Yutch: Difference between revisions

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**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>.
**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>.
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n''.
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n''.
*''woult'' "would"
*''woulce'' "would"
**Can contract as <i>'(l)t</i>.
**Can contract as <i>'lce</i>.
*''shy'' "can (has the ability to)"
*''shy'' "can (has the ability to)"
*''shive'' "could"
*''shiss'' "could (had the ability to)"
*''deve'' "must"
*''deve'' "shall"
*''derry'' "should"
*''deuce'' "must"
*''derry'' "should, ought to"
*''pote'' "may, can (is permitted to)"
*''pote'' "may, can (is permitted to)"
*''poss'' "might, could"
*''pouts'' "might, could (was permitted to)"
<!--
*"may"
*"might"
*"shall"
*"be allowed"
*"like"
*Other frozen ones
-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 16:20, 12 January 2023

Yutch (/jʌtʃ/) is a Gallo-Romance language closely related to Twench.

Yutch
Yutch
Pronunciation[jʌtʃ]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Etymology

Yutch is ultimately derived from Iuti, the Latin name for the Jutes.

Phonology

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA
A a a [eɪ]
B b bee [biː]
C c cee [siː]
D d dee [diː]
E e e [iː]
F f eff [ɛf]
G g gee [d͡ʒiː]
H h haitch [heɪt͡ʃʰ]
I i i [aɪ]
Letter Name IPA
J j jay [d͡ʒeɪ]
K k kay [kʰeɪ]
L l el [ɛɫ]
M m em [ɛm]
N n en [ɛn]
O o o [oʊ]
P p pee [pʰiː]
Q q que [kʰjuː]
R r ar [ɑɹ]
Letter Name IPA
S s ess [ɛs]
T t tee [tʰiː]
U u u [juː]
V v vee [viː]
W w double-u [ˈdʌbəɫ.juː]
X x ex [ɛkʰs]
Y y wye [waɪ]
Z z zed [zɛd]

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

The possessive is formed in -'s (-' after -s).

Adjectives

Adjectives precede the noun they modify.

Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.

Comparative

The positive comparative is formed in two ways:

  • The suffix -er
  • Preceding the adjective with the word maice "more" or plus "more".

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:

  • bone "good" > meiler "better"
  • malvatch "bad" > pire "worse"
  • moult "much, many" > maire "more" or plus "more"
  • pawk "little, few" > mainder "less, fewer"

The negative comparative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word mains "less".

Superlative

The positive superlative is formed in two ways:

  • The suffix -ism
  • Preceding the adjective with the word maxem "most"

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:

  • bone "good" > ottem "best"
  • malvatch "bad" > pessem "worse"
  • moult "much, many" > maxem "most"
  • pawk "little, few" > mainem "least, fewest"

The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word mainem "least".

Adverbs

Adverbs of manner

Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix -ment.

Some adjectives form irregular adverbs. For example:

  • bone "good" > bean "well"
  • malvatch "bad" > male "badly"
  • moult "much, many" > moult "much"
  • pawk "little, few" > pawk "little"

Comparative and superlative

The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed similarly to those of adjectives.

Adverbs corresponding to adjectives with irregular comparatives and superlatives likewise are irregular. Such adverbs have superlatives identical to their adjective counterparts. Their comparatives are as below:

  • bean "well" > meils "better"
  • male "badly" > pice "worse"
  • moult "much" > maice "more" or plus "more"
  • pawk "little" > mains "less"

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

  • Definite article: le /lə, (stressed) liː/
  • Indefinite article (only in the singular):
  • Before consonants: a /ə/
  • Before vowels: an /ən/

Pronouns

Person/ Number Subject Object Possessive
Adjective Pronoun
1S you /juː/ me /miː/ my /maɪ/ mine /maɪn/
2S (arch.) tou /taʊ/ te /tiː/ ty /taɪ/ tine /taɪn/
3SM ill /ɪl/ le /liː/ sy /saɪ/ sine /saɪn/
3SF ell /ɛl/ lay /leɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lays /leɪz/
3SN louth /laʊθ/ louth /laʊθ/ louths /laʊθs/ louths /laʊθs/
1P noose /nuːs/ noose /nuːs/ noster /nʌstər/ nosters /nʌstərz/
2S+P woose /wuːs/ woose /wuːs/ woster /wʌstər/ wosters /wʌstərz/
3P lie /laɪ/ else /ɛls/ lour /laʊər/ lours /laʊərz/

Numerals

Twench numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
Orth. IPA Orth. IPA Orth. IPA
0 null /nʊl/ nullem /ˈnʊləm/
1 une /juːn/ prime /praɪm/
2 doose /duːs/ second /ˈsɛkənd/ dimmey /ˈdɪmi/
3 treece /triːs/ terch /tɜrtʃ/ terch /tɜrtʃ/
4 quatter /ˈkwɒtər/ quart /kwɔrt/ quart /kwɔrt/
5 chink /tʃɪŋk/ kint /kɪnt/ kint /kɪnt/
6 six /sɪks/ sixt /sɪkst/ sixt /sɪkst/
7 set /sɛt/ settem /ˈsɛtəm/ settem /ˈsɛtəm/
8 aught /ɔːt/ aughtem /ˈɔːtəm/ aughtem /ˈɔːtəm/
9 nove /noʊv/ novem /ˈnoʊvəm/ novem /ˈnoʊvəm/
10 deach /diːtʃ/ deachem /ˈdiːtʃəm/ deachem /ˈdiːtʃəm/
11 onge /ɒndʒ/ ongem /ˈɒndʒəm/ ongem /ˈɒndʒəm/
12 dodge /dɔdʒ/ dodgem /ˈdɔdʒəm/ dodgem /ˈdɔdʒəm/
13 tredge /trɛdʒ/ tredgem /ˈtrɛdʒəm/ tredgem /ˈtrɛdʒəm/
14 quattorge /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ quattorgem /kwɒˈtɔrdʒəm/ quattorgem /kwɒˈtɔrdʒəm/
15 kinge /kɪndʒ/ kingem /ˈkɪndʒəm/ kingem /ˈkɪndʒəm/
16 sedge /sɛdʒ/ sedgem /ˈsɛdʒəm/ sedgem /ˈsɛdʒəm/
17 setditch /sɛt.dɪtʃ/ setditchem /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃəm/ setditchem /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃəm/
20 waint /weɪnt/ waintem /ˈweɪntəm/ waintem /ˈweɪntəm/
21 waint-une /ˌweɪn.ˈt(j)uːn/ waint-prime /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/ waint-prime /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/
30 traint /treɪnt/ traintem /ˈtreɪntəm/ traintem /ˈtreɪntəm/
40 quarent /ˈkwɔrənt/ quarentem /ˌkwɔˈrɛntəm/ quarentem /ˌkwɔˈrɛntəm/
50 chinkent /ˈtʃɪŋkənt/ chinkentem /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntəm/ chinkentem /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntəm/
60 sixent /ˈsɪksənt/ sixentem /ˌsɪkˈsɛntəm/ sixentem /ˌsɪkˈsɛntəm/
70 settent /ˈsɛtənt/ settentem /ˌsɛˈtɛntəm/ settentem /ˌsɛˈtɛntəm/
80 aughtent /ˈɔːtənt/ aughtentem /ˌɔːˈtɛntəm/ aughtentem /ˌɔːˈtɛntəm/
90 novent /ˈnoʊvənt/ noventem /ˌnoʊˈvɛntəm/ noventem /ˌnoʊˈvɛntəm/
100 chent /tʃɛnt/ chentem /ˈtʃɛntəm/ chentem /ˈtʃɛntəm/
1000 mill /mɪl/ millem /ˈmɪləm/ millem /ˈmɪləm/
10⁶ million /ˈmɪl.jən/ millionem /ˈmɪljənəm/ millionem /ˈmɪljənəm/

Verbs

Principal parts

For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the (non-third person singular) simple present, the simple past, and the past participle.

These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.

When the simple past and past participle are identical, the past participle is omitted.

Verb classes

Verbs may be regular or irregular.

In regular verbs, the past stem and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffixes -eve and -et respectively (-ve and -t after final -e or another final vowel).

Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.

Personal endings

The following personal endings are used in the present tense:

  • -(e)s in the third person singular (archaic: -(e)th)
  • -(e)st in the archaic second person singular

Besides the above endings, only the highly irregular verb at est "to be" has differing personal forms.

Tenses

As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb at est followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb at have "to have" followed by the past participle.

The future is formed with the modal verb woll "will" followed by the bare infinitive.

Voice

The passive is formed with the verb at est "to be" followed by the past participle.

Non-finite forms

Infinitive: at + present stem

Bare infinitive: present stem

Present participle: present stem + -(e)nt

Past participle: past stem

Negation and Interrogation

Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word newn "not" (which can be abbreviated as 'n).

Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb at fay "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:

  • You cant. "I sing." > You fay newn cant. "I do not sing." / You fay'n cant. "I don't sing."
  • Ill dorms. "He sleeps." > Fays ill dorm? "Does he sleep?"
  • Ell manges. "She eats." > Keeth fays ell mange? "What does she eat?"
  • Lie wise. "They saw." > Lie fetch weethe. "They did see."

Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:

  • You pote newn dorm. "I cannot sleep." / You pote'n dorm. "I can't sleep."
  • Deve ill mange? "Must he eat?"

Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:

  • You cant newn. "I sing not."
  • Dorms ill? "Sleeps he?"
  • Keeth manges ell? "What eats she?"

Examples of verbs

Regular - at cant "to sing"

Conjugation of at cant "to sing"
Infinitive at cant
Present participle cantent
Past participle cantet
Present Past Imperative
you cant canteve
tou cantest cantevest cant
ill/ell/louth cants canteve
noose cant canteve
woose cant canteve cant
lie cant canteve

Irregular - at cathe "to fall"

Conjugation of at cathe "to fall"
Infinitive at cathe
Present participle cathent
Past participle case
Present Past Imperative
you cathe case
tou cathest casest cathe
ill/ell/louth cathes case
noose cathe case
woose cathe case cathe
lie cathe case

Irregular - at die "to say"

Conjugation of at die "to say"
Infinitive at die
Present participle dient
Past participle dight
Present Past Imperative
you die dix
tou diest dixest die
ill/ell/louth dies dix
noose die dix
woose die dix die
lie die dix

Irregular - at est "to be"

Conjugation of at est "to be"
Infinitive at est
Present participle estent
Past participle estet
Present Past Imperative
you son fow
tou ist fowst est
ill/ell/louth is fow
noose son fore
woose son fore est
lie son fore

Irregular: at have "to have"

Conjugation of at have "to have"
Infinitive at have
Present participle havent
Past participle hat
Present Past Imperative
you have hat
tu hast hatst have
ill/ell/louth has hat
noose have hat
woose have hat have
lie have hat have

Irregular - at fay "to do"

Conjugation of at fay "to do"
Infinitive at fay
Present participle fayent
Past participle faight
Present Past Imperative
you fay fetch
tou fayest fetchest fay
ill/ell/louth fays fetch
noose fay fetch
woose fay fetch fay
lie fay fetch

Modal verbs

  • woll "will"
    • Can contract as 'll.
    • Contracts with newn as wo'n.
  • woulce "would"
    • Can contract as 'lce.
  • shy "can (has the ability to)"
  • shiss "could (had the ability to)"
  • deve "shall"
  • deuce "must"
  • derry "should, ought to"
  • pote "may, can (is permitted to)"
  • pouts "might, could (was permitted to)"

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.

/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛɹi eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/

All human beings are born free and ewual in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Other resources

Swadesh list