethnicity = Ndongans, [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa#African-Russians|African-Russians]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ndongan''' (Кѣязик Ндоҥске, tr. {{#invoke:Transliterator|qrqcyrl|Кѣязик Ндоҥске}}), in the [[Verse:L′ywai!|universe of the play ''L′ywai! (Лѣвай!)'']] by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the [[:w:History of the Russian language#Empire (18th-19th centuries)|Imperial Russian language]] and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the [[:w:Kikongo language|Kikongo]] and [[:w:Kimbundu language|Kimbundu language]]s. Being an official language in [[Verse:L′ywai!/Ndonga|Ndonga]], [[Verse:L′ywai!/Chornarus|Chornarus]], and [[Verse:L′ywai!/Mozambique|Mozambique]], the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa|Russian Africa]], acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war. | '''Ndongan''' (''Кѣязик Ндоҥске'', tr. {{#invoke:Transliterator|qrqcyrl|Кѣязик Ндоҥске}}), in the [[Verse:L′ywai!|universe of the play ''L′ywai! (Лѣвай!)'']] by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the [[:w:History of the Russian language#Empire (18th-19th centuries)|Imperial Russian language]] and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the [[:w:Kikongo language|Kikongo]] and [[:w:Kimbundu language|Kimbundu language]]s. Being an official language in [[Verse:L′ywai!/Ndonga|Ndonga]], [[Verse:L′ywai!/Chornarus|Chornarus]], and [[Verse:L′ywai!/Mozambique|Mozambique]], the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa|Russian Africa]], acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war. | ||
As of [[:w:2016|the year 12016]], the language has 35.6 million speakers (native & non-native) and counting, making it one of the largest creole languages in the word. The majority of the speakers of the language are of Ndongan or [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa#African-Russians|African-Russian]] ethnicity distributed widely across southern Africa, with the number of African-Russians who have adopted the language (over their native Russian) has increased significantly in recent years after the [[:w:Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and subsequent de-Russification movement in response to the growth of [[:w:Reactionary|reactionary politics]] in Russia. | As of [[:w:2016|the year 12016]], the language has 35.6 million speakers (native & non-native) and counting, making it one of the largest creole languages in the word. The majority of the speakers of the language are of Ndongan or [[Verse:L′ywai!/Russian Africa#African-Russians|African-Russian]] ethnicity distributed widely across southern Africa, with the number of African-Russians who have adopted the language (over their native Russian) has increased significantly in recent years after the [[:w:Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and subsequent de-Russification movement in response to the growth of [[:w:Reactionary|reactionary politics]] in Russia. | ||
Latest revision as of 21:33, 26 August 2021
| Ndongan Кѣязик Ндоҥске | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Progress: 67% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fusional | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alignment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative–accusative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Head direction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial | Mixed | Final | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Primary word order | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subject-verb-object | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Declensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conjugations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ndongan | |
|---|---|
| Кѣязик Ндоҥске | |
| Pronunciation | [kʲɘjɶzik ⁿdɔŋskʲe] |
| Created by | Elliott Wheeler |
| Setting | L′ywai! |
| Ethnicity | Ndongans, African-Russians |
| Native speakers | 35.6 million (12016) |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Ndonga (Angola), Chornarus (Namibia), Mozambique |
| Language codes | |
| CLCR | qrq |
Ndongan (Кѣязик Ндоҥске, tr. Kŷâzik Ndoŋske), in the universe of the play L′ywai! (Лѣвай!) by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the Imperial Russian language and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the Kikongo and Kimbundu languages. Being an official language in Ndonga, Chornarus, and Mozambique, the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former Russian Africa, acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war.
As of the year 12016, the language has 35.6 million speakers (native & non-native) and counting, making it one of the largest creole languages in the word. The majority of the speakers of the language are of Ndongan or African-Russian ethnicity distributed widely across southern Africa, with the number of African-Russians who have adopted the language (over their native Russian) has increased significantly in recent years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent de-Russification movement in response to the growth of reactionary politics in Russia.
Geographic distribution
Dialects
Chowa dialect
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex/Palatal | Velar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | ||||
| Nasal | m (м) | mʲ (мь) | n (н) | nʲ (нь) | ŋ (ҥ) | ||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | plain | p (п) | pʲ (пь) | t (т) | k (к) | kʲ (кь) | ||
| prenasalized | ᵐp (мп) | ᵐpʲ (мпь) | ⁿt (нт) | ᵑk (ҥк) | ᵑkʲ (ҥкь) | ||||
| Voiced | plain | b (б) | bʲ (бь) | d (д) | g (г) | gʲ (гь) | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐb (мб) | ᵐbʲ (мбь) | ⁿd (нд) | ᵑg (ҥг) | ᵑgʲ (ҥгь) | ||||
| Affricate | plain | t͡s (ц) | ʈ͡ʂ (ч) | t͡ʃ (чь,ць) | k͡x (кх) | ||||
| prenasalized | ⁿt͡s (нц) | ⁿʈ͡ʂ (нч) | ⁿt͡ʃ (нчь,нць) | ᵑk͡x (ҥкх) | |||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | plain | f (ф) | fʲ (фь) | s (с) | ʂ (ш) | ʃ (шь) | x (х) | xʲ (хь) |
| prenasalized | ᵐf (мф) | ᵐfʲ (мфь) | ⁿs (нс) | ⁿʂ (нш) | ⁿʃ (ншь) | ᵑx (ҥх) | ᵑxʲ (ҥхь) | ||
| Voiced | plain | z (з) | ʐ (ж) | ʒ (жь) | |||||
| prenasalized | ⁿz (нз) | ⁿʐ (нж) | ⁿʒ (нжь) | ||||||
| Approximant | w (в) | wʲ~ɥ (вь) | lʲ (ль) | ɭ (л) | j (й) | ||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | |
| Close | i (и) | ʲi (і) | ɘ (ы) | ʲɘ (ѣ) | u (у) | ʲu (ю) |
| Mid | e (э) | ʲe (е) | o (о) | ʲɔ (ё/ө) | ||
| ɔ (о) | ||||||
| Open | ɶ (а) | ʲɶ (я) | ||||
Non-phonemic aspiration
Prosody
Phonotactics
Morphology
Gender
Noun declension
Adjectives
Conjugation
1st conjugation
| Conjugation of Ndongan (1st conjugation consonantal) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Imperfective aspect | ||
| Infinitive | —ць | |
| Participles | present | past |
| Active | —юнше | —уше |
| Passive | —еме | |
| Adverbial | —я | —ю |
| present | future | |
| 1st Singular | —ют | бу—ёт |
| 2nd Singular | —ешь | бу—ешь |
| 3rd Singular | —ет | бу—ет |
| 1st Plural | —емв | бу—емв |
| 2nd Plural | —етэ | бу—етэ |
| 3rd Plural | —юць | бу—юць |
| Imperative | singular | plural |
| 2nd Present | —ь | —итэ |
| Past tense | singular | plural |
| Masculine | —ль | —ли |
| Feminine | —ла | |
| Agender | —л | |
| Nonbinary | —ло | |
2nd conjugation
| Conjugation of Ndongan (2nd conjugation consonantal) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Imperfective aspect | ||
| Infinitive | —чь | |
| Participles | present | past |
| Active | —юнше | —уше |
| Passive | —еме | |
| Adverbial | —я | —уши |
| present | future | |
| 1st Singular | —ёт | будо-—ёт |
| 2nd Singular | —ешь | бу—ешь |
| 3rd Singular | —ет | бу—ет |
| 1st Plural | —емв | бу—емв |
| 2nd Plural | —етэ | бу—етэ |
| 3rd Plural | —юць | бу—юць |
| Imperative | singular | plural |
| 2nd Present | нча— | —итэ |
| Past tense | singular | plural |
| Masculine | —лу | —ли |
| Feminine | —ла | |
| Agender | —л | |
| Nonbinary | —ло | |
Syntax
Constituent order
Similar to Russian and other Slavic languages, the language largely doesn't have an absolutely rigid constituent order due to heavy inflection. Rather, the basic order tends to most often be similar to subject-verb-object-compliment (SVOC), following after Portuguese as well.
Again similar to Russian, alternate word orders can be used to express logical stress and degree of definiteness, where phrases placed nearer to the beginning having a hiğer amount of emphasis in the sentence.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Leipzig-Jakarta
| Leipzig-Jakarta List | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Meaning | Ndongan | Qafesona | Belarussian |
| 1 | fire | фогонь | огнь | агонь |
| 2 | nose | нзуныв | хвире | нос |
| 3 | to go | хыдіць | хадзіць | |
| 4 | water | меҥыв | вода | вада |
| 5 | mouth | уста | уста | рот |
| 6 | tongue | нязик | йизик | язык |
| 7 | blood | ҥклофь | крейва | кроў |
| 8 | bone | ҥкэсць | кость | косць |
| 9 | 2sg pronoun (you) | тоб | тобу | ты |
| 10 | root | ҥколѣнь | кошен | корань |
| 11 | to come (move) | хяжлачь | прыходзіць | |
| 12 | breast | мьпелші | грудь | перси |
| 13 | rain | гяцимба | дуждь | дождж |
| 14 | 1sg pronoun (I) | я | йа | я |
| 15 | name | кімя | йимно | імя |
| 16 | louse (Phthirapteron) | мволыс-нисэту | вушь | вош |
| 17 | wing | мьклыл | кшитто | крыло |
| 18 | flesh/meat | мяс | мисо | мяса |
| 19 | arm/hand | нвука | рука | рука |
| 20 | fly (insect, Dipteron) | мухо | муха | |
| 21 | night (time of day) | сукыв | ноџь | ноч |
| 22 | ear | мюха | ухо | вуха |
| 23 | neck | ншиҥа | шийа | шыя |
| 24 | far (prep.) | далеки | далёкі | |
| 25 | to do/make | желаць | дзелаць | |
| 26 | house/structure | цѣдом | дом | |
| 27 | stone/rock (singular object) | камень | камеунь | камень |
| 28 | bitter | голькіе | горкі | |
| 29 | to say | гаварыць | ||
| 30 | tooth | м'ё | кобиле | зуб |
| 31 | hair | мволыс | влус | волас |
| 32 | big | вѣліке | влуйки | вялікі |
| 33 | one (number) | дин | йеден | адзін |
| 34 | who? | мкоѣ | кут | хто |
| 35 | 3sg pronoun (they) | ҥом | ньом | ім |
| 36 | to hit/beat | удапічь | ўдарыць | |
| 37 | leg/foot | ныга | стопа | нага |
| 38 | horn | нвог | рух | рог |
| 39 | this (pron.) | тиси | гэты | |
| 40 | fish | нвыба | рыба | рыба |
| 41 | yesterday | учора | ||
| 42 | to drink | піць | ||
| 43 | black (color) | чёлне | чирны | чорны |
| 44 | navel | мпуп | пуп | |
| 45 | to stand | лѣваць | стаяць | |
| 46 | to bite | кусаць | ||
| 47 | back (body-part) | хшибит | спіна | |
| 48 | wind | ветр | вецер | |
| 49 | smoke (substance) | дым | дым | дым |
| 50 | what? | цтоѣ | чо | што |
| 51 | child (kin term) | детно | дзіця | |
| 52 | egg | яйцо | фаце | яйцо |
| 53 | to give | даць | ||
| 54 | new (adj.) | нов'е | новы | новы |
| 55 | to burn (intr.) | джгаць | ||
| 56 | not (adj./adv.) | не | не | не |
| 57 | good | добры | перси | |
| 58 | to know | нжаць | знаць | |
| 59 | knee | колено | калена | |
| 60 | sand | песук | пясок | |
| 61 | to laugh | смѣяць | смяяцца | |
| 62 | to hear | чуць | ||
| 63 | soil | зёмьла | зямля | |
| 64 | leaf | ліст | лист | ліст |
| 65 | red (color) | кѣлвоне | чирмины | чырвоны |
| 66 | liver (body-part) | мвомо | йитра | печань |
| 67 | to hide | |||
| 68 | skin/hide | кожа | кожа | скура |
| 69 | to suck | ссаць | ||
| 70 | to carry | нышічь | насіць | |
| 71 | ant (Formid) | мурашка | ||
| 72 | heavy | цанорни | цяжкі | |
| 73 | to take | браць | ||
| 74 | old | нтале | стары | стары |
| 75 | to eat | есці | ||
| 76 | thigh | нчикола | бядро | |
| 77 | thick | тулсты | тоўсты | |
| 78 | long (spacially) | дилги | доўгі | |
| 79 | to blow | дзьмуць | ||
| 80 | wood | дрэва | ||
| 81 | to run | бегаць | ||
| 82 | to fall | падаць | ||
| 83 | eye (body-part) | очо | твале | вока |
| 84 | ash | пепел | попел | |
| 85 | tail | мфост | рип | хвост |
| 86 | dog | ҥхондт | левке | сабака |
| 87 | to cry/weep | плакаць | ||
| 88 | to tie | вязаць | ||
| 89 | to see | бачыць | ||
| 90 | sweet | керас | салодкі | |
| 91 | rope | кцэвжэ | уже | вяро́ўка |
| 92 | shade/shadow | цень | ||
| 93 | bird | путицка | птушка | |
| 94 | salt | соль | соль | соль |
| 95 | small | амале | моцени | малы |
| 96 | wide | лайни | шырокі | |
| 97 | star | озвѣзда | хвезда | озвязда |
| 97 | in | в | в | ў |
| 99 | hard (materially) | кцэвёлде | цвёрды | |
| 100 | to crush/grind | давиць | давіць | |
Chemistry
| Group ↓ | Period → | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H |
Li |
Na |
K |
Rb |
Cs |
Fr | |
| 2 | Be |
Mg |
Ca |
Sr |
Ba |
Ra | ||
| F1 | La |
Ac | ||||||
| F2 | Ce |
Th | ||||||
| F3 | Pr |
Pa | ||||||
| F4 | Nd |
U | ||||||
| F5 | Pm |
Np | ||||||
| F6 | Sm |
Pu | ||||||
| F7 | Eu |
Am | ||||||
| F8 | Gd |
Cm | ||||||
| F9 | Tb |
Bk | ||||||
| F10 | Dy |
Cf | ||||||
| F11 | Ho |
Es | ||||||
| F12 | Er |
Fm | ||||||
| F13 | Tm |
Md | ||||||
| F14 | Yb |
No | ||||||
| 3 | Sc |
Y |
Lu |
Lr | ||||
| 4 | Ti |
Zr |
Hf |
Rf | ||||
| 5 | V |
Nb |
Ta |
Db | ||||
| 6 | Cr |
Mo |
W |
Sg | ||||
| 7 | Mn |
Tc |
Re |
Bh | ||||
| 8 | Fe цѣлезо |
Ru |
Os |
Hs | ||||
| 9 | Co |
Rh |
Ir |
Mt | ||||
| 10 | Ni |
Pd |
Pt |
Ds | ||||
| 11 | Cu мѣці |
Ag |
Au нзлата |
Rg | ||||
| 12 | Zn |
Cd |
Hg |
Cn | ||||
| 13 | B |
Al |
Ga |
In |
Tl |
Nh | ||
| 14 | C |
Si силицыв |
Ge/Esi экасилицыв |
Sn олыво |
Pb свінец |
Fl | ||
| 15 | N |
P |
As |
Sb |
Bi |
Mc | ||
| 16 | O / |
S |
Se |
Te |
Po |
Lv | ||
| 17 | F |
Cl |
Br |
I |
At |
Ts | ||
| 18 | He |
Ne |
Ar |
Kr |
Xe |
Rn |
Og | |