Naeng

This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere for Classical Windermere.

Modern Windermere
չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ brits Dămea
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Native speakers	270 million (13b0dd)
Language family	Lakovic Ashanic Windermere Modern Windermere

Modern Windermere arose from the vernacular of Imperial Windermere settlers in Mategia and Bjeheond. Today Windermere is widespread in Bjeheond and Talma, being spoken in the USB, Tumhan, Mategia, Wen Dămea, and in former Windermere colonies in Txapoalli; with 270 million native speakers, it is the fifth most widely spoken native language and the most widely spoken Lakovic language. In Talma, Modern Windermere forms a dialect continuum with other descendants of Classical Windermere.

Todo

Accents in Windermere

• Fincreaș
• Rural Fincreaș
• Standard Mategian
• Standard Wen Dămea
• Other Wen Dămea accents
  • Sătmaș
  • Chăloa
  • Prucüew

Some accent should have th = Basque z, s = Basque s

Drel ya-rie srüe thăgem mărit e łen = Come with me if you want to live

Diachronics

Phonological history

• In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
• l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
• Classical Windermere *ts and *tł merged into "ts", while ł shifted to /ɬ/

Grammatical history

• Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
• Tense particles, from Hlou influence

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	' /ʔ/
Affricate			ts /ts/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x/
	nonspirant		s /s/	ł /ɬ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l~ʟ/	y /j/

Voiceless plosives are aspirated in all dialects unless word-final or following a fricative. However the aspiration tends to be weaker in preinitial syllables.

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	ü /y/	[ɨ]	u /u/
Near-close	ie /iə/	üe /yə/		ua /uə/
Close-mid	e, ä /e/		ă /ə/	o /o/
Open-mid	ea /ɛ~eə/			oo /ɔ~oə/
Open			a /ɐ/

Stress

Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.

Phonotactics

Allowed initial clusters in roots are the same as in Classical Windermere with the addition of pd, pg, tb, tg, cb, cd.

Accents

Main article: Windermere/Modern/Accents

Parts of speech

Nouns

There are two articles: the definite article fi and the specific article se. Prepositions:

șa- = lative

ay = vocative (archaic)

nie = like

Pronouns

Łənam (capitalized) is used as a very respectful 2nd person pronoun.

The Classical gendered demonstratives seb/ses and fin/fis have been lost.

Verbs

Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.

Adjectives

The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.

• to = good
• rech to = better
• hă'et to = best

Pre-verbal particles

• chmi = progressive
• chea = past
• per = future
• tso = past progressive
• fa = perfect
• chea fa = past perfect etc.
• thăgem = desiderative (want to)
• future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?

Other particles

• eth = it does, doesn't it?

Derivation

• TODO: another nominalizer?
• ‹i› = nominalizer for underived verbs
• bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
• hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
• sa- = nominalizer
• di- = negation
• ing- = verbalizer
• mo- (+ voicing of plosives) = adjectivizer
• lă = verbalizer (how productive?)
• yă- = adjectivizer
• nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
• pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
• ⟨năr⟩ = a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
• Că(syllable S) -> Că(S reduced)(S) = diminutive
  • yar = flower > yăryar 'little flower'

• Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
  • hălwier = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
  • wang = 'matter, affairs'
  • ngoth = 'manner, way'
  • sces = 'style of, à la'
  • ăma = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')

"Trigger" verb affixes

These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.

• ‹ăn/ăng› = Applicative trigger
• ‹ith› = Locative trigger
• ‹ăw› = Instrumental trigger
• ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
  • răfongüe 'to endow' < rüe 'to give'
• ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
• ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
• ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
• ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger

Lexical aspect affixes

Classical Windermere aspects became derivational, analogous to how PIE aspects became lexical in daughter IE languages. This mirrors the development in other Talman Lakovic languages but Windermere has been the most heavily affected.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked; marked with li- for others
• perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with em- for others
• prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = pla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
• graduative = tăFa-

Syntax

SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e-; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga

Riə chmi brits cədes cə'üs tes tsəctsoc.

1SG PROG speak about-SPEC love and-SPEC hate

I speak of love and hate.

Fi rüəch chmi tsrin se troəs.

DEF bird PROG eat SPEC seed

The bird is eating a seed.

Vocabulary

Modern Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.

Sample texts

UDHR

in Bjeheondian Windermere:

Tsor croth fa əsjeəl pluəm te thür mis həltlas tes imσin. Ənam hac rəfongüə yas həlfəthin tes həlslith'a, te pdar thunoə e 'nam təse fidoən məceəf nətha mis sjəgor chasräf.

(Mategian) [ts̠or̥ kʰr̥oθ fä ʔɘˈʂeəl pʰluəm tʰe θyr mis̠ hɘlˈtʰläs̠ tʰes̠ ʔimˈɬin ‖ ʔɘnäm häk rɘvoˈŋyə jäs̠ hɘlfɘˈðin tʰes̠ hɘls̠liθˈʔa, tʰe pʰɘ̥d̥ar̥ θuˈnoə ʔe näm tʰɘ̥ˈs̠e fiˈd̥oən mɘˈkʰeəv nɘˈðä mis̠ ʂəˈɣor̥ xɘs̠ˈræf]

(Wen Dămea) [tso̞:r kʰr̥o̞:θ fä əˈʃeːɤˁ pʰχˁuəm tʰe̞ θy:r mis hɤˁˈtʰχˁɑs tʰe̞s imˈɬi:n ‖ ənä:m häk rəvo̞ˈŋyə jäs hɤˁfəˈðin tʰe̞s hɘlsʁˁiθˈʔa, tʰe̞ pʰta:r θuˈnoə ʔe̞ nä:m tʰse̞: fiˈdoən məˈkʰeəv nəˈðä: mis ʃko̞:r xəsˈre:v]

Imthumăytil

This passage is from the Imthumăytil Păchac, a retranslation of the Imthumăytil into Modern Windermere by Yăchef Clay.

Mi ngith doan dur e tach imchäth mis mogor litheath. Pda Brăwied fa wiets: "Mea ra łănam runse?"
Sre mot chmi nung ef imchäth nătha, doan fa că'aw: "Tathaf stiw! Ruay immognas tach runse, te immălin thaf müets, te imchustiw răthaf..."
Łop Pda Brăwied fa wiets: "Ăna, mea ra chmi, srüe hădean e do croth hiboath?"
Ăfifay că'aw e fid: "Lea die placănărlu, Pda? Bang ruay tsor tăy'uag paleac, sach se făbeang imtăy'uag nătha yaf croth mălem!"

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three! 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
He nonchalantly responded: "Isn't it obvious, Master? Here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"