Moshurian: Difference between revisions

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! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]/<br>[[w:Velar consonant|velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
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| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |  || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
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| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
Line 134: Line 120:
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced retroflex flap|ɽ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced retroflex flap|ɽ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
|}

Revision as of 14:14, 6 December 2023

Moshurian
uthilikh
Uthilikh-in-alphabet.png
The Moshurian endonym(uthilikh) written in Moshurian script.
Pronunciation[ˈuðˌilix]
Created byJukethatbox
SettingRadael
Native toMoshurian Empire
EthnicityMoshurians
Native speakers~450,000,000 (400 UH)
Yeldhic
  • Paleoyeldhic
    • Tulooric
      • Moshurian
Early forms
Kóftąbriác Yeldha
  • Proto-Tulooric
    • Early Moshurian
      • Ancient Moshurian
        • Middle Moshurian
Standard form
Taráhus Moshurian
Dialects
  • Taráhus dialect(Taráhus gugtui)
  • Oalan dialect(Oalan gugtui)
  • Loïha dialect(Loïha gugtui)
  • Odezyë dialect(Odezyë gugtui)
  • Far East dialect(Dmuriékh gugtui)
  • Sépenzg dialect(Sépenzg gugtui)
  • Moshurian alphabet
Official status
Official language in
Moshurian Empire
Iśatúr Confederacy
Recognised minority
language in
Eastern Gegfen Alliance
Regulated byMinistry of Linguistic Regulation
Moshurian-speakers.jpeg
Map of Moshurian speakers. Dark green represents a Moshurian-speaking majority and light green represents a significant minority.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Moshurian(endonym: uthilikh; Moshurian: [ˈuðˌilix]) is a Tulooric language spoken in mostly Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on Etzeán Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the Dmuriékh(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is thoroughly used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is.

Philologically, he language is of the Yeldhic language superfamily, which also includes languages like Ilda and Barbuz. Within the superfamily, it is of the Paleoyeldhic branch: a deviation of Proto-Yeldhic spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the "Babek" Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric branch of languages, of which Moshurian is part of, and the Najmunsaic branch of languages, of which Aquq and Hátuli is part of, occured around 3000 UH.

It is one of the only surviving languages indigenous to the Munsanukh Valley, which is generally considered, alongside Tuloor Lake, to be the birthplace of the Moshurian race, culture and language.

Origin

Classification

Ancestors

Early Moshurian

Old Moshurian

Middle Moshurian

Endonym

The Moshurian endonym, uthilikh, is most likely derived from Moshurian mythology, in which the god of creation's daughter, Khaurnán, sent her son, Uthiliran, to lead the Moshurian people. Etymologically, the word is probably derived from the Proto-Yeldhic word ułiqʷ, which most likely meant "small lake" or "pond", possibly referring to Tuloor Lake, which is deduced to be the Moshurian homeland.

Exonym

Their exonym of Moshurian comes from a nomadic legend of the god of travel and nomads, Dündŵęk, who traveled to Tuloor Lake(the homeland of the Moshurians) in search of an inn to rest. The Moshurians had plenty of inns(möşhüř as they are called in Ancient Yeldha), and Dündŵęk was finally able to rest. After departing, he thanked the Moshurians, and later mentioned them to the other gods as simply möşhüřiànöřmà, or "inn people". This exonym stuck within nomadic circles, who then passed the exonym to the more settled peoples of Talkoch.

Phonology

Orthography

The Moshurian alphabet, with phonemic pronunciation.

Moshurian has its own script that is read right-to-left, top-to-bottom. Each symbol can be easily deciphered by simply looking at how high or low the symbol is. If the symbol goes down below the line on the paper, it is a consonant.

The sound /h/ is represented with the〈kh〉glyph, and the /ɸ/ sound is represented by the 〈fh〉dipthong, transcripted as ⟨fkh⟩.

Abjad form

The Moshurian alphabet can be written in an abjad form, although this is mostly used by Kutic traders who adapted the Moshurian alphabet to a structure similar to their own native Kutic script, which itself is an abjad.

The form mostly follows the rules of the Kutic abjad, such as no inset vowels being represented, although the glyphs for ⟨a⟩ and ⟨á⟩ are used in an onset position.

The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian.

Origin

The origin of the Moshurian alphabet is heavily debated. According to the Gécheb Bizörith, the Moshurian alphabet was designed by a secret society called Akhakuöm, who took inspiration from the Tiragii military cuneiform. Eventually after the bust of Akhakuöm by the Moshurian state, the script was changed to fit the standard Moshurian dialect and re-issued as the government Moshurian alphabet.

In the Sóvók religion, one of the books in the Idērigidwi claims that a man named Udeldoi presented a script to the king of Moshuria so as to record military victories for propaganda.

Both of these interpretations are considered simply as urban legend, as orthographic analysis of the Izkanà(one of the earliest Moshurian documents) by calligraphers showed that the early Moshurian alphabet had many similarities with the logographic Oalanii[1] script, which may have influenced Munsanukh orthographies as a whole.

The glyphs for /b/ comes from Oalanii *ʕbạn, while the glyph for /d/ comes from Oalanii *dḕmsir.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
/
palatal
Retroflex/
velar
Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop/
Affricate
p b t d t͡ʃ  k ɡ
Fricative ɸ f (θ)[2] ð s z ʃ ʒ x h
Approximant j
Lateral l
Flap ɽ

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Near-
front
Central Back
Close i y u
Near-close ɪ
Close-mid e ø o
Mid ə̃
Open-mid ε
Open a ɑ

Prosody

Stress

Stress in Moshurian is paroxytonic, meaning stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word, e.g. zazuŋ, pronounced [ˈzaˌzuŋ], or uthilikh, pronounced [ˈuð.ilix].

Phonotactics

Syllables in Moshurian typically follow the pattern of (C)(G)V(V)(G)(C)[3].

Morphology

See also: Moshurian/Swadesh list.

Verbs

Weak verbs

Weak verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix -omh, and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.

Suffixes
Singular Plural
Infinitive -omh
First person -ék(-ïk) -ékeŋ(-ïkeŋ)
Second person -ot -(o)tuŋ
He -eź -iŋź
She -aş -aŋéş
They -iş -éiméş

Example

Suffixes
Singular Plural
Infinitive dáfhéromh
First person dáfhérék dáfhérékeŋ
Second person dáfhérot dáfhérotuŋ
Third person He dáfhéreź dáfhériŋź
She dáfhéraş dáfhéraŋéş
They dáfhériş dáfhéréiméş


Numerals

Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix -i to a number.

Moshurian English
iyg one
oyamö two
tikré three
igoyà four
tikoyam five

Pronouns

Demonstrative

Demonstrative pronouns
English translation Pronoun
this
that gánué
these gáloŋ
those gánuéloŋ

Personal

Personal pronouns in Moshurian are, for the most part, identical to their verb inflections.

Personal pronouns
Singular Plural
First person ék ékeŋ
Second person ot otuŋ
He iŋź
She aŋéş
They éiméş

Possessive

Possessive pronouns in Moshurian are identical to personal pronouns, except that they add the prefix ta- before the personal pronoun.

Possessive pronouns
Singular Plural
First person taék taékeŋ
Second person taot taotuŋ
He taeź taiŋź
She tayaş tayaŋéş
They taiş taéiméş

The exceptions to this rule are the male third person possessive pronoun, where the prefix tay- is used instead because the personal pronouns begin in a-.

Syntax

Constituent order

Moshurian uses an OSV(object-subject-verb) sentence structure.

Cases

Moshurian has three noun cases: the nominative, the accusative and the genitive. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a -géd/-éd suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix -e for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the prefix ta-.

Nominative Accusative Genitive
Noun Consonant-ending/starting - -éd ta-
Vowel-ending/starting -géd
Pronoun -e

Tenses

In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, an indicator is used just before the object, e.g. öş gersetigéd kestolék(I built a house).

Tense indicators
Present Future Far Future Simple Past
(uź) ïş ïşé öş

The present tense indicator, , is used like a natural in music. By default, no indicator is used to indicate the present in a non-contextual sentence, but as indicators are continuous, meaning that if an indicator is placed then all succeeding sentences will be in the indicator's tense until a new indicator appears, may be needed to clarify that a sentence does not follow the tense of the previous sentence.
Example: öş abáragéd udubék. budur ibiş. - I went to the park. It was[4] great.
ös abáragéd udubék. budur ibiş. - I went to the park. (The park) is great.

Noun phrase

  1. Sögéd kél mosok dáfhéréiméş.
    grass-ACC PL cow(PL) eat-3PL.
    Cows eat grass.

In this sentence, géd is the object, mosok is the subject, and dáfhéréiméş is the verb with inflection. in noun phrases, Moshurian still uses the object-subject-verb structure.

Verb phrase

See also:Verbs.

sögéd duà ché dáfhér!
grass-ACC IMP no eat!
Do not eat the grass!

In imperative verb phrases, the imperative indicator, duà, is put before the verb, as ché is still considered, at least grammatically, part of the verb when present. Additionally, verbs take on their root form, as opposed to their infinitive form in said sentence type.

In this sentence, sögéd is the object, and the verb is dáfhér. The subject does not appear and is instead implied to be the recipient of the imperative phrase.

Dialects

Standard dialect

The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, many of which who are vastly different from each other, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects.

Inner Taráhus dialect

The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line:

"[...] The dialect spoken around the capitol and the [MLR] shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect][5] of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information."

However, this quote can be considered quite vague, as the MLR and the wider capitol has changed location many times in Taráhus. One year, the MLR headquarters was located in the district of Oźmaneli, where a borderline unintelligible dialect of Moshurian is spoken, and, for that year, the bizarre Oźmaneli dialect was considered the standard, causing great confusion to non-Oźmanelis.

Oźmaneli dialect

The Oźmaneli dialect is a dialect spoken in the inner city district of Oźmaneli. It has garnered much attention from linguists, as its pronunciation is widely different from typical pronunciation.

Additionally, it is the only dialect to utilise the zero copula, an effect where the verb "to be" is not used in a statement, e.g. instead of "I am tired" it would be "I tired".

Phonetic differences

In general, the pattern seems to be that voiceless consonants tend to get voiced, but this is not always the case.

  • /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɳ] or [ɟ][6]
  • /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]
  • /ð/ is pronounced [θ][7]
  • /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/.
  • Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced [ɬ]
Morphological differences
Oźmaneli rhyming slang

Very similar to Cockney rhyming slang in London, Oźmaneli has its own rhyming slang, that often leaves many non-Oźmanelis stringed(confused).

  • abaza(football) rhymes with dzul iz upaza(colour and shape) → dzul
  • zebatalomh(confuse) → usuŋtua sibatal(stringed instrument) → usuŋtua

Oalan dialect

The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. The Oalan dialect is not as different from the Taráhus dialect, although /ð/ is pronounced [θ], which is a conventional pronunciation among most non-standard dialects.

Loïha dialect

The Loïha dialect is the dialect of Moshurian speakers who reside in the Golden Plain. Loïha is possibly the most distinct but still intelligible dialect of Moshurian. This is because there are very few morphological differences, but quite large sound changes.

Notably, the Loïha dialect can be split into two groups: the Western and Eastern dialects. Western Loïha tends to be a bit more distant from the standard, whereas Eastern is the opposite. However, what is universal across both dialects is that glottal stops are incorporated in everyday speech.

Sound changes

  • From /ð/ → [ð](Western) or [θ](Eastern)
  • From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern)
  • In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/.

Odezyë dialect

The Odezyë dialect is phonetically not very different from standard Moshurian, but it does have a bizarre mannerism that cannot be found in any other dialect- that being the suffix -áktu. It is placed directly after any sort of proper noun, including names. The origin of this is heavily debated- although the most prominent theory claims that it may come from the Aquq genitive suffix -ḗC̥ə̹.

Far East dialect

The entire existence of the Far East Moshurians(Dmuriékh; Moshurian: [dˈmuɽi̯ˌex]) is shrouded in mystery, but they seem to speak a certain dialect of Moshurian that only slightly varies from the standard Taráhus dialect.

Phonological differences

  • [u] → [ʊ] or [ɯ] in some cases
  • [VN][8] → [Ṽ].

Sépenzg dialect

Example texts

Moshurian Swadesh list



No. English Moshurian
0Moshurianuthilikh
1Iék
2you (singular)ot
3he
4weékeŋ
5you (plural)otuŋ
6theyéiméş
7this
8thatgánué
9hereétid
10thereéchekit
11whogödifi
12whatgöd
13wheregöduku
14whengökántu
15howugölé
16notché
17allnun
18manykhánun
19somekhátig
20fewgumig
21otherchépinun
22oneiyg
23twooyamö
24threetikré
25fourigoyà
26fivetikoyam
27bigdunsà
28longbériech
29wideguriech
30thickaguriech
31heavydonsàŋ
32smallasti
33shortasik
34narrowgusik
35thinagusik
36womanaşir
37man (adult male)eźir
38human beingişir
39childastişir
40wifekulaşir
41husbandkuleźir
42mothermemeş
43fatherpebeş
44animalchirit
45fishaşitilo
46birdkitişil
47dogkhargil
48louseibéchir
49snakeazáséŋ
50wormaokhaséŋ
51treetohöm
52forestźadunuk
53stickkhak
54fruitsurus
55seedhömich
56leafkhukchà
57roottohlut
58barktohrádin
59flowertohsuruz
60grass
61ropeubri
62skinsipis
63meatrádin
64bloodráduş
65boneişikhak
66fatişiduns
67eggougat
68hornzachakhak
69tailchirubri
70featherkitişipin
71hairmulika
72headyádam
73earugukim
74eyefáli
75nosechani
76mouthlarab
77toothkaş
78tonguelukh
79fingernailşamul
80footkapi
81legbérikapi
82kneekapiyám
83handbuna
84wingşinpis
85bellymadunz
86gutsrubokh
87neckroyám
88backmadá
89breastmeker
90heartskua
91liverkulko
92drinkrebomh
93eatdáfhéromh
94bitefháşomh
95suckkaşeromh
96spitpasyomh
97vomitrubokhomh
98blowserlomh
99breathechanyomh
100laughkhafhomh
101seefálomh
102hearugukomh
103knowkeyádomh
104thinkroyádomh
105smellichanyomh
106fearkerkelomh
107sleepsinanomh
108livemernomh
109diechemernomh
110killgachernomh
111fightmelezomh
112huntchirit melez
113hitmezomh
114cutzachomh
115split
116stab
117scratch
118dig
119swim
120fly
121walk
122come
123lie
124sit
125stand
126turn
127fall
128give
129hold
130squeeze
131rub
132wash
133wipe
134pull
135push
136throw
137tie
138sew
139count
140say
141sing
142play
143float
144flow
145freeze
146swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201atźfei
202inźfei
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name

Other resources

  1. ^ Oalanii is an archeological term used to describe the Proto-Taskaric inhabitants of what is now the city of Oalan. Although the Oalanii had their own script, no surviving documentation mentions their actual endonym, so they are called the Oalanii after the city where the first archeological remains of ancient Oalan were found.
  2. ^ Only used in certain dialects. Still orthographically represented as 〈th〉.
  3. ^ Velar fricatives(/x/) can not be followed by glides(/j/).
  4. ^ Note the continuous past tense.
  5. ^ The original constitution uses the word "edition"(kuchbarà) to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.
  6. ^ Why /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɟ] is one of the greatest mysteries of Moshurian.
  7. ^ The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].
  8. ^ Vowel before nasal consonant. Quite common in the Eastern subgroup of dialects.