Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The Themsaran language | The Themsaran language constitutes a separate branch of the Zachydic language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. This article describes Classical Themsaran. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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| | | ŋ | ||
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| θ ⟨th⟩ | | θ ⟨th⟩ | ||
| s z | | s z | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ ⟨š⟩ ʒ ⟨ž⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| x~χ | | x~χ ⟨ch⟩ | ||
| ħ~ʜ~ʢ | | ħ~ʜ~ʢ ⟨ħ⟩ | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| tʃ | | tʃ ⟨ť⟩ | ||
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| ʎ | | ʎ ⟨ļ⟩ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Allophony==== | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Themaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora, and long vowels have two morae. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| i iː | | i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ī⟩ | ||
| ʉ ʉː | | ʉ ⟨y⟩ ʉː ⟨ȳ⟩ | ||
| u uː | | u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
| e eː | | e ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ē⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| o oː | | o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨ō⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
| | | | ||
| a aː | | a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨ā⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
The following are the diphthongs, all falling: /ai au ei ie~ia uo~ua/ ⟨ai au ei ie ua⟩. All diphthongs are bimoraic. | |||
===Pitch accent=== | ===Pitch accent=== | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Themsaran is a strongly head-initial and head-marking language. | Themsaran is a strongly head-initial and head-marking language. Its morphosyntax is nominative-accusative. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and | Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between absolute possessed form, the last noun in a possessive noun phrase, and the conjunct possessed form, found within a possessive NP. | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in | Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in possessedness. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). | ||
====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
====Degree==== | ====Degree==== | ||
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=====Active===== | =====Active===== | ||
=====Mediopassive===== | =====Mediopassive===== | ||
====Bipersonal | ====Bipersonal affixes==== | ||
==== | =====Active===== | ||
=====Mediopassive===== | |||
====Degree affixes==== | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. | The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object may be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb. | ||
===Noun phrases=== | |||
===Equational sentences=== | |||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
===Coreferentiality and focus=== | ===Coreferentiality and focus=== | ||
==Derivational morphology== | |||
==Derivational | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]] | [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]] | ||
Revision as of 22:15, 27 July 2013
Background
The Themsaran language constitutes a separate branch of the Zachydic language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. This article describes Classical Themsaran.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Radical | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | (ʡ) | (ʔ) | |||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ⟨th⟩ | s z | ʃ ⟨š⟩ ʒ ⟨ž⟩ | x~χ ⟨ch⟩ | ħ~ʜ~ʢ ⟨ħ⟩ | h | |||
| Affricate | tʃ ⟨ť⟩ | |||||||||
| Approximant | (ʋ) | j | ||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
| Lateral app. | l | ʎ ⟨ļ⟩ |
Allophony
Vowels
Themaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora, and long vowels have two morae.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ī⟩ | ʉ ⟨y⟩ ʉː ⟨ȳ⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ē⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨ō⟩ | |
| Open | a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨ā⟩ |
The following are the diphthongs, all falling: /ai au ei ie~ia uo~ua/ ⟨ai au ei ie ua⟩. All diphthongs are bimoraic.
Pitch accent
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Themsaran is a strongly head-initial and head-marking language. Its morphosyntax is nominative-accusative.
Nouns
Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between absolute possessed form, the last noun in a possessive noun phrase, and the conjunct possessed form, found within a possessive NP.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in possessedness. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X").
Inflection
Degree
Pronouns
Personal
Verbs
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice, the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, may be marked with the direct object's person, number, and gender. The verb may agree with an indirect object (usually 1st or 2nd person) instead of with the direct object. There are also several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions.
Monopersonal subject affixes
Active
Mediopassive
Bipersonal affixes
Active
Mediopassive
Degree affixes
Prepositions
Numerals
Syntax
The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object may be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb.