Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions
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These theoretical meanings may be translated into practice as this: the '''past''' is most commonly used to express something that happened in the past and does not influence the present, or it is not meaningful to the time of the action. | These theoretical meanings may be translated into practice as this: the '''past''' is most commonly used to express something that happened in the past and does not influence the present, or it is not meaningful to the time of the action. | ||
: ''tammikeika flære lį | : ''tammikeika flære lį yųlausŏ.'' | ||
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | ||
: Yesterday I ate at the station. | : Yesterday I ate at the station. | ||
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In an appropriate context, however, the same verb form can carry an imperfective meaning: | In an appropriate context, however, the same verb form can carry an imperfective meaning: | ||
: ''tammikeika flære lį | : ''tammikeika flære lį yųlausŏ væse, nanā tammi taflunitь.'' | ||
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. while. , that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small> | : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. while. , that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small> | ||
: Yesterday I ate at the station. | : Yesterday I ate at the station. | ||
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Generally this imperfective meaning is assumed by other words in the sentence, usually ''væse'' (while), but commonly also ''mbu'' (but) with a related sentence understood to be imperfective. Out of context, imperfective past is usually expressed with an analytic construction: | Generally this imperfective meaning is assumed by other words in the sentence, usually ''væse'' (while), but commonly also ''mbu'' (but) with a related sentence understood to be imperfective. Out of context, imperfective past is usually expressed with an analytic construction: | ||
: ''tammikeika flære lį | : ''tammikeika flære lį yųlasusąsŏ mos.'' | ||
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>PART.PRES.EXTERIOR-PARROT.DIR-AGENT</small>. be.<small>IND.PAST.1S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>PART.PRES.EXTERIOR-PARROT.DIR-AGENT</small>. be.<small>IND.PAST.1S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | ||
: Yesterday I was eating at the station. | : Yesterday I was eating at the station. | ||
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The Chlouvānem perfect is however also used where English would use ''past perfect'' or ''future perfect'', as the “impact on the present” is understood to be on the time the main action in the sentence takes place, thus something that happened earlier is considered to have an impact on it: | The Chlouvānem perfect is however also used where English would use ''past perfect'' or ''future perfect'', as the “impact on the present” is understood to be on the time the main action in the sentence takes place, thus something that happened earlier is considered to have an impact on it: | ||
: ''tammikeika flære lį | : ''tammikeika flære lį uyųlaṃsŏ, utiya nanā tammi taflunitь''. | ||
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | ||
: I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived. | : I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived. | ||
: ''tammikeika lį | : ''tammikeika lį uyųlaṃsŏ, utiya nanā tammi tafluniṣya.'' | ||
: train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR.PARROT</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.FUT.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. | ||
: I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives. | : I will have [already] eaten at the station when the train arrives. | ||
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Both the past and the perfect are independent from verbal aspect: | Both the past and the perfect are independent from verbal aspect: | ||
: ''marte mīmīšviyitь kite lįnitь no'' - "(s)he kept being seen in the city, and [therefore] remained at home" ((s)he has since gone out of home). | : ''marte mīmīšviyitь kite lįnitь no'' - "(s)he kept being seen in the city, and [therefore] remained at home" ((s)he has since gone out of home). | ||
: ''marte mīšimīšveya kite ilįna no'' - "(s)he has kept being seen in the city, and [therefore] she has remained at home" (actual meaning dependent on a broader context, e.g. ''āñjulā | : ''marte mīšimīšveya kite ilįna no'' - "(s)he has kept being seen in the city, and [therefore] she has remained at home" (actual meaning dependent on a broader context, e.g. ''āñjulā tatatsŏpepeithnaiṣyes'' "you can find him/her there" (potential agent-trigger future of ''tatāpeithake'' (''ta-tad-peith-'') "to find (frequentative)")). | ||
====Positional verbs==== | ====Positional verbs==== | ||