Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

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===Historical dialects===

==Phonology - ~~Yuistarlā~~==

==Phonology - Yŏstarlā==

===Consonants - ~~Hīmbeyuisai~~===

===Consonants - Hīmbeyŏsai===

Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 51 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''~~hīmbeyuiça~~'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''~~yuisa~~'' (sound).

Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 47 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''hīmbeyŏsa'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''yŏsa'' (sound).

{| class="wikitable"

|-

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|-

! rowspan=2 | Affricates !! Unvoiced

| || ~~t̪͡s̪ t̪͡s̪ʰ~~ || ~~t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ~~ || || c͡ɕ c͡ɕʰ || ||

| || || || || c͡ɕ c͡ɕʰ || ||

|-

! Voiced

| || ~~d̪͡z̪ d̪͡z̪ʱ~~ || ~~d͡zʲ d͡zʲʱ~~ || || ɟ͡ʑ ɟ͡ʑʱ || ||

| || || || || ɟ͡ʑ ɟ͡ʑʱ || ||

|-

! colspan=2 | Fricatives

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There are also lots of regional variations for /ɦ/ at the end of a word, with a particularly common realization being [χ] (as in e.g. Līlasuṃghāṇa and Galiākina), like ''lilah'' /ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aɦ/ [ˈɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aχ] (I/(s)he/it/they live(s)).

===Vowels - ~~Camiyuisai~~===

===Vowels - Camiyŏsai===

The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of 25 phonemes: 14 monophthongs, 9 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic consonants.

The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of 26 phonemes: 15 monophthongs, 9 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic consonants.

Phonetically, there are also nasal vowels, but they are phonemically /Vɴ/ or (word-finally) /Vn/ sequences. On the contrary, breathy-voiced vowels may phonetically surface as [Vh] or [Vχ] in some contexts (most notably before stops) in some pronunciations — e.g. ''tąkis'' /tɑ̤kis/ (a kind of herb) pronounced in Cami as [ˈtaxkʲis].

The term for vowel is ''~~camiyuisa~~'', from ''cami'' (great, large, important) and ''~~yuisa~~'' (sound), as these sounds are necessary in building syllables.

The term for vowel is ''camiyŏsa'', from ''cami'' (great, large, important) and ''yŏsa'' (sound), as these sounds are necessary in building syllables.

{| class="wikitable"

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|-

! colspan=2 | Low-mid

| ɛ || || ɔ

| ɛ || ɜ || ɔ

|-

! rowspan=2 | Low !! Oral

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* All stops assimilate in voicing to a following stop; if the first one is aspirated, then aspiration shifts to the second one. Dentals also assimilate to adjacent (preceding or following) retroflexes.

In stop saṃdhi, a few further changes apart from basic voicing and retroflex assimilation occur. Note that any such combination also applies to aspirated stops and, for dentals, palatalized ones~~; '''ç''' as a second member behaves like '''t'''~~. In voiceless stops:

In stop saṃdhi, a few further changes apart from basic voicing and retroflex assimilation occur. Note that any such combination also applies to aspirated stops and, for dentals, palatalized ones. In voiceless stops:

-'''pṭ'''- → -'''fṭ'''- ; -'''pc'''- → -'''ṃc'''-

-'''tp'''- → -'''tt'''- ; -'''tc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''tk'''- → -'''kt'''-

~~-'''çp'''- → -'''sp'''- ; -'''çṭ'''- → '''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''çc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''çk'''- → -'''sk'''- ~~

-'''ṭp'''- → -'''ṭṭ'''- ; -'''ṭc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ṭk'''- → -'''kṭ'''-

-'''cp'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ct'''- → -'''kt'''- ; -'''cṭ'''- → -'''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''ck'''- → -'''šk'''-

-'''kp'''- → -'''pp'''- ; -'''kc'''- → -'''cc'''-

Doubled stops and the combinations -'''pt'''-, -'''pk~~'''-, -'''çt~~'''-, -'''kt'''-, and -'''kṭ'''- remain unchanged.

Doubled stops and the combinations -'''pt'''-, -'''pk'''- , -'''kt'''-, and -'''kṭ'''- remain unchanged.

Voiced stops mostly mirror voiceless assimilations (~~again, x behaves like d when second member;~~ doubling saṃdhi already applied - all nasal + stop clusters are underlyingly a geminate stop):

Voiced stops mostly mirror voiceless assimilations (doubling saṃdhi already applied - all nasal + stop clusters are underlyingly a geminate stop):

-'''bḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''bj'''- → -'''ṃj'''- ; -'''bg'''- → -'''lg'''-

-'''db'''- → -'''nd'''- ; -'''dj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''dg'''- → -'''gd'''-

~~-'''xb'''- → -'''nx'''- ; -'''xḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''xj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''xg'''- → -'''lg'''- ~~

-'''ḍb'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''ḍj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''ḍg'''- → -''-gḍ''- → -'''rḍ'''-

-'''j''' + any other stop, also aspirated ones → -'''jñ'''-

-'''gb'''- → -'''mb'''- ; -'''gḍ'''- → -'''rḍ'''- ; -'''gj'''- → -'''ñj'''-

Doubled stops become a nasal+stop sequence; -'''bd~~'''-, -'''xd~~'''-, and -'''gd'''- remain unchanged.

Doubled stops become a nasal+stop sequence; -'''bd'''-, and -'''gd'''- remain unchanged.

''-d(h)n-'' and ''-ḍ(h)ṇ-'' from any origin further assimilate to '''-nn-''' and '''-rṇ-''' respectively.

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* '''ṣ''', if followed by a dental stop, turns it into '''ṭ''' or '''ṭh''' according to aspiration (e.g. ''paṣ-dhokam'' → ''paṣṭhokam'').

* '''s''' or '''š''' plus any voiced stop, or '''ṣ''' followed by any non-dental voiced stop, disappear but synchronically lengthen the previous vowel (e.g. ''kus-drāltake'' → ''kūdrāltake'').

* Dental stops followed ~~by '''s'''~~ ~~become the corresponding affricate (e.g. ''prāt-skaglas'' → ''prāçkaglas''), while when followed~~ by '''ṣ''' or '''š''' ~~the~~ result is a palatal affricate (e.g. ''prāt-ṣveya'' → ''prācveya'').

* Dental stops followed by '''ṣ''' or '''š''' result in a palatal affricate (e.g. ''prāt-ṣveya'' → ''prācveya'').

Note that the two roots ''lih-'' and ''muh-'' behave, before consonants (with a few exceptions, e.g. the verbal infinitive), as if they were *lis- and *mus-.

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* '''n''' and '''ṇ''' become [ŋ], spelled '''ll''' (but '''l''' before velars);

* '''ñ''' does not assimilate at all.

Note that the combinations -'''mpt'''-, -'''mpk~~'''-, -'''nçt~~'''-, -'''lkt'''-, -'''lkṭ'''-, -'''mbd~~'''-, -'''nxd~~'''-, -'''lgd'''-, and -'''lgḍ'''- all remain unchanged; doubled stops are degeminated (like -''mpp''- > -''mp''-).

Note that the combinations -'''mpt'''-, -'''mpk'''-, -'''lkt'''-, -'''lkṭ'''-, -'''mbd'''-, -'''lgd'''-, and -'''lgḍ'''- all remain unchanged; doubled stops are degeminated (like -''mpp''- > -''mp''-).

If the sound before the stop sequence is '''l''' or '''r''', nothing happens and assimilations are normal. If the sound is a sibilant (note that they cannot precede voiced stops), assimilations are normal except for any sibilant + -'''çp'''- which becomes -'''sp'''-; in the other clusters where the stop or affricate would become a sibilant (-''çṭ''-, -''çk''-, -''cṭ''-, and -''ck''-) the preceding vowel undergoes synchronic lengthening if possible.

If the sound before the stop sequence is '''l''' or '''r''', nothing happens and assimilations are normal. If the sound is a sibilant (note that they cannot precede voiced stops), assimilations are as usual.

More complex clusters are avoided by means of epenthetic vowels; still, Chlouvānem does feature some long clusters like e.g. /gnstʀ/ in the word ''sågnstrausis'' (tunnel)

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 ===Historical dialects===
-==Phonology - Yuistarlā==
+==Phonology - Yŏstarlā==
-===Consonants - Hīmbeyuisai===
+===Consonants - Hīmbeyŏsai===
-Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 51 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''hīmbeyuiça'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''yuisa'' (sound).
+Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 47 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is ''hīmbeyŏsa'', a compound of ''hīmba'' (colour) and ''yŏsa'' (sound).
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | Affricates !! <small>Unvoiced</small>
-|  || t̪͡s̪ t̪͡s̪ʰ || t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ ||  || c͡ɕ c͡ɕʰ ||  ||
+|  || ||  ||  || c͡ɕ c͡ɕʰ ||  ||
 |-
 ! <small>Voiced</small>
-|  || d̪͡z̪ d̪͡z̪ʱ || d͡zʲ d͡zʲʱ ||  || ɟ͡ʑ ɟ͡ʑʱ ||  ||
+|  ||  || ||  || ɟ͡ʑ ɟ͡ʑʱ ||  ||
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | Fricatives
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 There are also lots of regional variations for /ɦ/ at the end of a word, with a particularly common realization being [χ] (as in e.g. Līlasuṃghāṇa and Galiākina), like ''lilah'' /ɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aɦ/ [ˈɴ̆ʲiɴ̆aχ] (I/(s)he/it/they live(s)).
-===Vowels - Camiyuisai===
+===Vowels - Camiyŏsai===
-The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of 25 phonemes: 14 monophthongs, 9 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic consonants.<br/>
+The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of 26 phonemes: 15 monophthongs, 9 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic consonants.<br/>
 Phonetically, there are also nasal vowels, but they are phonemically /Vɴ/ or (word-finally) /Vn/ sequences. On the contrary, breathy-voiced vowels may phonetically surface as [Vh] or [Vχ] in some contexts (most notably before stops) in some pronunciations — e.g. ''tąkis'' /tɑ̤kis/ (a kind of herb) pronounced in Cami as [ˈtaxkʲis].
-The term for vowel is ''camiyuisa'', from ''cami'' (great, large, important) and ''yuisa'' (sound), as these sounds are necessary in building syllables.
+The term for vowel is ''camiyŏsa'', from ''cami'' (great, large, important) and ''yŏsa'' (sound), as these sounds are necessary in building syllables.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | Low-mid
-| ɛ ||  || ɔ
+| ɛ || ɜ || ɔ
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | Low !! <small>Oral</small>
@@ Line 253: / Line 253: @@
 * All stops assimilate in voicing to a following stop; if the first one is aspirated, then aspiration shifts to the second one. Dentals also assimilate to adjacent (preceding or following) retroflexes.
-In stop saṃdhi, a few further changes apart from basic voicing and retroflex assimilation occur. Note that any such combination also applies to aspirated stops and, for dentals, palatalized ones; '''ç''' as a second member behaves like '''t'''. In voiceless stops:
+In stop saṃdhi, a few further changes apart from basic voicing and retroflex assimilation occur. Note that any such combination also applies to aspirated stops and, for dentals, palatalized ones. In voiceless stops:
 -'''pṭ'''- → -'''fṭ'''- ; -'''pc'''- → -'''ṃc'''-<br/>
 -'''tp'''- → -'''tt'''- ; -'''tc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''tk'''- → -'''kt'''-<br/>
--'''çp'''- → -'''sp'''- ; -'''çṭ'''- → '''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''çc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''çk'''- → -'''sk'''-<br/>
 -'''ṭp'''- → -'''ṭṭ'''- ; -'''ṭc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ṭk'''- → -'''kṭ'''-<br/>
 -'''cp'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ct'''- → -'''kt'''- ; -'''cṭ'''- → -'''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''ck'''- → -'''šk'''-<br/>
 -'''kp'''- → -'''pp'''- ; -'''kc'''- → -'''cc'''-<br/>
-Doubled stops and the combinations -'''pt'''-, -'''pk'''-, -'''çt'''-, -'''kt'''-, and -'''kṭ'''- remain unchanged.
+Doubled stops and the combinations -'''pt'''-, -'''pk'''- , -'''kt'''-, and -'''kṭ'''- remain unchanged.
-Voiced stops mostly mirror voiceless assimilations (again, x behaves like d when second member; doubling saṃdhi already applied - all nasal + stop clusters are underlyingly a geminate stop):
+Voiced stops mostly mirror voiceless assimilations (doubling saṃdhi already applied - all nasal + stop clusters are underlyingly a geminate stop):
 -'''bḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''bj'''- → -'''ṃj'''- ; -'''bg'''- → -'''lg'''-<br/>
 -'''db'''- → -'''nd'''- ; -'''dj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''dg'''- → -'''gd'''-<br/>
--'''xb'''- → -'''nx'''- ; -'''xḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''xj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''xg'''- → -'''lg'''-<br/>
 -'''ḍb'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''ḍj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''ḍg'''- → <small>-''-gḍ''- → </small> -'''rḍ'''-<br/>
 -'''j''' + any other stop, also aspirated ones → -'''jñ'''-<br/>
 -'''gb'''- → -'''mb'''- ; -'''gḍ'''- → -'''rḍ'''- ; -'''gj'''- → -'''ñj'''-<br/>
-Doubled stops become a nasal+stop sequence; -'''bd'''-, -'''xd'''-, and -'''gd'''- remain unchanged.
+Doubled stops become a nasal+stop sequence; -'''bd'''-, and -'''gd'''- remain unchanged.
 ''-d(h)n-'' and ''-ḍ(h)ṇ-'' from any origin further assimilate to '''-nn-''' and '''-rṇ-''' respectively.
@@ Line 286: / Line 284: @@
 * '''ṣ''', if followed by a dental stop, turns it into '''ṭ''' or '''ṭh''' according to aspiration (e.g. ''paṣ-dhokam'' → ''paṣṭhokam'').
 * '''s''' or '''š''' plus any voiced stop, or '''ṣ''' followed by any non-dental voiced stop, disappear but synchronically lengthen the previous vowel (e.g. ''kus-drāltake'' → ''kūdrāltake'').
-* Dental stops followed by '''s'''  become the corresponding affricate (e.g. ''prāt-skaglas'' → ''prāçkaglas''), while when followed by '''ṣ''' or '''š''' the result is a palatal affricate (e.g. ''prāt-ṣveya'' → ''prācveya'').
+* Dental stops followed  by '''ṣ''' or '''š''' result in a palatal affricate (e.g. ''prāt-ṣveya'' → ''prācveya'').
 Note that the two roots ''lih-'' and ''muh-'' behave, before consonants (with a few exceptions, e.g. the verbal infinitive), as if they were *lis- and *mus-.
@@ Line 294: / Line 292: @@
 * '''n''' and '''ṇ''' become [ŋ], spelled '''ll''' (but '''l''' before velars);
 * '''ñ''' does not assimilate at all.
-Note that the combinations -'''mpt'''-, -'''mpk'''-, -'''nçt'''-, -'''lkt'''-, -'''lkṭ'''-, -'''mbd'''-, -'''nxd'''-, -'''lgd'''-, and -'''lgḍ'''- all remain unchanged; doubled stops are degeminated (like -''mpp''- > -''mp''-).
+Note that the combinations -'''mpt'''-, -'''mpk'''-, -'''lkt'''-, -'''lkṭ'''-, -'''mbd'''-, -'''lgd'''-, and -'''lgḍ'''- all remain unchanged; doubled stops are degeminated (like -''mpp''- > -''mp''-).
-If the sound before the stop sequence is '''l''' or '''r''', nothing happens and assimilations are normal. If the  sound is a sibilant (note that they cannot precede voiced stops), assimilations are normal except for any sibilant + -'''çp'''- which becomes -'''sp'''-; in the other clusters where the stop or affricate would become a sibilant (-''çṭ''-, -''çk''-, -''cṭ''-, and -''ck''-) the preceding vowel undergoes synchronic lengthening if possible.
+If the sound before the stop sequence is '''l''' or '''r''', nothing happens and assimilations are normal. If the  sound is a sibilant (note that they cannot precede voiced stops), assimilations are as usual.
 More complex clusters are avoided by means of epenthetic vowels; still, Chlouvānem does feature some long clusters like e.g. /gnstʀ/ in the word ''sågnstrausis'' (tunnel)