Togarmite
Togarmite | |
---|---|
Þėgamiþ | |
Pronunciation | [/θegamiθ/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Lõis |
Afro-Asiatic
|
Togarmite (Þėgamiþ /θegamiθ/ or lysėnyn þėgamijyn /ˈləsenən θegamijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew and Knánith. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.
Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology and binyanim of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some grammatical restructuring, taking features of the Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund, with L-Persian, Modern An Bhlaoighne and English:
- loss of grammatical gender
- loss of the passive binyanim
- loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
- the use of the w-form (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive future) for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe
Todo
- gdėl = big
- kdės = (formal, mathematics) specific, particular, chosen (not arbitrary)
- Kabšyn wy frasel /xabʃən və fɾasel/ = The sheep and the horses
History
The Old Togarmite name for the language, Θėgammīθ, is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *Tāgarma. The name Togarmah from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people Θηγαρμικοί and Thegarmici respectively.) The name of the language shows the most striking feature of Togarmite, the shift of Proto-Semitic ā to ė /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ā > [o:] occuring in its close relative Hebrew.
Phonology
Consonants
Togarmite has 23 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p/ during the Old Togarmite stage from adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. parkes 'to act', from Ancient Greek praxis.
- m n /m n/
- p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
- b d g /b d g/
- f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
- w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
- l r j /l r j/
Vowels
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.
a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/
ai au /ai øy/
ai and au are often merged to /e ø/. Some dialects pronounce au as /y/.
Stress
Stress is always penultimate.
Orthography
Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet.
The abjadi letter names: al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jėþ, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, tau
Pronouns
Personal
Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns.
I | thou (m.) | thou (f.) | he | she | it | we | you (pl.) | they | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | nėx | aþ | eþ | hu | hi | že | nanė | aþøm | høm |
Objective | þi | þax | þex | þau | þa | þež | þanė | þaxøm | þaum |
Possessive | li | lax | lex | lau | la | lež | lanė | laxøm | laum |
Reflexive/Intensive | afi | afax | afex | afau | afa | afež | afnė | afxøm | afaum |
The plural pronouns aþøm and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.
Demonstrative
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
Proximal | ži | elu |
Distal | žix | elux |
Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic:
- ži baiþyn 'this house'
- elu baiþil 'these houses'
Nouns
In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.
However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.
Regular declension
Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, definite -il.
Example: ȝėlam 'world'
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | ȝėlam | ȝėlami |
definite | ȝėlamyn | ȝėlamil |
Nisba nouns
An important declension class is comprised of nouns or adjectives with the nisba suffix -i:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | þėgami | þėgamije |
definite | þėgamijyn | þėgamijel |
Singulative-collective nouns
These nouns have a marked singular in -t.
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | šeȝart | šeȝar |
definite | šeȝartyn | šeȝaril |
Former feminines/body parts
This class consists of a small number of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, such as many body parts, which take a plural in -ėþ:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | øžny | øžnė |
definite | øžnyn | øžnėþil |
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | lysėn | lysėnėþ |
definite | lysėnyn | lysėnėþil |
-a nouns
These are mainly Greek words:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | apoloža | apoložes |
definite | apoložan | apoložėþil |
Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | þėma | þėmes / þėmata |
definite | þėman | þėmėþil / þėmataþil |
By analogy, even some native words are declined this way:
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | heta | hetes |
definite | hetan | hetėþil |
Adjectives
Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns.
Degree
Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle brėþ (*bi-raʔēθī yuθ- 'when-see.INF-1SG ACC') is used for 'than', however.
Verbs
- Past = prefix conjugation (from the PSem preterite)
- Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem (variant of the PSem non-past)
- Imperative
- The negative imperative is formed with al + 2nd person past tense: xþøb 'write! (singular)', al tyxþøb! 'don't write! (singular)'
- w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the f3al binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
- Infinitive
- Participles
The suffix conjugation does not survive unlike in most other Semitic languages, except in certain irregular verbs like hwė 'to be'.
The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
Binyanim
Binyan 1: fȝøl
This binyan can take -ø-, -e- or -a- as the theme vowel.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | yxþøb | tyxþøb | jyxþøb | nyxþøb | tyxþøbu | jyxþøbu |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wyxþab | hwit wyxþab | hwė wyxþab | hwinė wnyxþøb | hwitøm wtyxþøbu | hwu wėxþøbu |
present | yxėþøb | tyxėþøb | jyxėþøb | nyxėþøb | tyxėþøbu | jyxėþøbu |
present progressive | yše wyxþab | tyše wyxþab | jyše wyxþab | nyše wyxþab | tyšu wyxþab | jyšu wyxþab |
present subjunctive | yxþøban | tyxþøban | jyxþøban | nyxþøban | tyxþøbun | jyxþøbun |
future | ėbe xþėb | tėbe xþėb | jėbe xþėb | nėbe xþėb | tėbu xþėb | jėbu xþėb |
perfect | li myxþub | lax/lex myxþub | lau/la myxþub | lanė myxþub | laxøm myxþub | laum myxþub |
imperative | - | xþøb! | - | - | xþøbu! | - |
active participle | xėþeb | xėþebi | ||||
passive participle | myxþub | myxþubi | ||||
w-form | wyxþab | |||||
infinitive | xþėb |
Binyan 2: faȝel
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | ysaxen | tysaxen | jysaxen | nysaxen | tysaxenu | jysaxenu |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wysaxen | hwit wysaxen | hwė wysaxen | hwinė wysaxen | hwitøm wysaxen | hwu wysaxen |
present | ysxėxen | tysxėxen | jysxėxen | nysxėxen | tysxėxenu | jysxėxenu |
present progressive | yše wysaxen | tyše wysaxen | jyše wysaxen | nyše wysaxen | tyšu wysaxen | jyšu wysaxen |
present subjunctive | ysaxenan | tysaxenan | jysaxenan | nysaxenan | tysaxenun | jysaxenun |
future | ėbe saxun | tėbe saxun | jėbe saxun | nėbe saxun | tėbu saxun | jėbu saxun |
perfect | li møsaxan | lax/lex møsaxan | lau/la møsaxan | lanė møsaxan | laxøm møsaxan | laum møsaxan |
imperative | - | saxen! | - | - | saxenu! | - |
active participle | møsaxen | møsaxeni | ||||
passive participle | møsaxan | møsaxani | ||||
w-form | wysaxen | |||||
infinitive | saxun |
For 4-letter verbs such as parkes 'to act', the present tense is formed with the stem -C₁C₂ėC₃eC₄, like yprėkes 'I act'.
Binyan 3: hafȝel
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | ažxer | tažxer | jažxer | nažxer | tažxeru | jažxeru |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wažxer | hwit wažxer | hwė wažxer | hwinė wažxer | hwitøm wažxer | hwu wažxer |
present | ažėxer | tažėxer | jažėxer | nažėxer | tažėxeru | jažėxeru |
present progressive | yše wažxer | tyše wažxer | jyše wažxer | nyše wažxer | tyšu wažxer | jyšu wažxer |
present subjunctive | ažxeran | tažxeran | jažxeran | nažxeran | tažxerun | jažxerun |
future | ėbe hažxur | tėbe hažxur | jėbe hažxur | nėbe hažxur | tėbu hažxur | jėbu hažxur |
perfect | li mažxar | lax/lex mažxar | lau/la mažxar | lanė mažxar | laxøm mažxar | laum mažxar |
imperative | - | hažxer! | - | - | hažxeru! | - |
active participle | mažxer | mažxeri | ||||
passive participle | mažxar | mažxari | ||||
w-form | wažxer | |||||
infinitive | hažxur |
Binyan 4: hyftyȝel
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan hitpa33el and Arabic ifta3ala. It is characterized by the þ- prefix that comes from the *t infix.
The prefix þ metathesizes with C1 when
- C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: þf þx þs þš þh þz þž þȝ > ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd
- C1 = d t þ: þd þt þþ > d t þ
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | yþlymed | tyþlymed | jyþlymed | nyþlymed | tyþlymed | jyþlymed |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wyþlymed | hwit wyþlymed | hwė wyþlymed | hwinė wyþlymed | hwitøm wyþlymed | hwu wyþlymed |
present | yþlėmed | tyþlėmed | jyþlėmed | nyþlėmed | tyþlėmed | jyþlėmed |
present progressive | yše wyþlymed | tyše wyþlymed | jyše wyþlymed | nyše wyþlymed | tyšu wyþlymed | jyšu wyþlymed |
present subjunctive | yþlymedan | tyþlymedan | jyþlymedan | nyþlymedan | tyþlymedun | jyþlymedun |
future | ėbe hyþlymud | tėbe hyþlymud | jėbe hyþlymud | nėbe hyþlymud | tėbu hyþlymud | jėbu hyþlymud |
perfect | li møþlymad | lax/lex møþlymad | lau/la møþlymad | lanė møþlymad | laxøm møþlymad | laum møþlymad |
imperative | - | hyþlymed! | - | - | hyþlymedu! | - |
active participle | møþlymed | møþlymedi | ||||
passive participle | møþlymad | møþlymadi | ||||
w-form | wyþlymėd | |||||
infinitive | hyþlymud |
Binyan 5: þyfaȝel
This binyan comes from the tD-stem (t- with geminate stem) and corresponds directly to the Arabic binyan tafa33ala.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | yþydares | tyþydares | jyþydares | nyþydares | tyþydaresu | jyþydaresu |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wyþydares | hwit wyþydares | hwė wyþydares | hwinė wyþydares | hwitøm wyþydares | hwu wyþydares |
present | yþydrėres | tyþydrėres | jyþydrėres | nyþydrėres | tyþydrėresu | jyþydrėresu |
present progressive | yše wyþydares | tyše wyþydares | jyše wyþydares | nyše wyþydares | tyšu wyþydares | jyšu wyþydares |
present subjunctive | yþydaresan | jyþydaresan | jyþydaresan | nyþydaresan | tyþydaresun | jyþydaresun |
future | ėbe þydarus | tėbe þydarus | jėbe þydarus | nėbe þydarus | tėbu þydarus | jėbu þydarus |
perfect | li møþydaras | lax/lex møþydaras | lau/la møþydaras | lanė møþydaras | laxøm møþydaras | laum møþydaras |
imperative | - | þydares! | - | - | þydaresu! | - |
active participle | møþydares | møþydaresi | ||||
passive participle | møþydaras | møþydaresi | ||||
w-form | wyþydares | |||||
infinitive | þydarus |
Binyan 6: heþyfȝel
This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew nitpa33el, a variant of the hitpa33el binyan and the Arabic infa3ala binyan.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | eþygdel | teþygdel | jeþygdel | neþygdel | teþygdelu | jeþygdelu |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti weþygdel | hwit weþygdel | hwė weþygdel | hwinė weþygdel | hwitøm weþygdel | hwu waþygdel |
present | eþygėdel | teþygėdel | jeþygėdel | neþygėdel | teþygėdelu | jeþygėdelu |
present progressive | yše weþygdel | tyše weþygdel | jyše weþygdel | nyše weþygdel | tyšu weþygdel | jyšu weþygdel |
present subjunctive | eþygdelan | teþygdelan | jeþygdelan | neþygdelan | teþygdelan | jeþygdelan |
future | ėbe heþygdul | tėbe heþygdul | jėbe heþygdul | nėbe heþygdul | tėbu heþygdul | jėbu heþygdul |
perfect | li meþygdal | lax/lex meþygdal | lau/la meþygdal | lanė meþygdal | laxøm meþygdal | laum meþygdal |
imperative | - | heþygdel! | - | - | heþygdelu! | - |
active participle | meþygdel | meþygdeli | ||||
passive participle | meþygdal | meþygdali | ||||
w-form | waþygdel | |||||
infinitive | heþygdul |
Binyan 7: styfȝel
This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan istaf3ala in Arabic and the very rare binyan hishtaf3el in Biblical Hebrew.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | ystytȝem | tystytȝem | jystytȝem | nystytȝem | tystytȝemu | jystytȝemu |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wystytȝem | hwit wystytȝem | hwė wystytȝem | hwinė wystytȝem | hwitøm wystytȝem | hwu wystytȝem |
present | ystytėȝem | tystytėȝem | jystytėȝem | nystytėȝem | tystytėȝemu | jystytėȝemu |
present progressive | yše wystytȝem | tyše wystytȝem | jyše wystytȝem | nyše wystytȝem | tyšu wystytȝem | jyšu wystytȝem |
present subjunctive | ystytȝeman | tystytȝeman | jystytȝeman | nystytȝeman | tystytȝemun | jystytȝemun |
future | ėbe stytȝum | tėbe stytȝum | jėbe stytȝum | nėbe stytȝum | tėbu stytȝum | jėbu stytȝum |
perfect | li møstytȝam | lax/lex møstytȝam | lau/la møstytȝam | lanė møstytȝam | laxøm møstytȝam | laum møstytȝam |
imperative | - | stytȝem! | - | - | stytȝemu! | - |
active participle | møstytȝem | møstytȝemi | ||||
passive participle | møstytȝam | møstytȝami | ||||
w-form | wystytȝem | |||||
infinitive | stytȝum |
Concatenative verbs
The concatenative paradigm, analogous to Germanic weak verbs, is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes, without changing the stem. The past and imperative forms are formed by adding -i or -ji to the noun, when no other suffix is added.
It is used for recent loan verbs like maksimezi 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
- mydrasi 'to school' (from mydras 'school')
- þaxili 'to consume' (from þaxil 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
- žaxoji 'to entitle, to allow' (from žaxo 'right')
- ȝaini 'to eye' (from ȝain 'eye')
The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
- [STEM]-i = active
- þy-[STEM]-i = reflexive/reciprocal
- mø- = active participle
- -ėþ = infinitive
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | ymydrasi | tymydrasi | jymydrasi | nymydrasi | tymydrasu | jymydrasu |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wymydrasi | hwit wymydrasi | hwė wymydrasi | hwinė wymydrasi | hwitøm wymydrasi | hwu wymydrasi |
present | ymydrasė | tymydrasė | jymydrasė | nymydrasė | tymydrasėju | jymydrasėju |
present progressive | yše wymydrasi | tyše wymydrasi | jyše wymydrasi | nyše wymydrasi | tyšu wymydrasi | jyšu wymydrasi |
present subjunctive | ymydrasan | tymydrasan | jymydrasan | nymydrasan | tymydrasun | jymydrasun |
future | ėbe mydrasėþ | tėbe mydrasėþ | jėbe mydrasėþ | nėbe mydrasėþ | tėbu mydrasėþ | jėbu mydrasėþ |
perfect | li mømydrasa | lax/lex mømydrasa | lau/la mømydrasa | lanė mømydrasa | laxøm mømydrasa | laum mømydrasa |
imperative | - | mydrasi! | - | - | mydrasu! | - |
active participle | mømydrasė | mømydrasėji | ||||
passive participle | mømydrasa | mømydrasaji | ||||
w-form | wymydrasi | |||||
infinitive | mydrasėþ |
hwe 'to be'
The verb hwė 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it displays suppletion and it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | hwiti | hwit | hwė | hwinė | hwitøm | hwu |
past progressive; past subjunctive | hwiti wyhwė | hwit wyhwė | hwė wyhwė | hwinė wyhwė | hwitøm wyhwė | hwu wyhwė |
present | yše (or none) | tyše (or none) | jyše (or hu/hi) | nyše (or none) | tyšu (or none) | jyšu (or høm) |
present progressive | yše wyhwė | tyše wyhwė | jyše wyhwė | nyše wyhwė | tyšu wyhwė | jyšu wyhwė |
present subjunctive | yhwijan | tyhwijan | jyhwijan | nyhwijan | tyhwijun | jyhwijun |
future | ėbe hwėþ | tėbe hwėþ | jėbe hwėþ | nėbe hwėþ | tėbu hwėþ | jėbu hwėþ |
imperative | - | hwe! | - | - | hwu! | - |
active participle | hėwė | hėwėji | ||||
passive participle | myhwuj | myhwuji | ||||
w-form | wyhwė | |||||
infinitive | hwėþ |
xėl 'can'
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | uxal | tuxal | juxal | nuxal | tuxalu | juxalu |
past subjunctive | hwiti wėxel | hwit wėxel | hwė wėxel | hwinė wėxel | hwitøm wėxel | hwu wėxel |
present | wyxėlti | wyxėlt | wyxėl | wyxėlnė | wyxėltøm | wyxėlu |
present subjunctive | ėxelan | tėxelan | jėxelan | nėxelan | tėxelun | jėxelun |
future | ėbe xėl | tėbe xėl | jėbe xėl | nėbe xėl | tėbu xėl | jėbu xėl |
active participle | - | - | ||||
passive participle | myhwuj wėxel | myhwuji wėxel | ||||
infinitive | xėl |
høbė 'should; ought'
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | høbiti | høbit | høbė | høbinė | høbitøm | høbu |
ryšė 'to want'
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | yrši | tyrši | jyrši | nyrši | tyršu | jyršu |
past subjunctive | hwiti wyrši | hwit wyrši | hwė wyrši | hwinė wyrši | hwitøm wyrši | hwu wyrši |
present | ryšiti | ryšit | ryšė | ryšinė | ryšitøm | ryšu |
future | ėbe ryšėþ | tėbe ryšėþ | jėbe ryšėþ | nėbe ryšėþ | tėbu ryšėþ | jėbu ryšėþ |
w-form | wyrši | |||||
active participle | - | - | ||||
passive participle | ryšuj | ryšuj | ||||
infinitive | ryšėþ |
Gzarot
- Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot
In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
- the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
- the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
- the consonantal root has 2 letters.
Most of the irregularities occur in binyan fȝøl.
Prepositions
Some prepositions:
- en 'in' [from PSem *ina]
- ly (l before V) 'to'
- by (b before V) 'by, at'
- šydo 'outside'
- me (men before V) 'from'
- ȝem 'with'
- ȝal 'on'
- lid 'of (possessive)'
- ȝbar 'over'
- þaþ 'under'
Syntax of prepositions
Numerals
0: cefry 1: yhad 2: šnain / attributive šnė 3: šlėš 4: yrbaȝ 5: hymes 6: sec/sets 7: sabȝy 8: šmėni 9: þesȝy 10: ȝašry 20: ȝešrin 30: šlėšin 40: yrbȝin 50: hymsin 60: setsin 70: sybȝin 80: šmėnin 90: þesȝin 100: me'yþ 1000: alfy 1000000: alfun
Syntax
Accusative marker
The accusative marker iþ is used when the object is animate.
Existentials
The word iš is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ly 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of iš is lėš.
- Iš mykėm ėn... = There is a place where...
- A iš lex zman? = Do you have time?
The particle iš uses the accusative marker iþ when the "object" is animate.
Relative clauses
The relative pronoun xi is used for both relative and complement clauses. It takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns.
Derivation
Noun and adjective patterns
- CaCCy, CeCCy, CøCCy = segolates
- myCCaC(t) = place
- maCCaC(t) = causative + place
- myCCeC(t) = instrument
- þyCCuC = verbal noun
- þyCCiC = verbal noun
- þyCCøCt = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
- CyCiC = adjective; -able
- CyCuC = adjective; color
- CaCCėn and CeCaCėn
- CaCCyþ
Affixes
- -an = forms adjectives
- -uþ = (borrowed from Hebrew) abstract noun
- -i = forms adjectives
- i- = non-, un-
Lexicon
ʔ
- √ʔ-b-b
- ybib 'spring'
- √ʔ-(w)-r
- aur 'light'
- awer 'to illuminate'
- √ʔ-d-m
- ydum 'red'
- √ʔ-ž-n
- øžny 'ear'
- √ʔ-y-s
- is 'equal'
- ajes 'to equate'
- ajus 'metaphor; simile'
- √ʔ-x-l
- yxal 'to eat'
- exly 'food'
- þaxil 'comsumption'
- þaxili 'to consume'
- √ʔ-m-n
- amėn (in some religions) 'Amen'
- hy'ymen 'to trust, to believe'
- √ʔ-m-r
- ymar 'to say'
- emry 'remark'
- amer 'to assert, to affirm'
- √ʔ-r-þ
- arþy 'earth'
- √ʔ-þ-j
- yþė 'to come'
B
- bajþ 'house'
- √b-r-ʔ
- bra 'to create'
- bri 'healthy'
G
- √g-d-l
- gdėl = big
- eþygdel = to grow
D
- √d-m
- dam = blood
- damem = to bleed
- √d-n
- dun = to think (to be of the opinion that); to deem
- dajen = to judge
- √d-r-x
- darxy = road
- drax = to go, to walk
- hydrex = to lead
- √d-r-s
- drøs = to study, to learn
- dares = to demand
- þydares = to teach
- mydras = school
- jymydrasi = he schooled
- þydrus = lesson
H
- √h-d-š
- hydiš 'new'
- √h-t-ʔ
- heta 'sin'
- hatė 'to sin'
- √h-m-d
- √h-m-l
- hymal 'to suffer'
- hymil 'patient'
- √h-m-m
- hymum 'warm'
- √h-r-c
- hyruc 'yellow'
W
- √w-l-d
- waldy 'child'
- molad 'birth'
- wlad (archaic) 'to give birth to (of a woman)'
- holed 'to give birth to, to sire, to father' (for both genders in the modern language)
- √w-r-š
- waršy 'inheritance'
- reš 'to inherit'
- wriš 'heritable'
- wrišt 'gene'
- morašt 'heritage'
- twarešt 'tradition'
Z
- √z-h-r (?)
- hazhėr 'to warn'
- √z-m-r
- myzmer 'kantele'
- √z-r-ȝ
- zarȝe 'seed'
- zraȝ 'to sow'
Ž
- √ž-b-h
- tyžbuh 'sacrifice (the act of sacrifice)'
- žbih 'sacrifice (the thing or person sacrificed)'
- žbi 'antelope'
- √ž-h-b
- žahab 'gold'
- žaheb 'to gild'
- √ž-h-r
- žohri 'noon'
- √ž-m-r
- žemyrt 'might'
- √žxr
- žyxar 'to remember'
- žaxer 'to record; to memorize'
- hažxer 'to remind'
- hyždyxer 'to come to mind'
- styžxer 'to make note of'
- √ž-r-ȝ
- žerėȝ (f.) 'arm'
T
- √t-ȝ-m
- tȝam 'to choose; (archaic) to taste'
- taȝem 'to elect'
- taȝum 'election'
- þytaȝem '(literary) to be pleased with, to take pleasure in'
- stytȝem 'to try out'
J
- jad 'hand'
- √j-b-s
- jabas 'dry'
- √j-m-n
- jymin 'right'
X
- √x-s-f
- xasfy 'silver, money'
- myxsaf 'bank'
L
- lė = not; no
- ly = to, for
- √l-b-s
- √l-m-d
- lymad 'to notice, to experience, to come to know'
- lamed 'to show, to point out'
- hylθymed 'to find one's way around'
- lysėn 'tongue; language'
M
- √m-l-x
- malxy 'king'
- √m-n-w
- myno 'to count'
- main 'water'
N
- √n-b-ʔ
- nybi 'prophet, truthteller'
- nabė 'to call out (a wrongdoing)'
- heþynbe 'to hector'
- √n-b-t
- þynabet (by) 'to look (at)'
- √n-f-l
- føl 'to fall'
- nøfl 'fall (season)'
- √n-š-ʔ
- še 'to carry'
- √n-þ-n
- þen 'to give'
Ȝ
- √ȝ-n-y
- ȝne 'to answer'
- þyȝane 'to satisfy'
- √ȝ-š-j
- ȝyše 'to do, to make'
- maȝše 'act'
F
- √f-l-ʔ
- føla 'miracle'
- hafle 'to amaze'
- miføla 'wonderful'
P
- √p-rk-s
- parkes 'to act'
- √p-s-f
- psif 'vote'
- psifin 'voting'
- psaf 'to vote'
C
- √c-b-ȝ
- √c-d-k
- hycdek = to justify
- þycadek = to make right, to set right
K
- √k-d-s
- kdės 'specific, not arbitrary'
- hykdes 'to sanctify'
- mykodas 'holy'
- mykosyn (a swear word)
- √k-j-ž
- kaiž 'summer'
- √k-m
- kam 'he stood up; he rose'
- mykėm 'place'
- jymykėmi 'to locate'
- √k-r-ʔ
- kra 'to read, to call'
- mekra 'scripture'
- tykru 'invocation, prayer'
- √k-s-m
- hyksem 'to curse'
R
- √r-ʔ-j
- ry'ė 'to see'
S
- √s-x-n
- sxan 'to live (at a certain place)'
- mesxan 'apartment'
- saxen 'to inhabit'
- √s-l-m
- slėm 'peace; hello!'
- √s-m
- sem 'name'
- √s-m-ȝ
- smaȝ 'to hear'
- √s-þ-w
- seþaw 'winter'
Š
- šmėl 'left'
- √š-l-g
- šalgy 'snow'
- šol 'fox'
Þ
- √þ-g-m
- hyþgem 'explain'
- √þ-l-l
- þlul 'steep; difficult'
Sample texts
O how quickly the sculpture of life
O! Xma myhir þykliȝyn lid hajin,
Jyšbėber ly temaša zȝiri!
Mygiluþyn lid malxyn ȝal þronos lau
'Še xlil mygruf by gali jam.
Aþøm lyxi maþuj heno mømancabta hen,
By hen Elah aþøm ėrehi.
Xmė nanė, aþøm tėbu hwėþ mødajan ȝal parkusi laxøm;
Naþenan ly ȝnijel, w nagaþeržijan had ly wdud.
Lysėn þėgamiþ, lysėn þlul
- Yhad texni, rab texnes; yhad þėgami, rab þėgames = one skill, many skills; one Togarmite, many Togarmites (the correct plural of þėgami is þėgamije)
UDHR
Xøl ynėsi še mewøladi hyruri w isi in akšoprepjan w žyxawil laum. Høm še møþyhanani ȝym ložeki w synidisi w høbu ly parkus l odšni in ruh lid ahwuþ.
all human-PL COP be.born/PASS.PART-PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-DEF.SG and right/PL-DEF.PL 3PL.POSS. 3PL COP grant/PASS.PART-PL with reason and conscience and ought-3PL to act.VN to one_another in spirit of brotherhood
/xøl ə'nesi ʃɛ mɛvø'ladi hə'ruri 'visi in akʃo'prepjan v ʒə'xavil løym || høm ʃɛ møθəha'nani ɣəm lo'ʒɛki fsəni'disi və 'høbu lə 'parkus 'lotʃni bə ruh lid 'ahvuθ/