Naeng/Classical
Classical Windermere | |
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Created by | IlL, Praimhín |
Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Lakovic
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Classical Windermere (native name: brits Dămè /brits dəˈmeə/; Skellan: a brits Dymée Yfẃr /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the Imperial Windermere territories (Wen Dămea), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language Tseezh was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
Plosive | voiced | b /b~β/ | d /d~ð/ | g /g~ɣ/ | |||
voiceless | p /p⁼/ | t /t⁼/ | c /k⁼/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||
Affricate | ts /ts̪/ | tł /ts̺~ʈʂ/ | |||||
Fricative | spirant | f /f/ | th /θ/ | ch /x/ | |||
nonspirant | s /s̪/ | ł /s̺~ʂ/ | ș /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
Resonant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l~ɫ~ɭ/ | y /j/ |
The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
Vowels
Classical Windermere had breathy voiced vowels à è ì ò ù ǜ /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Middle Windermere.
Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, ă /ə/ and i /ɪ/, which merged to ă in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.
Morphophonology
Sandhi
Classical Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere; most notably it affected plurals and verb forms, making them less predictable.
- fth, fch > -pt-, -pc-
- th + fric → fric + t
- ths → st, as in sèf 'go' → *thsèf → stèf 'to drive' (Modern binsteaf 'energy', sămteaf 'to energize')
- thf → ft, e.g. tăfi 'laugh' → *tithfi → tifti 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
- thch → cht e.g. Proto-Windermere àrθχa → răchta 'to die'
- thł, thș → łt, șt
- ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
- s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
- rC, lC > Cr, Cl
- ps pn png → sp fn fng
- tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
- tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st
Initial Consonant |
Final Consonant | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f | p | b | m | th | t | d | n | ch | c | g | ng | s | ts | ł | tł | ș | h | ' | l | r | w | y | |
f | f | p | sp | fn | ft | ft | ft | fn | pc | pc | pc | fng | ps | fts | pł | ftł | pș | f | f' | fl | fr | fw | fy |
p | |||||||||||||||||||||||
b | |||||||||||||||||||||||
m | |||||||||||||||||||||||
th | |||||||||||||||||||||||
t | |||||||||||||||||||||||
d | |||||||||||||||||||||||
n | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ch | |||||||||||||||||||||||
g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
c | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ng | |||||||||||||||||||||||
s | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ts | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ł | |||||||||||||||||||||||
tł | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ș | |||||||||||||||||||||||
h | |||||||||||||||||||||||
' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
l | |||||||||||||||||||||||
r | |||||||||||||||||||||||
w | |||||||||||||||||||||||
y |
Grassmann's law
Grassmann's law was productive in Classical Windermere: when there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol 'to turn'.
Morphology
Nouns
Classical Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.
Examples:
Regular plurals:
- cnul 'leaf' > nălcnul 'leaves'
Sandhi plurals:
- drong 'kernel' > tăngrădong 'kernels'
Suppletive plurals:
- croth 'person' > hingüs 'people'
Verbs
Trigger infixes, which became derivational in Classical Windermere, still functioned as voice markers.
Pronouns
Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.
- 1sg: rih
- 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
- 3sg: in (m), is (f)
- 1pl exclusive: tsa
- 1pl inclusive: ăbang
- 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
- 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)
Derivation
(Anything else?)
- *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
- pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
- da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Classical păda, Modern pda)
- tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
- ha- (passive)
Classical Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snàr (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as snär.