Atlantic

Atlantic
otrantih; nimba otrantiha
Pronunciation	[[ɔˈtrantiχ] [ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]]
Created by	Lili21
Date	Gen 2019
Setting	Alt-Earth
Ethnicity	Atlantics (otrantihus)
Native speakers	66,000,000 (2017)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Atlantic
Official status
Official language in	Atlantiana
Map of the Republic of Atlantiana.

Atlantic (natively otrantih [ɔˈtrantiχ] or nimba otrantiha [ˈnimba ɔˈtrantiχa]) also referred to as Rumonian (natively rumon [ruˈmɔn] or nimba rumona [ˈnimba ruˈmɔna], literally "Roman" and "Roman language") is a Romance language spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in Atlantiana (Otrantiana [ɔtranˈtjana]), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of Roman history, when the area – including the Atlas Mountains as its main geographical feature – was divided in the provinces of Numidia, Mauretania Caesariensis, and Mauretania Tingitana.

It has various dialects, usually grouped in main varieties corresponding to the main geographical and cultural areas of the country. The two main varieties are called Mauritanian (moiriṭonyinsi [mwariθɔˈɲinsi]), the one the standard is based on, and Numidian (numiginsi [numiˈdʑinsi]); some sources distinguish two further varieties, Teneréïc (tenerinsi [tɛnɛˈrinsi]) and Senegal Riparian (Niu-flumininsi [ˈniu̯ flumiˈninsi]); these two varieties are greatly influenced by the non-Romance languages they coexist with. In Atlantiana, it is the native language of about 70% of the population, the nationwide de facto lingua franca, and one of the six official languages, sharing official status with the native languages of the remaining 30% of the population: the Berber languages in most of the country and Fula, Wolof, Soninke, and Bambara in the south.

Atlantic is aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably Sicilian, Romansh, French, and various dialects of Lombard, especially Alpine ones^(LMO). It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, Wendlandish and an unrelated romlang for the same setting, as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops (like the Tuscan gorgia, but here it's become phonemic).

It aims to be an extremely conservative Romance language in its morphology, with many irregularities directly deriving from Latin, and with little analogical levelling; for example, the different ways to build the perfect are maintained almost without change for nearly every inherited verb except for those in the productive first conjugation. The development of the various synthetic tenses is however almost identical to that of Portuguese, except for the innovative future and conditional which are respectively different and non-existant in Atlantic. It also maintains neuter nouns as distinct from the other two genders. It is not meant to fit with existing Romance languages in the sense I purposely took as inspirations various features from all over the Romance-speaking world, and therefore does not fit in any subgrouping.

Development

Vocalic changes

The Atlantic vocalic system was formed through an evolution that, while with many common elements with other Romance languages, was unique in having kept long and short /a/ distinct, the former shifting to /ɑ/ and later merging with surviving instances of /ɔ/. Otherwise, the development of vowels was much like Sicilian, as the table below hints at:

Latin	Early Atlantic	Modern Atlantic	Example	Cognates
A, Ā	*a, *ɑ	a, o	BARCAM → barca *paraulāre → parlori	Sicilian barca, varca; Italian barca; French barque Sic. parrari; It. parlare; Fr. parler
E, AE, OE	*ɛ	e (atonic: i)	VEDĒRE → viḍiri CENTRUM → centr	Sic. vidiri; It. vedere; Fr. voir Sic. centru; It. centro; Fr. centre
Ē, Ī, I	*i, *i, *ɪ	i	VEDĒRE → viḍiri DŌRMĪRE → durmiri SIMPLICEM → simprici	Sic. vidiri; It. vedere; Fr. voir Sic. durmiri; It. dormire; Fr. dormir Sic. simprici; It. semplice; Fr. simple
O	*ɔ	o	SOMNUM → son	Sic. sonnu; It. sonno; Fr. somme
Ō, Ū, U	*u, *u, *ʊ	u	AMŌREM → amuri NUCEM → nuxi PŪNCTUM → punyt	Sic. amuri; It. amore; Fr. amour Sic. nuci; It. noce; Fr. noix Sic. puntu; It. punto; Fr. point
AU	*ɑw~ɒj	oi ([ɔɪ̯] (Num.) or [wa] (Maur.))	*aucellum → oichaly	Sic. aceddu; It. uccello; Fr. oiseau

Changes not mentioned in the above table are triggered by neighboring sounds, most particularly l and r:

• As in many Gallo-Italic varieties, Latin short a was backed and rounded before a coda l, see ALTUM → olt (cf. Lombard olt, French haut, Italian alto).
• The same result happened for ul sequences, which were lowered, see FULMEN → folmin (cf. Lom. fulmen, It. fulmine).
• Breaking of Latin short e and o happened in a more limited way than in other Romance languages where it happened; in the standard dialect, it only occurred before original r and l; however, it happened indistinctly in open and closed syllables. In the standard, it also did not happen after velar consonants, though it did happen after h; note that it happened after the palatalization of velars before front vowels, so that short e is broken almost without exceptions. In some dialects, those two vowels were also broken after n and/or after velars. The results are always ia (for broken e) and ua (for broken o), but the semivocalic i in the former merged with a preceding l, n, s, or h to ly, ny, x, and j respectively. See examples:

  Lat. CAELUM, *morit → char, muaril (cf. Fr. ciel, meurt; Lom. ciel, mœur; It. cielo, muore; Spanish cielo, muere, Portuguese céu, (morre))

  Lat. TERRAM, PORTAM → tiara, puarta (cf. Fr. terre, porte; Lom. terra, porta; It. terra, porta; Sp. tierra, puerta; Pt. terra, porta)

Dialectally, vowel breaking was more widespread. In Numidia, it remained productive late enough to affect original ul (see above), but not original al or even long a (which remained *ɑ(l) for longer) - as in fualmin for standard folmin. This usage extended to later loanwords, as in arbialg "hotel" for standard arbelg (Medieval Latin HARIBERGUM), or in the given name doublet Albert and Albiart (← ALBERTUM). In Western Mauritania and Numidia, it affected vowels after velars too (see Western Mauritanian cuardi, Numidian cuari for Standard/general Mauritanian cordi "heart", or both W.Mauritanian and Numidian cuarnu for Std. cornu (← CORNŪ)) and also vowels before n as in buan for Std. bon "good" (← BONUM). The fact these dialects break vowels before n, but still only when stressed, creates even more stem alternations in the conjugation of some verbs compared to standard Atlantic, such as spuandi, spondimu for Std. spondi, spondimu "I declare, we declare" (← SPONDEŌ, SPONDĒMUS).
Reborrowings or learned words, especially Biblical proper nouns, often created doublets, as in the given name "Peter" being usually Piatr [ˈpjatar], but Petrus [ˈpɛtrus] when referring to Saint Peter.

Note that original Latin long a only merged with o later, and never underwent vowel breaking.

Phonology

Consonants

→ PoA ↓ Manner		Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasals		m m		n n	ny ɲ	ŋ
Plosives	Voiceless	p p		t t		c, qu k
	Voiced	b b		d d		g, gu ɡ
Affricates					ch, c tɕ j, g dʑ
Fricatives	Voiceless		f f	s, ss s	x, h ç (x ɕ)	h x~χ
	Voiced		v v	s z
Liquids				r r l l	(ly ʎ)
Approximants		u w			i, ly j

The phonemes /ɕ ʎ/ are only found in some dialects; Standard Atlantic merges them with /ç j/ respectively (cf. oichaly "bird" /ˈwaˈtɕaj ~ waˈtɕaʎ/ or seix "six" /ˈsɛç ~ ˈsɛɕ/). In the dialects where /ɕ/ is a distinct phoneme, [ç x] are in complementary distribution, with the former occurring before front vowels and the latter elsewhere. The Canarian dialect of Cinet (Tenerife) developed a new /ɕ/ (and /ʑ/) by deaffricating the palatal affricates, e.g. chastr "city" [ˈɕastər], jarba "grass, herb" [ˈʑarba].

/l/ is realized as a voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ] word-finally and before voiceless consonants, and as its voiced equivalent [ɮ] before voiced consonants.

In standard Atlantic, voiced stops are allophonically geminated after a stressed vowel, e.g. in pubric "public" /ˈpubrik/ [ˈpubːrik], abidihu "I decline" /ˈabidiχu/ [ˈabːidiχu], or Vurubiri "Volubilis" /vuˈrubiri/ [vuˈrubːiri].

/ŋ/ is a marginal phoneme, limited to the /ŋn/ sequence, written as mm as in amma /ˈaŋna/ "person", ommisantor /oŋnizanˈtɔr/ "November", or limmi /ˈliŋni/ "brown"; due to spelling pronunciation, nativized loanwords with written mm are typically pronounced with this sequence, such as the name Emma /ˈɛŋna/.
The sequence /ŋɡ/ is, in Numidia, often realized as [ŋn], which leads to it being written as mm by less educated speakers. Examples include sungu [ˈsuŋɡu ~ ˈsuŋnu] "I am" or Hungariha [χuŋˈɡariχa ~ χuŋˈnariχa] "Hungary".

/θ ð/ are extremely common in native words (continuing intervocalic Latin /t d/ respectively), however, due to their origin, they never appear word-initially in inherited words. Instances of word-initial /θ ð/ are thus limited to loanwords, such as ṭalj[ˈθaladʑ] "frost" (< Ar. ثلج) or ḍil [ðiɬ] "ghost" (< Ar. ظل).

Word-initial consonants are, for many speakers, allophonically geminated due to assimilation of a preceding consonant from a clitic. This most notably happens with aḍ:

• Fui aḍ Napuli "I was in Naples" [ˈfui̯ anˈnapuli];
• Ilu vivil aḍ Briṭonya "he lives in Great Britain" [ilu ˈviviɬ abːriˈθɔɲa].

Further phonemes are found in certain dialects only; for example, far eastern Numidian (Cirta, Hippo Regius, and neighboring areas) shares with Sicilian and Sardinian the LL → /ɖ(ɖ)/ sound change, where the other Atlantic dialects have /ʎ/ (or /j/) instead, as in /ɔjˈtɕaɖ/ for standard /waˈtɕaj ~ waˈtɕaʎ ~ ɔɪ̯ˈtɕaʎ/ oichaly "bird". Far eastern Numidian shares retroflexing sound changes with Sicilian, like [ʈɽ] for standard /tr/ (e.g. otrantih as [ɔˈʈɽɑntiχ]) and [ʂɽ] for standard /str/ (e.g. istrony "strange" as [iˈʂɽɔɲ]).

In southern Mauritania (Santa Lucia, Tarudant, Varsasat and neighboring areas), /ɕ ç~x/ have remained distinct, but the former's realization has shifted to a peculiar phone transcribed as [θ̠] (alveolar non-sibilant voiceless fricative). Like areas where it is realized as [ɕ], but unlike standard Atlantic and general Mauritanian /ç/, it does not front and/or raise following vowels, e.g. xarv "slave" [ˈθ̠arav], Std. [ˈçærav].

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i i		u u
Mid	e ɛ		o ɔ
Low		a a

Orthography

c, g, h

The letters c, g, h have different pronunciations depending on the following vowel:

• Before a, o, u they represent /k ɡ χ/
• Before i, e they represent /tɕ dʑ ç/

Note that the /ç/ phoneme may also be written x in all positions due to a general sound shift, representing earlier /ɕ/ when written as such. Most Numidian dialects still pronounce x as /ɕ/. In order to write the same sounds before the opposite pair of letters, the following letters or digraphs are used:

• Palatal sound + a, o, u → ch, j, x
• Velar sound + i, e → qu, gu; the sequences /χi χe/ do not exist in Atlantic.

s, x

The letter s may represent two or three different phonemes depending on dialect: /s z/ are common to all Atlantic dialects, with /z/ never occurring word-initially or word-finally and being the only one to happen before voiced consonants, and being written as s intervocalically; in this position, the only one where it contrasts with /s/, the latter is written ss.

Word-finally, /s z/ do not contrast as only the former is possible, however in the /z/ may appear in inflected forms. Despite this, and the option of a /z/ phoneme being realized as [s] word-finally being possible, the orthography does not distinguish between them and always writes s. The only word regularly written with word-final ss is the adverb press "near".

The third phoneme represented by s is /ɕ/, limited to a few Numidian dialects and only occurring before a soft c as in nosciri "to be born" /ˈnɔɕtɕiri/. These dialects' /ɕtɕ/ sequence corresponds to /stɕ/ elsewhere (cf. standard /ˈnɔstɕiri/).

The letter x represents historical /ɕ/, which has shifted to /ç/ in all dialects except for those of mountain areas and far eastern Numidia; a peculiar characteristic of the dialect of Hippo Regius in the far east of the country is the "hardening" of this sound to /ʂ/ (lu xi hipuriginsi). Word-finally, this phoneme is written as ix after vowels, and it may contrast with x in some learned Greek or Latin words which represents /ks/, with the most common minimal pair being seix "six" /sɛç ~ sɛɕ/ [sɛç ~ sɛɕ] vs. sex "sex" /sɛks/ [ˈsɛkɛs]. The only exception is for acronyms where a word-final x was word-medial in the source word; in such words, the i-less spelling is kept but with the /ç/ sound, as in soxnox "Nazi" /sɔçˈnɔç ~ sɔɕˈnɔɕ/ (acronym of soxorista noxunori).
Originally Greek given names with x may be pronounced with either /ç/ or /ks/; the latter pronunciation is more formal, but the former is more common - cf. Anaxagora /anaçaˈgɔra ~ anaksaˈgɔra/ or Xerxi /ˈçɛrçi ~ ˈksɛrksi/. However, for Arixandr and Arixandra only the pronunciation with /ç/ is used.

Epenthesis

Epenthetic unwritten vowels are found in most dialects in virtually every word-final written cluster, except for nasal+stop ones, where only the nasal is pronounced, with the exception of nunc and demonstratives ending in -nc, which also have epenthesis. The epenthetic vowel is always unstressed and of the same quality of the preceding vowel. They are not analyzed as phonemic.

Examples:

• olt "high, tall" (m./n. sg.) /ɔlt/ [ˈɔlɔt] (cf. olta "high, tall" (f. sg./n. pl.) /ˈɔlta/ [ˈɔɬta])
• vestr "your(s)" (m./n. sg.) /vɛstr/ [ˈvɛstɛr] (cf. vestra "your(s)" (f. sg./n. pl.) /ˈvɛstra/ [ˈvɛstra])
• agr "field"/aɡr/ [ˈaɡːar] (cf. agrus "fields" /ˈaɡrus/ [ˈaɡːrus])
• spuns "declared" (m./n. sg.) /spuns/ [ˈspunus] (cf. spunsa "declared" (f. sg./n. pl.) /ˈspunsa/ [ˈspunsa])
• punyt "point" /puɲt/ [puɲ] (cf. punytus "points" /ˈpuɲtus/ [ˈpunʲtʲʉs])
• voḍunt "they go" /ˈvɔðun/ [ˈvɔðun]
• nunc "now" /ˈnunk/ [ˈnunuk]

Note, as for /nC/ finals, that adrint "close to" does have a pronounced [t] when before the indefinite articles un and una.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.

Singular marker	Plural marker	Gender	Notes	Origin	Examples
-a	-os	mostly feminine a few masculine ones	productive for feminine nouns	1st declension; some masculine nouns were originally Greek.	afa → afos (water(s)) (f) poïṭa → poïṭos (poet(s)) (m)
	-ta	neuter		Greek learned borrowings	clima → climata (climate(s)) (n)
-i	-is	masculine, feminine		3rd declension (m./f. nouns)	lavuri → lavuris (work(s)) (m) parti → partis (part(s)) (f)
	-a	neuter		3rd declension (n. nouns) with reanalyzed stems	cordi → corda (heart(s)) (n)
	-inya	neuter	movable -n in the singular	3rd declension (n. nouns)	numi → numinya (name(s)) (n)
	-os	feminine		1st declension for Greek nouns	ninfi → ninfos (nymph(s)) (f)
-∅	-us	masculine	productive	2nd and 4th declension (m. nouns)	vent → ventus (wind(s)) (m)
	-a	neuter	the last consonant may be modified	2nd declension (n. nouns), a few 3rd declension ones	nimal → nimalya (animal(s)) (n)
	-ora	neuter		3rd declension neuters	liṭ → liṭora (coast(s)) (n)
	-ira	neuter		3rd declension neuters	laṭ → laṭira (side(s)) (n)
-u	-a	neuter		4th declension (n. nouns) 2nd declension Greek neuters	cornu → corna (horn(s)) (n) ṭeatru → ṭeatra (theatre(s)) (n)

Vocative

Masculine given names (and a small number of common nouns) in Atlantic have a distinct vocative form. This ending, -u, is not a continuation of the original Latin vocative; instead, it can be explained as a lengthening of the final vowel of original -UM nouns, therefore reconstructing the Pre-Atlantic form as *-ū, which prevented the vowel from being dropped.

The vocative form is used, in popular speech, for every masculine given names which ends in a consonant; prescriptive grammar, however, does not accept it for the common Greek names which had a different ending (and typically end in stressed -os, -on, or -es).
Some examples:

• Cir → Ciru!
• Albert → Albertu!
• Ginnar → Ginnaru!
• Piatr → Piatru!
• Xenofon → Xenofon! (standard), Xenofonu! (colloquial)
• Diocles → Diocles! (standard), Dioclesu! (colloquial)
• Arquimedi → Arquimedi! (does not end in a consonant)

Other masculine words that take vocative -u are consonant-ending common addressing styles or names of charges such as said (Mr.), partun (Lord), chamiroṭ (Comrade), or vasir (Minister), or adjectives often used vocatively such as cor (dial. cuar) "dear".

Adjectives

Adjectives follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.

Declension	Masculine sg. Neuter sg.	Feminine sg. Neuter pl.	Masculine pl.	Feminine pl.
First	-∅	-a	-us	-os
Second	-i		-is

First declension

Singular ex.: charus furmus, charusa furmusa, cordi furmus = "handsome boy", "beautiful girl", "kind heart"

Plural ex.: charusus furmusus, charusos furmusos, corda furmusa = "handsome boys", "beautiful girls", "kind hearts"

Second declension

Singular ex.: amix viroci, amixa viroci, joixi viroci = "real friend", "real friend", "real pleasure"

Plural ex.: amicus virocis, amixos virocis, joixa virocha = "real friends", "real friends", "real pleasures"

Comparatives and superlatives

Atlantic, unlike other Romance languages, maintained the synthetic forms for comparatives and superlatives, though it still uses the common Romance analytic forms in less formal styles:

• Formal:

  Lucia i Tecra funt oltos. "Lucy and Thecla are tall."

  Tecra ê olxura pu Lucia. "Thecla is taller than Lucy."

  Tecra ê olxissima. "Thecla is the tallest one."

• Informal:

  Tecra ê prus olta pu Lucia. "Thecla is taller than Lucy."

  Tecra ê la prus olta. "Thecla is the tallest one."

In some mostly set phrases, the synthetic comparatives are always used, like in Il Monti Chandiḍ ê il monti olxissim di Jolya i Iṭolya. "Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in France and Italy" (never, while grammatically correct, "ê il monti prus olt").
Analytic comparatives use prus "more" (or miny "less"), the adjective, and pu introducing the comparison term (the latter also in synthetic comparatives). Analytic superlatives use the article before prus or miny, while synthetic comparatives never use the article.

Synthetic comparatives are, for all adjectives, second declension adjectives formed with -iuri (with i assimilating to the previous consonant):

Singular: arun olxuri, turi olxura, nimal olxuri "taller student", "taller tower", "taller animal"

Plural: arunis olxuris, turis olxuris, nimalya olxura "taller students", "taller towers", "taller animals"

Adjectives in -rCi or -lCi typically have -Criuri (e.g. charilbi "famous" → ciribriuri "more famous")

For most adjectives, synthetic superlatives are first declension adjectives in -issim:

Singular: arun olxissim, turi olxissima, nimal olxissim "tallest student", "tallest tower", "tallest animal"

Plural: arunis olxissimus, turis olxissimos, nimalya olxissima "tallest students", "tallest towers", "tallest animals"

Adjectives in -rCi or -lCi (-ER in Latin) form the superlative in -iarim, e.g. charilbi → ciribiarim "most famous".
Adjectives in -iri (-ILIS in Latin) form the superlative in -ilyim, e.g. faxiri "easy" → faxilyim "easiest".

Irregular forms

Some adjectives exclusively have synthetic forms which are irregular or suppletive. Often, Atlantic replaced the positive grade with a different adjective, similar to other Romance languages (as in PRESSUM, VETULUM, MINŪTUM instead of PROPINQUUM, SENEM, PARVUM), but kept the irregular forms, adding more suppletion.

Adjective	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
	bon (dial. buan) (good')	milyuri (better)	utim (dial. oitim, autim) (best)
	mal (bad, evil')	pijuri (worse)	pessim (worst)
	grandi (great, large)	mojuri (greater)	maxim (greatest)
	minuṭ (dial. parv) (small)	minuri (lesser)	minim (least)
	murt (dial. mult) (much, many)	prus (more)	plurim (most)
	press (near, close)	prupiuri (nearer)	proxim (nearest, next)
	postir (next, future, following)	postiriuri (later)	postrim (last, latest)
	vialt (dial. velt) (old, aged)	sinyuri (or an. prus vialt) (older, elder)	sinissim ('oldest, eldest')
	juvini (young, youthful)	junyuri (or an. prus juvini) (younger)	junissim ('youngest')

Articles, demonstratives, and possessives

The indefinite article and the possessives are inflected like first declension adjectives; the definite article and the distal demonstrative, however, have a distinct form for the neuter singular.

Type	Masculine sg.	Neuter sg.	Feminine sg. Neuter pl.	Masculine pl.	Feminine pl.
Definite article	il	lu	la	lus	los
Indefinite article	nu		una	unus	unos
This, these (non-distal)	lûnc		lânc	lûsus	lôsos
That, those (distal)	lûric	ludic	lâric	lûsic	lôsic
meu, teu, seu	meu		ma	meus	mos
nostr, vestr	nostr		nostra	nostrus	nostros

The remaining possessives (eiu, ilur, ilor, ipsur, ipsor), which derive from genitive forms, are not inflected.

In informal writing and speech, the articles are typically reduced, with definite articles losing the initial l (il remains the same) and indefinite una becoming na; indefinite plural articles are not used in informal speech, with arpol ("some", from Latin ALIQUOD) being used instead.

Demonstratives are more complex as they vary dialectally. Standard Atlantic, Mauritania, western Numidia (as far east as Cartennae), almost all of the Sahara, and the Senegal river region use forms unique in the Romance-speaking world, derived from ILLE and HUNC, HANC, HŌS, HĀS for the non-distal and ILLIC for the distal; the remaining areas use forms in common with other Romance languages, from Vulgar Latin *eccu + ISTE for the non-distal and ILLE for the distal one. The forms of those pronouns vary according to the region; the areas around Fallaba, in southern Numidia, maintain the animacy distinction of the pronouns even in the demonstratives.

Dialect	Standard Mauritanian Western Numidian Senegal Riparian Teneréïc		Central Numidian		Eastern Numidian		Fallaba				Agabal (Laghouat)
Type	Non-distal	Distal	Non-distal	Distal	Non-distal	Distal	Non-distal, animate	Non-distal, inanimate	Distal, animate	Distal, inanimate	Non-distal	Distal
Masculine singular	lûnc	lûric	cist	chaly	cist	cedd [ˈtɕeɖ(ɖ)]	quist	sist	quir	sir	apist	apely
Neuter singular		ludic					—		—
Feminine singular Neuter plural	lânc	lâric	cista	chalya	cista	cedda	quista	sista	quira	sira	apista	apelya
Masculine plural	lûsus	lûsic	cistus	chalyus	cistus	ceddus	quistus	sistus	quirus	sirus	apistus	apelyus
Feminine plural	lôsos	lôsic	cistos	chalyos	cistos	ceddos	quistos	sistos	quiros	siros	apistos	apelyos

Atlantic, unlike other Romance languages with a two-way demonstrative distinction, uses the "proximal" form for medial demonstratives, which is hence termed "non-distal":

Lûnc vixilc pu eu tenyu ê ciruly. "This car that I have is blue." (cf. Italian "Questa macchina che io ho è blu")

Lûnc vixilc pu tu tenis ê ciruly. "That (lit. this) car that you have is blue." (cf. It. "Quella/codesta macchina che tu hai è blu")

Ludic vixilc pu Lucia tenil ê ciruly. "That car that Lucy has is blue." (cf. It. "Quella macchina che ha Lucia è blu")

Correlatives

	Demonstrative	Relative	Interrogative	Indefinite relative	Indefinite
				sit-...-fuaril	ar-, arpol
basic	lûnc ...	pi? (person) piḍ? (thing)	pi pu	sit-pi-fuaril sit-pu-fuaril	arpol un ...
number	tantu	pol		sit-pot-fuaril	arpol
type	tori	pori?	ilpori ...	sit-pori-fuaril	alpori
place where	ivi	uvi		sit-uvi-fuaril	arpol uvi
manner	sic	pundo		sit-pundo-fuaril	arpol pundo
time	nunc	pandu		sit-pandu-fuaril	arpandu

Indefinite relatives follow the noun or whatever they refer to:

Do-m duna cupalca sit-pori-fuaril. "Give me any [kind of] glass/any glass you want."

Iṭurus fimu sit-uvi-fuaril tu viaris. "We will go anywhere you want."

Numerals

Cardinals

1 un (m/n), una (f)

2 du (m/n), dos (f)

3 tris (m/f), tria (n)

4 patol

5 pimpi

6 seix

7 seuti

8 oitu

9 noi

10 dexi

11 undixi

12 duḍixi

13 triḍixi

14 paturdixi

15 pindixi

16 siḍixi

17 seutendixi

18 oituḍixi, arch. duḍi(vi)xinti

19 novendixi, arch. undi(vi)xinti

20 vinti, arch. vixinti

21 vinti un (m/n), vinti una (f)

(...)

30 tirjinto

40 pardointo

50 pimpointo

60 sixointo

70 seutointo

80 oitointo

90 nunointo

100 cent

(...)

200 duxentus (m), duxentos (f), duxenta (n)

300 tircentus (m), tircentos (f), tircenta (n)

400 pardingentus (m), pardingentos (f), pardingenta (n)

500 pingentus (m), pingentos (f), pingenta (n)

600 sixentus (m), sixentos (f), sixenta (n)

700 seutingentus (m), seutingentos (f), seutingenta (n)

800 oitingentus (m), oitingentos (f), oitingenta (n)

900 nungentus (m), nungentos (f), nungenta (n)

1000 mily

x000 ~(n) milya (e.g. 2000 du milya, 3000 tria milya)

A peculiar innovation of Atlantic is the cardinal sispiun(a) (← SĒSQUI UNUM/UNAM), meaning "one and a half".

Ordinals

Standalone ordinal numerals exist for the units 1-10, for the tens, one hundred, and one thousand:

1st prim

2nd sihund

3rd tiarx

4th port

5th pinyt

6th sest

7th seutim

8th oitov

9th nunim

10th dexim

20th vixisim

30th trixisim

40th pardoxisim

50th pimpoxisim

60th sissoxisim

70th seutoxisim

80th oituxisim

90th nunoxisim

100th cintisim

1000th milyisim

Intermediate numbers combine the ordinals of units with the ones of the tens or the immediately preceding non-zero digit, with the remaining part being the same as the cardinal:

11th dexim prim

37th trixisim seutim

103rd centisim tiarx

119th cent dexim nunim

200th sihund cintisim

240th du cintisim pardoxisim

244th duxenta pardoxisim port

1006th milyisim sest

1116th mily cent dexim sest

3000th tiarx milyisim

3900th tria milya nunim cintisim

3970th tria milya noi cintisim seutoxisim

3975th tria milya nungenta seutoxisim pinyt

In informal spoken language, however, for numbers from 21 onwards except those with standalone forms, it is common for all digits but the last to be cardinal, e.g. vinti prim for 21st or duxenta pimpointo sest for "256th".

Pronouns

The Atlantic pronoun system has less forms than Latin does, but is still (clitic system aside) more complex than other Romance languages. A peculiarity, shared with a few languages such as older forms of Italian, is that there is an animacy distinction in the third person pronouns, with animate forms derived from the Latin demonstratives (ILLUM, cf. It. egli, ella), and the inanimate ones derived from the emphatics (IPSUM, cf. It. esso, essa).

Person & Class / Case			Nominative	Accusative		Oblique		Possessive
				Full	Clitic1	Full	Clitic1
1SG			eu	mi	-(u)m	mivi	-(u)mi	meu
2SG			tu	ti	-(u)t	tivi	-(u)ti	teu
3SG	Animate	Masculine	ilu		-ru, -lu2	li	-(u)l	eiu
		Feminine	ila		-ra, -la2
	Inanimate	Masculine	ipsu		-(s)u	si	-si
		Neuter
		Feminine	ipsa		-(s)a
1PL			nus		-(u)n	nuis	-(u)nuv	nostr
2SG			vus		-(u)v	vuis	-(u)vuv	vestr
3SG	Animate	Masculine	ilus		-rus, -lus1	lis	-ris, -lis1	ilur
		Feminine	ilos		-ros, -los1			ilor
	Inanimate	Masculine	ipsus		-(s)us	sis	-sis	ipsur
		Neuter	ipsa		-(s)a
		Feminine	ipsos		-(s)os			ipsor
Refl.			—	si	-(u)s	sivi	-(u)si	seu

Table notes:

1. When preceding any clitic, third person singular -l becomes -t (e.g. ilu viḍil "he sees", ilu viḍit-un "he sees us").
2. The forms with -l- are used after consonants, except for t, d, or n; those with -r- after vowels and the previously mentioned consonants.

For courtesy forms, traditionally the locution la sinyuria is used (e.g. la sinyuria dixil "you [formal] say"), with third person singular agreement no matter if the referent is plural or singular. Among younger generations, French influence has made vus (e.g. vus dixiṭi as the formal equivalent of tu dixis) also common as a courtesy form.

The accusative and indirect forms most commonly used are the clitic ones. The full forms are used for emphasis and after prepositions.

• Heri viḍi-ru "I saw him yesterday"
• Heri viḍi-ra "I saw her yesterday"
• Heri viḍis-lu "You saw him yesterday"
• Cros daṭur-um iaris dil cuḍixi? "Will you give me the book tomorrow?" (note that Atlantic is secundative!)
• Cros daṭur-li iaris? "Will you give that tomorrow?"
• Du-ru dil cuḍixi "I give him the book"
• Custiṭil-umi pardointo dinoris. "It cost me 40 denarii"

Furthermore, there are the two weak adverbial pronouns an and iv. The former is used to replace indefinite, quantitative, and ablative expressions, as well as arguments introduced by di; the latter replaces locative and lative ones:

• Parlantis iromu dâ nova taviarna di vistimenta "we were talking about the new clothing shop" → Parlantis an iromu "we were talking about it"
• Amiṭa ma tenil pimpi virocha vosa sininsa "my aunt has five real Chinese vases" → Amiṭa ma an tenil pimpi "my aunt has five of them"
• – Tenis una tauleta? "do you have a tablet" – Oc, an tenyu (una) "yes, I have (one)"
• Amix meu fuara voil e insura "my friend goes out of the apartment" → Amix meu fuara an voil "my friend goes out of it"
• Iṭur sungu nôs Aṭinos "I will go to Athens" → Iv iṭur sungu "I will go there"
• Iaris nôs Sirohusos? "Are you in Syracuse?" → Oc, iv sungu "Yes, I am there"

Prepositions

(TBA)

• di (< DĒ) — of; also introduces themes of ditransitive verbs and the arguments of certain verbs. It also translates "about, concerning of".

  Ê la suari di Mateu. "it's Matthew's sister."

  Frolti meu dat-um dû vos. "my brother gives me the vase"

  Oc, quior ê pu memini di Lucia! "yes, of course I remember Lucy!"

  Ê nu cuḍixi dâ Bialya Puniha. "It is a book about the Punic Wars."

  Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta prûs ambrantis. "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'."

  Nila taviarna apiri-m di oly, pon insifiḍ, arpol uva, tir, i orivos. "In the shop I buy oil, salt-less bread, some grapes, cheese, and olives."

  Filyuar meu dimandovit-um dôs noviṭoṭis. "My son asked me about the news/what's new."

  Turi-t dil pon. "I brought you the bread."

• aḍ (< AD) – expresses motion to or state in certain places. Typically, some nouns require aḍ, usually public services, islands, or open spaces, plus singular names of cities and plural countries, while others require in. It also introduces gerunds.

  Sungu â staxuni. "I am at the station."

  Voḍu aḍ Midran. "I'm going to Milan."

  Suari ma vivil aḍ Britonya. "My sister lives in Great Britain."

  Nil anu proxim iṭur sungu âlos Sinos. "Next year I'll go to China."

  Ê sis mexa hura aḍ atendiri âlus missus. "He said he waited half an hour at the post office."

• in(< IN) — expresses motion to or state in certain places, including most closed buildings, singular countries, and plural names of cities (the reverse of aḍ). It also introduces many expressions of time.

  Sungu nila taviarna. "I am in the shop."

  Voḍu in Grecia. "I am going to Greece."

  Suari ma vivil nôs Sirohusos. "My sister lives in Syracuse."

  Nil anu proxim iṭur sungu âlos Sinos. "Next year I'll go to China."

• e (< EX) — expresses motion from (ablative), as well as "from" when referring to a time back in the past. It is also used for derivation or specifying a material, as well as translating "of" when it implies the result of something:

  Fuara voḍu êxa staxuni. "I go out of the station."

  Cros rivertu e Londiny. "I'm coming back from London tomorrow."

  Lûnc fuxili ê êxu Sihund Bialy Glubori. "This rifle is from World War II."

  Lânc charṭeda ê e foj. "This chair is made of beech wood."

  Los nimbos rumonxos provenint êxu laṭin. "Romance languages are derived from Latin."

  Frigiranta, congiranta, iscarfomenta. La mirolca êxu elaso. "Fridges, freezers, heating. Wonders of progress."

• cu (< CUM) — expresses an instrument or a comitative argument.

  July secal arbolis câ sihuri. "Julius cuts trees with the axe."

  Prefiaru scriviri cuna pena. "I prefer to write with a pen."

  Trubu cu Tecra. "I sing with Thecla."

• tras (< TRANS) — through; among (in this case usually without article); expresses the agent in passive sentences.

  Duhu trâu chastr. "I drive through the city."

  Tecra ê la arumma prus chandinta tras crassi. "Thecla is the best/most clever student in the class."

  Lânc faita spunsa fiarunt trâl guviarn. "These deeds were promised by the government."

  Lus cuḍixis hoi aḍeut doṭ tras Mateu. "The books have been given to me by Matthew."

  Ila difusit-us surxoitoṭa trâ proṭista. "She was left surprised by the protest."

  When the focus is on walking through something, or the means of transport is stated, the construction of a motion verb + tras + indirect object is typically replaced by the transitive verb trasmergiri "to cross":

  Voḍu trâ cholyi (in peḍis/cu aḍ ambrori) "I cross the road (on foot)" → Trasmergu la chalyi.

  Duhimu trâ Hilvixa "We drive across [the whole of] Switzerland" → Trasmirgimu la Hilvixa (in vixilc).

• incop (likely < *in caput) — on, over:

  Iv ê nivi incopa teita dûs eḍifixus. "There is snow on the roofs of buildings."

  Nuiros vuarant incopu chastr. "Clouds fly/float over the city."

  Il chat durmil incopil leit. "The cat is sleeping on the bed."

• sut (< SUBTUM) — below, under; with names of regnants/governors used for "during the reign/government of":

  Il chat cucoṭ ê sutta taula. "The cat is lying under the table."

  Lûnc chastr custruch fuch sut Troion. "This city was founded during the reign of Trajan."

  Inviniva nîl il curtialy, siḍ iaral suttu tistulc. "I couldn't find the knife, but it was under the napkin."

• pro (< PRŌ, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) – for, for the benefit of; for measures. Also used as a conjunction with a supine meaning (but ut is preferred in formal usage):

  Lânc flura funt pro tivi. "These flowers are for you."

  Los ninyos nila cholyi cînt di trasmirgimenta prûs ambrantis. "The stripes in the road are called by the name of 'crossing for pedestrians'."

  Bilyomu prâ gluria di Ruma! "We fight for the glory of Rome!"

  Lânc ê una hilnyura pro nu litr di cirivixa. "This is a glass [that can contain] one litre of beer."

  Faitur-u sungu nunc, pro cros haviri prus temp feiror. "I'll do it now, in order to have more free time tomorrow."

  Filyuara ma dimandovit-um pro eu dixissi la aliteia. "My daughter asked me to tell [her] the objective truth."

  La leva dâ agora proposiṭ hal una lixi prûs direitus varihoṭus. "It seems that the left in Parliament has proposed a law for LGBT rights."

• groxa (< GRĀTIĀ, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel) — thanks to, because of + positive experience

  Dinoji iv funt miny muartis nilu cunolb groxa lus heurimenis nila iatria. "Today there are less [cases of] death during infancy, thanks to the discoveries in medical science."

  Groxa lu bon etiri heri vosimu âlu mari. "Because of the nice weather we went to the sea yesterday."

  Inteligi-su groxa stuxa ma. "I understand it because of my studies/what I studied."

• estra (< EXTRĀ, with pre-Atlantic shortening of the final vowel), meaning "outside" (stative), also figuratively:

  Aṭendu estra la ircexa. "I wait outside the church."

  Nila seumona proxima sissur sungu estra la tiara. "Next week I'll be abroad (lit. "outside the land")."

  Lûnc ê estra ofixa ta. "This isn't part of your duties (lit. "this is outside your duties")."

• adrint (< ADHÆRENTEM), meaning "near" (in space or time)

  Lus missus funt adrint monxuni ma. "The post office is near my house."

  Fimu adrintâ Risureuxuni. "We are close to Easter. / Easter is near."

  Midran siṭ ê adrintil nimiṭi hilviṭih. "Milan is close to the border with Switzerland."

• controri (< CONTRĀRIUM) means "against", or "opposite to" when used with places:

  Lus partinxonus otrantihus bilyoirunt controri la higuemonia fascista. "Atlantic partisans fought against the Fascist dictatorship."

  Ilu ê tutijurn controri mi. "He's always against me."

  Monxuni ma ê controri la supirtaviarna. "My house is opposite the supermarket."

• difaxi (< DĒ FACIĒ (AD)) means "next to":

  Lus missus funt difaxâ supirtaviarna. "The post office is next to the supermarket."

  Ilu tutijurn seḍil difaxi mi. "He always sits next to me."

• circ (< CIRCUM), meaning "around":

  Lu helicoptero vuaral circû chastr. "The helicopter flies around the city."

  Ambromu circâ pratia. "We walk around the square."

  Circ los curios dil guviarn fuch una massa di pirsunos cu aḍ proṭistori. "Around the governmental offices there was a crowd of people protesting."

• siny (< SINE), meaning "without". The siḍiri + siny structure (to be without) is frequently used where English prefers "to have no":

  Lânc caramela funt siny sucar. "These sweets are sugar-free (lit. "without sugar").

  Possun nîl viviri siny tivi! "I can't live without you!"

  Sungu siny pihunya. "I have no money (lit. "I am without money")."

  Barban meu ê siny infantis. "My uncle has no children."

• cis (< CIS), meaning "before", also introducing subordinate clauses with subjunctive.

  Lus missus funt cîsa taviarna. "The post office is before the shop."

  Fuṭur ê cîsa dominiha. "It will be/happen before Sunday."

  Faxi-su cis nus rivirtomu! "Do it before we come back!"

• uls (< ULS), meaning "after" (in time or introducing subordinates) or "beyond".

  La taviarna ê ursus missus. "The shop is after/beyond the post office."

  Fuṭur ê ursa dominiha. "It will be/happen after Sunday."

  Nito tutijurn lus dentis uls tu manxos! "Always brush your teeth after eating."

  Faitur-u sungu uls eu finya. "I'll do it after I finish [this]."

Table of contractions

→ Preposition ↓ Article	di	aḍ	in	e	cu	tras	incop	sut	pro	adrint	difaxi	circ	cis	uls
il	dil	âl	nil	exil	cul	trâl	incopil	sut il	prôl	adrintil	difaxil	circûl	cis il	ursil
lu	dû	âlu	nilu	êxu	cû	trâu	incopu	suttu	prû	adrintû	difaxû	circû	cîsu	ursu
la	dâ	â	nila	êxa	câ	trâ	incopa	sutta	prâ	adrintâ	difaxâ	circâ	cîsa	ursa
lus	dûs	âlus	nûs	êxus	cu lus (arch.) cûllus	trâus	incopus	suttus	prûs	adrintûs	difaxûs	circ lus	cîsus	ursus
los	dôs	âlos	nôs	êxos	cu los (arch.) cûllos	trôs	incopos	suttos	prôs	adrintôs	difaxôs	circ los	cîsos	ursos
nu	dun	ân	nun	exun	cun	tras un	incop un	sut un	pro un	adrint un	difaxun	circ un	cis un	uls un
una	duna	âna	nuna	exuna	cuna	tras una	incop una	sut una	pro una	adrint una	difaxuna	circ una	cis una	uls una

Adverbs

(TBA)

Some locational adverbs have two distinct forms: one of them lative and the other stative:

English	Lative	Stative
Outside	fuara	difuara
Inside	intra	dintra (formerly written dîntra)
Here	aïvi	ivi
There	aloc	iloc
In front of	âfronti	difronti
Behind	âretru	diretru

Verbs

Verbs generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, Atlantic did not develop a conditional mood.

The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese.

Verbs in Atlantic are typically cited with three or four principal parts: the infinitive, the 1sg present indicative, the 1sg past indicative, and the past participle; unlike Latin, but like other Romance languages, the infinitive and not the 1sg present indicative is used as citation form. The 1sg present indicative is mostly needed in cases where the root had a short E in Latin which is stressed (and kept or broken) in the 1sg present indicative form, but unstressed in the infinitive (where it therefore became /i/). An example is the verb irori "to make a mistake" ← ERRĀRE, whose 1sg present indicative form is iaru ← ERRŌ (cf. cinsiri "to think" (← CĒNSĒRE) and cinsi "I think" (← CĒNSEŌ), where this does not happen due to the different original vowel).

Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts).

The conjugations are often shared between the various dialects, though their semantic and syntactical usage may vary somewhat (especially for compound tenses). Note that Eastern Numidian, having not undergone the word-final t → l shift, has -t endings for the third-person forms (e.g. amat instead of amal for "he/she/it loves").

First conjugation

The first conjugation includes verbs whose infinitive ends in -ori (← -ĀRE).

First conjugation, simple tenses: amori, amu, amovi, amoṭ "to love"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	amu	amova	amovi	amiara	ami	amoissi	amiaru	—
2SG	amos	amovos	amoisti	amiaros	amis	amoissis	amiaris	amo
3SG	amal	amoval	amovil	amiaral	amil	amoissil	amiaril	amil
1PL	amomu	amovomu	amoimu	ameromu	amimu	amoissimu	amerimu	amimu
2PL	amoṭi	amovoṭi	amoisti	ameroṭi	amiṭi	amoissiṭi	ameriṭi	amoṭi
3PL	amant	amovant	amoirunt	amiarant	amint	amoissint	amiarint	amint
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	amanti	amoṭ	amoṭur	amand	amori

Second conjugation

The second conjugation includes verbs whose infinitive ends in stressed -iri: it merges the Latin second and fourth conjugations (← -ĒRE and -ĪRE) as well as, due to influence of the first person singular of the present indicative, the reflexes of many third conjugation -IŌ verbs (like chafiu, chafiri from CAPIŌ, CAPERE) which have been reanalyzed into this conjugation, undergoing a stress change. The third person plural of the present indicative of original fourth conjugation verbs and the participles of second conjugation ones have then been altered by analogy (with original second and third conjugation forms respectively), creating this conjugation pattern.

Most second (and third) conjugation verbs are not completely regular and have a different stem in the perfect, usually inherited from Latin (cf. for the two verbs above spondi "I declare", spofondi "I declared" (← SPONDEŌ, SPOPONDĪ) and chambi "I change", chansi "I changed" (← CAMBIŌ, CAMPSĪ)). There are therefore two different possible exits for the 1SG and 3SG in the perfect, usually depending on how it was conjugated in Latin:

1. Latin perfects in -ĒVĪ, -VĪ, -ĪVĪ: -ei, -isti, -eil, -imu, -isti, -irunt
2. All other verbs: -i, -isti, -il, -imu, -isti, -irunt

Furthermore, the regular past participle for all second conjugation verbs is -iṭ (← -ITUM, -ĪTUM), but many verbs have irregular forms (such as spuns "promised" for spondiri). The future participle for all verbs is formed by adding -ur to the past participle.

Second conjugation (regular, -i past), simple tenses: diviri, divi, deubi, diviṭ "to have to"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	diviu	diviva	deubi	deubiara	divia	deubissi	deubiaru	—
2SG	divis	divivos	deubisti	deubiaros	divios	deubissis	deubiaris	divi
3SG	divil	divival	deubil	deubiaral	divial	deubissil	deubiaril	divial
1PL	divimu	divivomu	deubimu	deuberomu	diviomu	deubissimu	deuberimu	diviomu
2PL	diviṭi	divivoṭi	deubisti	deuberoṭi	divioṭi	deubissiṭi	deuberiṭi	diviṭi
3PL	divint	divivant	deubirunt	deubiarant	diviant	deubissint	deubiarint	diviant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	divinti	diviṭ	diviṭur	divind	diviri

Second conjugation (regular, -ei past), simple tenses: durmiri, durmiu, durmei, durmiṭ "to sleep"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	durmiu	durmiva	durmei	durmiara	durmia	durmissi	durmiaru	—
2SG	durmis	durmivos	durmisti	durmiaros	durmios	durmissis	durmiaris	durmi
3SG	durmil	durmival	durmeil	durmiaral	durmial	durmissil	durmiaril	durmial
1PL	durmimu	durmivomu	durmimu	durmeromu	durmiomu	durmissimu	durmerimu	durmiomu
2PL	durmiṭi	durmivoṭi	durmisti	durmeroṭi	durmioṭi	durmissiṭi	durmeriṭi	durmiṭi
3PL	durmint	durmivant	durmirunt	durmiarant	durmiant	durmissint	durmiarint	durmiant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	durminti	durmiṭ	durmiṭur	durmind	durmiri

Third conjugation

The Atlantic third conjugation corresponds to the majority of third conjugation verbs in Latin, and their infinitive ends in unstressed -iri (← -ERE). They are the least regular, with nearly every verb in the conjugation having an irregular perfect stem and an irregular past participle. Also, the only verbs with -ei perfects Unlike other conjugations, the stress in first and second person plural forms is consistently on the stem in the tenses where the other persons are also stressed on the stem (present and past (first person only) indicative, present subjunctive, and the imperative); the distinctive first person form -umu likely arose due to the first vowel of the ending being a schwa which came to have the same quality of the following one.

Third conjugation (-i past), simple tenses: tangiri, tangu, tiṭigi, toit "to touch"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	tangu	tangiva	tiṭigi	tiṭijara	tanga	tiṭigissi	tiṭijaru	—
2SG	tangis	tangivos	tiṭigisti	tiṭijaros	tangos	tiṭigissis	tiṭijaris	tangi
3SG	tangil	tangival	tiṭigil	tiṭijaral	tangal	tiṭigissil	tiṭijaril	tangal
1PL	tangumu	tangivomu	tiṭigimu	tiṭigeromu	tangomu	tiṭigissimu	tiṭigerimu	tangomu
2PL	tangiṭi	tangivoṭi	tiṭigisti	tiṭigeroṭi	tangoṭi	tiṭigissiṭi	tiṭigeriṭi	tangiṭi
3PL	tangunt	tangivant	tiṭigirunt	tiṭijarant	tangant	tiṭigissint	tiṭijarint	tangant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	tangenti	toit	toitur	tangend	tangiri

Third conjugation (-ei past), simple tenses: apeṭiri, apeṭu, apeṭei, apiṭiṭ "to attack, rush towards"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	apeṭu	apiṭiva	apeṭei	apiṭiara	apeṭa	apiṭissi	apiṭiaru	—
2SG	apeṭis	apiṭivos	apiṭisti	apiṭiaros	apeṭos	apiṭissis	apiṭiaris	apeṭi
3SG	apeṭil	apiṭival	apeṭil	apiṭiaral	apeṭal	apiṭissil	apiṭiaril	apeṭal
1PL	apeṭumu	apiṭivomu	apeṭimu	apiṭeromu	apeṭomu	apiṭissimu	apiṭerimu	apeṭomu
2PL	apeṭiṭi	apiṭivoṭi	apiṭisti	apiṭeroṭi	apeṭoṭi	apiṭissiṭi	apiṭeriṭi	apeṭiṭi
3PL	apeṭunt	apiṭivant	apeṭirunt	apiṭiarant	apeṭant	apiṭissint	apiṭiarint	apeṭant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	apiṭenti	apiṭiṭ	apiṭiṭur	apiṭend	apeṭiri

The verb fairi (← FACERE), faxu, fixi, fait "to do, make" is a regular third conjugation verb, except for it having contracted forms in the infinitive and in the 2SG and 3SG indicative present; all other forms are regular. The same principle extends to the same forms of the verb voiri (← VĀDERE) "to go", however, it is irregular due to suppletion in other moods and tenses.

Inchoative verbs are all third conjugation ones, and their infinitive ends in unstressed -esciri [-ˈɛstɕiri]. Their past always has [-sk-]] (e.g. amesqui "I started to love", amesquisti "you started to love"), and their past participles are regular -esciṭ, -esciṭur. Most of them are derived by other verbs, but some have unique meanings (e.g. cunyussesciri "to meet someone for the first time", or locutions with impersonal verbs such as (tempora) hiviarnescunt "winter is starting" (lit. "times start to winter")).

To be (siḍiri), to have (haviri), and other irregular verbs

The verbs "to be" (siḍiri ← ASSIDĒRE, most of the conjugation from SUM, parts from FĪŌ, participles also from ASSIDEŌ) and "to have" (haviri ← HABĒRE) are irregular. The former is deeply suppletive (inheriting many irregularities from Latin); the latter is functionally a second conjugation verb with widespread irregularities due to contraction and analogy.

"To be", simple tenses: siḍiri, sungu, fui, sis

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	sungu	iara	fui	fiara	siu fïa	fussi	fiaru	—
2SG	iaris	iaros	fusti	fiaros	sis fïos	fussis	fiaris	es
3SG	ê	iaral	fuch	fiaral	sil fïal	fussil	fiaril	fïal
1PL	fimu	iromu	fuimu	firomu	simu fiomu	fussimu	firimu	fiomu
2PL	fiṭi	iroṭi	fusti	firoṭi	siṭi fioṭi	fussiṭi	firiṭi	esti
3PL	funt	iarant	ferunt	fiarant	sint fïant	fussint	fiarint	fïant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	siḍenti	sis	sissur fuṭur	siḍend	siḍiri

Of the two future participles, sissur is used when in a locative sense, otherwise fuṭur is used. In the present subjunctive, the fïa ones are used when the meaning is optative, which leads to them being used as imperatives:

• Spiru pu fioṭi sihurus. "I hope you may be safe." (cf. spiru pu siṭi sihurus which makes the sentence assume the alternate meaning of sihur, "sure" - "I hope you are sure")
• Fioṭi sihurus! "May you be safe!"
• Esti sihurus! "Be safe!"

"To have", simple tenses: haviri, hoi, hoibi, haiṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	hoi	hiva	hoibi	haviara	heia	hoibissi	haviaru	—
2SG	hais	hivos	hoibisti	haviaros	heios	hoibissis	haviaris	hai
3SG	hal	hival	hoibil	haviaral	heial	hoibissil	haviaril	heial
1PL	havimu	hivomu	hoibimu	haveromu	heiomu	hoibissimu	haverimu	heiomu
2PL	haviṭi	hivoṭi	hoibisti	haveroṭi	heioṭi	hoibissiṭi	haveriṭi	haviṭi
3PL	hant	hivant	hoibirunt	haviarant	heiant	hoibissint	haviarint	heiant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	haventi	haiṭ	haiṭur	havend	haviri

Note that, exclusively when expressing possession, the regular verb tiniri is usually the preferred one for "to have", e.g. tenyu du infantis = hoi du infantis "I have two children". However, compound tenses exclusively use forms of haviri.

The verb dori (to give) has a monoconsonantal stem, except for 1SG present indicative which is extended like in siḍiri. The subjunctive has been remodeled after the new 1SG present indicative, but the inherited forms (marked with a dagger) are attested in archaic texts:

"To give", simple tenses: dori, dungu, deḍi, doṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	dungu	dova	deḍi	diḍiara	dunga den†	diḍissi	diḍiaru	—
2SG	dos	dovos	deḍisti	diḍiaros	dungos dis†	diḍissis	diḍiaris	do
3SG	dal	doval	deḍil	diḍiaral	dungal del†	diḍissil	diḍiaril	dungal del†
1PL	damu	dovomu	diḍimu	diḍiromu	dungomu dimu†	diḍissimu	diḍirimu	dungomu dimu†
2PL	daṭi	dovoṭi	diḍisti	diḍiroṭi	dungoṭi diṭi†	diḍissiṭi	diḍiriṭi	daṭi
3PL	dant	dovant	diḍirunt	diḍiarant	dungant dent†	diḍissint	diḍiarint	dungant dent†
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	donti	doṭ	doṭur	dand	dori

The verb stori, stungu, steṭi, staṭ (to stand) follows the same conjugation; however, it is literary, replaced in parts of its conjugation by sistiri, sistu, steṭi, staṭ:

"To stand", simple tenses: sistiri, sistu, steṭi, staṭ ~ stori, stungu, steṭi, staṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	sistu stungu	sistiva stova	steṭi	stiṭiara	sista stunga sten†	stiṭissi	stiṭiaru	—
2SG	sistis stos	sistivos stovos	steṭisti	stiṭiaros	sistos stungos stis†	stiṭissis	stiṭiaris	sto
3SG	sistil stal	sistival stoval	steṭil	stiṭiaral	sistal stungal stel†	stiṭissil	stiṭiaril	sistal stungal stel†
1PL	sistimu stamu	sistivomu stovomu	stiṭimu	stiṭiromu	sistomu stungomu stimu†	stiṭissimu	stiṭirimu	sistomu stungomu stimu†
2PL	sistiṭi staṭi	sistivoṭi stovoṭi	stiṭisti	stiṭiroṭi	sistoṭi stungoṭi stiṭi†	stiṭissiṭi	stiṭiriṭi	staṭi
3PL	sistunt stant	sistivant stovant	stiṭirunt	stiṭiarant	sistant stungant stent†	stiṭissint	stiṭiarint	sistant stungant stent†
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	sistenti stonti	staṭ	staṭur	sistend stand	sistiri stori

The same -ngu form in the 1SG present indicative is also found as an alternate, less formal form for the second conjugation verb sciri "to know" (scingu instead of more formal/written language sciu).

The verb fiariri (to bring) has regular inflections (except for 2SG and 3SG present indicative and 2SG/2PL imperative), but is suppletive:

"To bring", simple tenses: fiariri, fiaru, turi, loṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	fiaru	firiva	turi	turiara	fiara	turissi	turiaru	—
2SG	fiars	firivos	turisti	turiaros	fiaros	turissis	turiaris	fiar
3SG	fiart	firival	turil	turiaral	fiaral	turissil	turiaril	fiaral
1PL	fiarumu	firivomu	turimu	tureromu	fiaromu	turissimu	turerimu	fiaromu
2PL	fiariṭi	firivoṭi	turisti	tureroṭi	fiaroṭi	turissiṭi	tureriṭi	fiarti
3PL	fiarunt	firivant	turirunt	turiarant	fiarant	turissint	turiarint	fiarant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	firenti	loṭ	loṭur	firend	fiariri

The verb meminiri (to remember) is the only perfect-present Latin verb which remains irregular in Atlantic by having mixed forms: the original, morphologically perfect forms remain in the first person singular and third person plural, while the other ones are rebuilt following the present of the third conjugation. It remains deponent with no synthetic past but with newly formed participles and infinitive.

"To remember", simple tenses: meminiri, memini, ~, mimint

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	memini	miminiva	mimint sungu	mimint iara	miminenti siu	mimint fussi	mimintur siu mimintur fiaru	—
2SG	meminis	miminivos	mimint iaris	mimint iaros	miminenti sis	mimint fussis	mimintur sis mimintur fiaris	—
3SG	meminil	miminival	mimint ê	mimint iaral	miminenti sil	mimint fussil	mimintur sil mimintur fiaril	—
1PL	meminumu	miminivomu	mimintus fimu	mimintus iromu	miminentis simu	mimintus fussimu	miminturus simu miminturus firimu	—
2PL	meminiṭi	miminivoṭi	mimintus fiṭi	mimintus iroṭi	miminentis siṭi	mimintus fussiṭi	miminturus siṭi miminturus firiṭi	—
3PL	meminirunt	miminivant	mimintus funt	mimintus iarant	miminentis sint	mimintus fussint	miminturus sint miminturus fiarint	—
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	miminenti	mimint	mimintur	miminend	meminiri

The third person plural present and the first and second person plural imperfect forms are in speech virtually always contracted to memmirunt, mimmivomu, mimmivoṭi [ˈmɛŋnirun], [miŋniˈvɔmu], [miŋniˈvɔθi].

The verb oiri (to speak, say, tell) is an Atlantic innovation, suppletive as made from three Latin roots - ĀIŌ, LOQUOR, and FOR:

"To speak, say, tell", simple tenses: oiri, fual(, lofiva), ai(, fial), lohuṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	fual	lofiva	ai	lofiara	fial'	lofissi	lofiaru	—
2SG	foris	lofivos	aîsti	lofiaros	firis	lofissis	lofiaris	fori
3SG	foril	lofival	ail	lofiaral	firil	lofissil	lofiaril	firil
1PL	fomu	lofivomu	aîmu	loferomu	fimu	lofissimu	loferimu	fimu
2PL	fomiṭi	lofivoṭi	aîsti	loferoṭi	fimiṭi	lofissiṭi	loferiṭi	fomiṭi
3PL	fant	lofivant	aîrunt	lofiarant	fent	lofissint	lofiarint	fent
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	lofenti	lohuṭ	lohuṭur	lofend	oiri

The verb possiri (to be able to), mostly inherited from POSSUM, POSSE, unlike other verbs, wasn't regularized and even lost forms, so that it is defective and relies on participles for all forms except for the present and imperfect indicative and the non-finite ones:

"To be able to", simple tenses: possiri, possun, —, potiṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	possun	poṭiara	potiṭ sungu	potiṭ iara	poṭenti siu	potiṭ fussi	potiṭur siu potiṭ fiaru	—
2SG	poṭis	poṭiaros	potiṭ iaris	potiṭ iaros	poṭenti sis	potiṭ fussis	potiṭur sis potiṭ fiaris	–
3SG	poṭ	poṭiaral	potiṭ ê	potiṭ iaral	poṭenti sil	potiṭ fussil	potiṭur sil potiṭ fiaril	–
1PL	possumu	poṭiromu	potiṭus fimu	potiṭus iromu	poṭentis simu	potiṭus fussimu	potiṭurus simu potiṭus firimu	–
2PL	poṭesti	poṭiroṭi	potiṭus fiṭi	potiṭus iroṭi	poṭentis siṭi	potiṭus fussiṭi	potiṭurus siṭi potiṭus firiṭi	–
3PL	possunt	poṭiarant	potiṭus funt	potiṭus iarant	poṭentis sint	potiṭus fussint	potiṭurus sint potiṭus fiarint	–
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	poṭenti	potiṭ	potiṭur	poṭend	possiri

The verb vialyiri "to want" is irregular, inherited from Latin:

"To want", simple tenses: vialyiri, vuaru, vuli, voriṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	vuaru	voriva	vuli	vulyara	viari	vulissi	vulyaru	—
2SG	vis	vorivos	vulisti	vulyaros	viaris	vulissis	vulyaris	vialy
3SG	vult	vorival	vulil	vulyaral	viaril	vulissil	vulyaril	viaril
1PL	vorumu	vorivomu	vulimu	vuleromu	virimu	vulissimu	vulerimu	virimu
2PL	vultis	vorivoṭi	vulisti	vuleroṭi	viriṭi	vulissiṭi	vuleriṭi	vialyiṭi
3PL	vuarunt	vorivant	vulirunt	vulyarant	viarint	vulissint	vulyarint	viarint
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	vorenti	voriṭ	voriṭur	vorend	vialyiri

The verb voiri (to go) is a new suppletive from two different Latin verbs, VĀDERE (which gives the infinitive, present participle, indicative present, indicative past, and the imperative) and ĪRE. The infinitive is a contracted form from earlier voḍiri (cf. fairi from faxiri).

"To go", simple tenses: voiri, voḍu, (iva,) vosi, (ira,) iṭ(, ja)

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	voḍu	iva	vosi	ira	ja	issi	iru	—
2SG	vois	ivos	vosisti	iros	jos	issis	iris	voi
3SG	voil	ival	vosil	iral	jal	issil	iril	jal
1PL	voḍumu	ivomu	vosimu	iromu	jomu	issimu	irimu	jomu
2PL	voḍiṭi	ivoṭi	vosisti	iroṭi	joṭi	issiṭi	iriṭi	voḍiṭi
3PL	voḍunt	ivant	vosirunt	irant	jant	issint	irint	jant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	voḍenti	iṭ	iṭur	ivund	voiri

Deponent verbs

Deponent and defective verbs have been partially regularized, that is, they have been rendered true active verbs in the present and imperfect indicative and in the subjunctive, but only have analytic forms for the past and pluperfect. Therefore, they all look like Latin semi-deponent verbs.
All deponent verbs in Atlantic are third conjugation verbs.

There are less deponent verbs than in Latin, but most of them are quite commonly used:

• aḍipisciri "to get, obtain" (also auxiliary) ~ aḍipiscu, aḍeut
• fruiri "to enjoy" ~ fruu, fruit
• groltiri "to thank" ~ groltu, groṭ (dialectally non-deponent groltori/groṭurori, groltu/groṭuru, groltovi/groṭurovi, groṭuroṭ)
• ispiariri "to experience" ~ ispiaru, ispiart
• meminiri "to remember" ~ memini, mimint
• obrivisciri "to forget" ~ obriviscu, obriṭ
• opiniri "to think, judge" ~ opinu, opinoṭ (dialectally non-deponent opinori, opinu, opinovi, opinoṭ)
• oriri "to appear" ~ oriu, ort

Periphrastic forms

Atlantic verbs, in addition to the synthetic forms listed above, conjugate using an array of periphrastic forms, here with trubori "to sing" as an example verb:

• Present continuous: present participle + present of siḍiri

  e.g. trubanti sungu "I'm singing"

• Past continuous: present participle + imperfect of siḍiri

  e.g. trubanti iara "I was singing"

• Past reportative (for most verbs) / simple past (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + present of haviri (transitive verbs)/siḍiri (intransitive)

  e.g. truboṭ hal "[it's said that] (s)he sang" — aḍeut hoi "I got" — iṭ ê "[it's said that] (s)he went"

• Pluperfect reportative (for most verbs) / pluperfect (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + imperfect of haviri (transitive verbs)/siḍiri (intransitive)

  e.g. truboṭ hival "[it's said that] (s)he had sung" — aḍeut hiva "I had got" — iṭ iaral "[it's said that] (s)he had gone"

• Future: future active participle + present of siḍiri

  e.g. truboṭur sungu "I will sing"

• Future perfect: future active participle + iṭur (or fuṭur) + present of siḍiri

  e.g. truboṭur iṭur/fuṭur sungu "I will have sung"

In the dialects of Eastern Numidia and coastal Central Numidia, the future is built the same way as in Sicilian and Sardinian, with haviri aḍ plus the infinitive:

• hoi aḍ trubori = truboṭur sungu
• hoi aḍ haviri truboṭ = truboṭur iṭur sungu

The passive forms are also formed periphrastically, with a passive participle and the corresponding forms of siḍiri:

• Present: truboṭ ê "it is [being] sung"
• Imperfect: truboṭ iaral "it was [being] sung"
• Past: truboṭ fuch "it has been/was sung"
• Pluperfect: truboṭ fiaral "it had been sung"
• Future: truband ê "it will be sung"
• Future perfect: truband iṭur/fuṭur ê "it will have been sung"

Some verbs like cîri "to call, name", or verbs such as apiri-s "to buy" when used reflexively (see below for that case), are intransitive and can't build an actual passive, but a passive meaning form is made by using the third person plural, e.g. cînt-u di amuri "it is called 'love' ~ they call it 'love'".

Uniquely among Romance languages, Atlantic has "pseudo-passive" forms which use aḍipisciri (to get, deponent) as an auxiliary verb: they are used with ditransitive verbs, and cast focus on the theme, as Atlantic being secundative means that in true passive forms it's the recipient which becomes subject. However, unlike in true passive forms, the theme is not the subject, and the verb conjugates for the (usually unstated) recipient:

• Present: aḍipiscu doṭ "it is given [to me]"
• Imperfect: aḍipisciva doṭ "it was given [to me]"
• Past: hoi aḍeut doṭ "it has been/was given [to me]"
• Pluperfect: hiva aḍeut doṭ "it was been given [to me]"
• Future: aḍeutur sungu doṭ "it will be given [to me]"
• Future perfect: aḍeutur iṭur/fuṭur sungu doṭ "it will have been given [to me]"

Compare the three forms in this examples:

• Active: Lucia deḍil Francisc dûs cuḍixis.
  Lucia (subj.) gave Francis (recip.; obj.) the books (theme; ind. obj.).
• Passive: Francisc doṭ fuch lus cuḍixis tras Lucia.
  Francis (subj.) was given the books (obj.) by Lucia (agent).
• Pseudo-passive: Lus cuḍixis hal aḍeutus doṭus Francisc tras Lucia.
  The books (synt. obj.) were given to Francis (subj.) by Lucia (agent).

In the last sentence, we can note that the auxiliary form of haviri is in the third person singular, agreeing with "Francis", while the participles are masculine plural, agreeing with "the books".

Some verbs often used in the reflexive, like the above mentioned apiri-s "to buy" (its actual object is the beneficiary, which is treated as being reflexive in the majority of cases this verb is used in, e.g. apiri-m di arpol pon "I buy [myself] some bread"), are actually ditransitive and follow the same argument pattern as dori, and are usually passivized in all three ways, with the third person plural being predominant when there's no stated agent:

• Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa. "Three kilograms of rice are bought."
• Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma. "I have been bought the bread by mom."
• Il pon hoi aḍeut apisiṭ tras mama ma. "The bread has been bought for me by mom."

Epistemic modality is expressed through four different constructions, with either the infinitive or a content clause. In order of probability, they are possiviri ê, poṭ siḍiri, proisiviri ê, and divil siḍiri:

• Possiviri ê Lucia trubanti siḍiri./Possiviri ê pu Lucia trubanti sil. "Lucy might be singing."
• Poṭ siḍiri Troion comeiri./Poṭ siḍiri, pu Troion comeḍal. "Trajan may be eating."
• Proisiviri ê Deura durmiri./Proisiviri ê, pu Deura durmial. "Deborah should be sleeping/probably sleeps."
• Divil siḍiri Cornily scîri./Divil siḍiri, pu Cornily scial. "Cornelius must know [about it]."

Syntax

Purpose

Purpose is expressed by subjunctive clauses introduced by ut (in formal styles) or pro:

Lus partinxonus bilyoirunt ut Otrantiana eleuterisoṭa fussil.
[lus partiɲˈçɵnus biˈjwarun ut‿ɔtranˈtjana ɛlɛu̯tɛriˈzɔθa ˈfusiɬ]
DEF.MASC.PL. partisan-PL. fight-IND.PAST.3PL. in_order_to. Atlantiana.SG. free-PART.PAST.FEMM.SG. be.SUBJ.PAST.3SG.
Partisans fought in order to free Atlantiana.

Nitomu lu scriutolb ut aciferimu il vasir.
[niˈtɔmu lu skriu̯ˈtɔlɔb ut‿atɕifɛˈrimu ɮ‿vaˈzir]
clean-IND.PRES.3PL. DEF.NEUT.SG. office.SG. in_order_to. receive-SUBJ.FUT.3PL. DEF.MASC.SG. minister.SG.
We are cleaning the office in order to receive the Minister.

Tantost intirnolcos, divi voiri â taviarna pro apixaru-m dil tun i dûs tasartus.
[tanˈtɔsɔt intirˈnɔɬkɔs divi ˈvwari a‿taˈvjarna prɔ‿a̯piˈçærum diɬ‿ˈtun i dus‿taˈzartus]
as_soon_as. arrive-IND.PRES.2SG. have_to-IND.PRES.1SG. go-INF. to-DEF.FEMM.SG. shop-SG. in_order_to. buy-SUBJ.FUT.1SG=REFL.1SG. of-DEF.MASC.SG. tuna.SG. and. of.DEF.MASC.PL. fig-PL.
As soon as you arrive, I have to go to the shop to buy tuna and figs.

Conditional sentences

Not having a conditional mood, unlike most other Romance languages, Atlantic uses the indicative or the subjunctive mood in conditional clauses. The if-clause is introduced by si:

Si vois aḍ Midran, visur iaris il Dom.
[si‿ˈvwas am‿miˈdran viˈzur ˌjaris iɮ‿ˈdɔm]
if. go.IND.PRES.2SG. to. Milan. see.PART.FUT.MASC.SG. be.IND.PRES.2SG. DEF.MASC.SG. cathedral.SG.
If you go to Milan, you'll see the Domm.

Si incharis la afa uls cent graḍus, bulyiṭura ê.
[s‿inˈtɕaris l‿ˈafa ˈulus ˌtɕɛŋ‿ˈɡraðus bujiˈθura ˌɛ]
if. warm-IND.PRES.2SG. DEF.FEM.SG water.SG. beyond. one_hundred. degree-PL. boil.PART.FUT-FEM.SG. be.IND.PRES.3SG.
If you heat water over 100 degrees, it will boil.

Si iaros, lu iaruri apirceutur iaris.
[si ˈjarɔs lu jaˈruri apirtɕeu̯ˈtur ˌjaris]
if. make_a_mistake-IND.PRES.2SG DEF.NEUT.SG mistake.SG. note.PART.FUT-MASC.SG. be.IND.PRES.2SG.
If you make a mistake, you'll notice it.

Speculative conditional sentences use the past or future subjunctive in their if-clause (as in most Romance languages) and, contrary to sentences such as the above ones, the present (not the future, nor the imperfect) indicative in the main clause:

Si fussi cu fami, voḍu â jonya.
[si ˈfusi ku‿ˈfami ˈvɔðu a‿ˈdʑɔɲa]
if. be.SUBJ.PAST.1SG. with. hunger.SG go.IND.PRES.1SG. to.DEF.FEMM.SG. restaurant.SG.
If I were hungry, I'd go to the restaurant.

Si hoibissimu la pihunya, apirimu-n duna charuha novialya.
[si χwaˈbisimu la piˈχuɲa aˈpirimun duna tɕaˈruχa nɔˈvjaja]
if. have.SUBJ.PAST-1PL. DEF.FEMM.SG. money.SG buy.IND.PRES-1PL.SUBJ=1PL.RECIP. PAT-INDEF.FEMM.SG. car.SG new-FEMM.SG.
If we had [enough] money, we'd buy a new car.

Si haverimu la pihunya, apirimu-n duna charuha novialya.
[si χavɛˈrimu la piˈχuɲa aˈpirimun duna tɕaˈruχa nɔˈvjaja]
if. have.SUBJ.FUT-1PL. DEF.FEMM.SG. money.SG buy.IND.PRES-1PL.SUBJ=1PL.RECIP. PAT-INDEF.FEMM.SG. car.SG new-FEMM.SG.
If we'll have [enough] money, we'll buy a new car.

Past speculative conditionals use the pluperfect subjunctive in the if-clause and the past subjunctive in the main one:

Si heri sisa fussi cu fami, issi â jonya.
[si ˈçeri ˈsisa‿ˌfusi ku‿ˈfami isi a‿ˈdʑɔɲa]
if. yesterday. been.PART.PASS-FEMM.SG. be.SUBJ.PAST.1SG. with. hunger.SG go.SUBJ.PAST.1SG. to.DEF.FEMM.SG. restaurant.SG.
If yesterday I had been hungry, I'd have gone to the restaurant.

Si atent hoibissil, viḍissimu-n.
[si aˈtɛnt χwaˈbisiɬ viðiˈsimun]
if. waited.PART.PASS.MASC.SG. have.SUBJ.PAST.3SG. see.SUBJ.PAST-1PL.SUBJ=1PL.OBJ.
If he had waited, we would have seen each other.

Reported speech

Like other Romance languages, in Atlantic references shift in reported speech: the present tense becomes an imperfect; the past becomes pluperfect; the future either remains future or becomes a future-in-the-past, formed with the future participle and the past of siḍiri.

Afiari la puarta.
[aˈfjari la‿ˈpwarta]
open-IND.PRES.1SG. DEF.FEM.SG. door.SG.
I open the door.

Annunxoṭa dixil, pu ila afirival la puarta.
[anunˈçɵθa ˈdiçiɬ pu ˈila afiˈrivaɬ la‿ˈpwarta]
Annunziata. say.IND.PAST.3SG. that. 3SG.ANIM.FEM. open-IND.IMPF.3SG. DEF.FEM.SG. door.SG.
Annunziata said that she opened/was opening the door.

Heri comisis orisa?
[ˈçeri kɔˈmizis ɔˈriza]
yesterday. eat.IND.PAST-2SG. rice.SG.
Did you eat rice yesterday?

Ginnar dimandovit-um, si eu comixara orisa il jurn inanx.
[dʑiˈnar dimanˈdɔvitum si ˈɛu̯ kɔmiˈçæra ɔˈriza iɮ‿ˈdʑurun iˈnanaç]
Gennaro. ask-IND.PAST-3SG=1SG.ACC. if. 1SG.NOM. eat.IND.PLUPERF.1SG. rice.SG. DEF.MASC.SG. day.SG. before.
Gennaro asked me if I had eaten rice the day before.

Cros comisura sun orisa.
[ˈkrɔs kɔmiˈzura‿ˌsun ɔˈriza]
tomorrow. eat.PART.FUT-FEM.SG. be.IND.PRES.1SG. rice.SG.
I will eat rice tomorrow.

Charmiala dixit-umi, pu cros ila comisura ê orisa.
[tɕarˈmjala ˈdiçitumi pu ˈkrɔs ˌila kɔmiˈzura‿ˌɛ ɔˈriza]
Carmen. say-IND.PAST-3SG=1SG.DAT. that. tomorrow. 3SG.ANIM.FEM. eat.PART.FUT-FEM.SG. be.IND.PRES.3SG. rice.SG.
Carmen told me that she'll eat rice tomorrow.

Charmiala dixit-umi, pu ila comisura fuch orisa il jurn sifenti.
[tɕarˈmjala ˈdiçitumi pu ˌila kɔmiˈzura‿ˌfutɕ ɔˈriza iɮ‿ˈdʑurun siˈfɛnti]
Carmen. say-IND.PAST-3SG=1SG.DAT. that. 3SG.ANIM.FEM. eat.PART.FUT-FEM.SG. be.IND.PAST.3SG. rice.SG. DEF.MASC.SG. day.SG. following.MASC.SG.
Carmen told me that she would have eaten rice the following day.

Indirect statements with the infinitive

In the most formal Atlantic styles, a construction in imitation of Latin syntax is used for indirect statements, using the bare infinitive:

Aprovu ti fairi-su.
[aˈprɔvu ti ˈfaɪ̯rizu]
like-IND.PRES-1SG. 2SG.OBJ. do-INF=3SG.MASC.INAN.OBJ.
I like that you do it.

Trista sungu ila cunsihuṭa siḍiri nîl.
[ˈtrista ˈsuŋɡu ˌila kunsiˈχuθa siˈðiri‿ˌniɬ]
sad-FEM.SG be.IND.PRES.1SG. 3SG.FEM.SUBJ. managed-FEM.SG. be-INF=NEG.
I'm sad that she didn't manage to do it.

Aprovu ti fait haviri-su.
[aˈprɔvu ti ˈfaɪ̯t χaˈvirizu]
like-IND.PRES-1SG. 2SG.OBJ. do.PART.PAST.MASC.SG. have-INF=3SG.MASC.INAN.OBJ.
I like that you did it.

Sciu Lucia vintura siḍiri.
[ˈstɕiw luˈtɕi.a vinˈtura siˈðiri]
know-IND.PRES-1SG. Lucy. come-PART.FUT-FEMM.SG. be-INF.
I know Lucy is coming.

In many cases, less formal styles prefer the subjunctive:

Nixissori ê eu dori-t dâ pihunya.
[niçiˈsɔri ɛ ɛu̯ ˈdɔrit da piˈχuɲa]
necessary-NEUT.SG. is.IND.PRES.3SG 1SG.SUBJ. give-INF-2SG.OBJ of.FEMM.SG. money-FEMM.SG.
It is necessary that I give you money.

Nixissori ê pu dunga-t dâ pihunya.
[niçiˈsɔri ɛ pu ˈduŋɡat da piˈχuɲa]
necessary-NEUT.SG. is.IND.PRES.3SG that. give-SUBJ.PRES.1SG-2SG.OBJ of.FEMM.SG. money-FEMM.SG.
It is necessary that I give you money.

Vocabulary

The vast majority of Atlantic vocabulary is composed by inherited Latin words; compared to other Romance languages, Atlantic has been more resistant to borrowings than all of them except for Sardinian and Central Italian. Many Atlantic words have cognates, often with similar meanings, in other Romance languages:

Atlantic	Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	French	Lombard	Italian	Sicilian	Romanian	English
oichaly	ave	ave	ocell	oiseau	usell	uccello	aceḍḍu	pasăre	bird
ircexa	igreja	iglesia	església	église	gesa, cesa	chiesa	chiesa	biserică	church
coluri	cor	color	color	couleur	color	colore	culuri	culoare	colour
chariḍ	quente	caliente	calent	chaud	cold	caldo	caudi	cald	hot
laiti	leite	leche	llet	lait	lacc	latte	latti	lapte	milk
comeiri, comeḍiri	comer	comer	menjar	manger	mansgià	mangiare	manciari	mânca	to eat

However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (feriri "to bring" from FERRE; jolb "yellow" from GALBUM, hirnya "jug" from HIRNEAM, aḍipisciri "to obtain, get" from ADIPISCĪ, foḍina "mine" from FODĪNAM), or shows less semantic drift (CIVITĀTEM → civiṭoṭi maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (CASTRUM "military camp" → chastr "city"; ANIMAM "soul" → amma "person"; EDENDA "to be eaten" → iḍenda "food"; CŪNĀBULUM "cradle" → cunolb "childhood"; (AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM → pronunxoṭ "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → luxirca "lamp"; *scriptabulu → scriutolb "office", *rẹscula → riscura "thing").

As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (barcuga "plum", dilfa "oleander", nilufar "water lily", mausa "banana", xarab "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: xamal "North", xarc "East", janub "South", garb "West"; vadi "stream"; buhaira "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (hicaiat "folklore", caraba "amber", quitab "scientific text", nafi "stove", quirtan "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (malic "king", cadi "judge", said "Mr.", vasir "minister", suc "market", hasis "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (igrem "village", agadir "castle", lala "Madam", tamasirt "belongings", idurar "mountain chain", reg "rocky desert", aga "bucket", tavalt "juniper", tasart "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as cacatar "chameleon", gnas "measles", guende "lion" or guilem "camel", all from Wolof.

Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (taliori "to look at", scros "unripe", possibly at an earlier time charus "boy") or Neapolitan (cucori "to lie down", turquin "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with avantaix "advantage" or hostaria "bar" from French; trubori "to sing" from Occitan; galaria "gallery" from Italian). More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example asurori "atelier", surxoitori "to surprise" (surprendre), discori "DJ" (disquaire), partiṭ "political party" (partie); English ones include peḍi-pilirca "football" or art cholyiha "street art"; internationalisms with differing roots include for example supirtaviarna "supermarket", chastrinsism "urbanism", guinequism "feminism"). There are calques also from other sources, such as the primary Atlantic greeting, paix cu tivi and the variants paix cu vuis and paix câ sinyuria ([may] peace [be] with you), being a calque of Arabic as-salāmu ʿalaykum.

The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (guineca "woman", heurimen "discovery"). Most Ancient Greek reborrowings have however a learned origin, such as halma "heartbeat", apocrima "refusal", drasi "efficacy", elaso(n) "progress", eleuteria "freedom", elilameni "civilization", iatria "medicine", sinfero(n) "common cause"). Many internationalisms of Greek origin also maintain a form closer to the original, including neuter gender, -ta plurals and movable nu when applicable (tropaio(n) "trophy", stadio(n) "stadium", ṭeatro(n) "theater", helicoptero(n) "helicopter").
Often there are doublets of Greek and Latin forms, where the Latin forms are used in more concrete or common senses, while the more abstract senses use the Greek word. For example paix is used for "peace, calm, tranquillity", while the ideal of peace is ireni; similarly, livirṭoṭi denotes the absence of momentary constraints, while eleuteria is the word used for the freedom of a person, a people, or a country.

Even in modern day colloquial Atlantic, calques are preferred to borrowings, and some "hyperpurist" words, sometimes coined back from Latin roots, emerge at the expense of English or French internationalisms; for recent examples, see idemulc "selfie" (Lat. ĪDEM + -ulc ← -ŪCULUM) and the derived verb idemulcori-s; genti "smartphone" (clipping of tilefon intiligenti); tenia "malware" (from the word for "tapeworm, taenia", itself a Renaissance reborrowing from Lat. TÆNIA); valy igni "firewall" (equiv. to Lat. VALLUM ĪGNEUM); precalcuroṭ "budget" (equiv. to Lat. *præcalculātum, possibly influenced by Modern Greek προϋπολογισμός); tuṭurolb "tutorial" (equiv. to Lat. *tūtorābulum); cunfirmolc "voucher" (equiv. to *cōnfirmāculum); advirtenti "ad" (English calque, equiv. to Lat. ADVERTENTEM). Some of these are not exclusive to Atlantic, see e.g. surixi "(computer) mouse", using the same word for the animal (Lat. SŌRICEM), while in other cases Atlantic uses the same Latin root, but "adapted" to Atlantic in order to fit with native suffixes and roots: a major example is the word spunsuri for "sponsor", coined after the English by taking the same Latin word and effectively mimicking how the word would have evolved if it had been inherited, in order to fit with the existing cognate word spuns and the suffix -uri.
In a few cases, the adaptation to Atlantic of foreign loanwords creates interesting cases where the resulting word has no Latin root, but uses otherwise nativized roots whose foreign origin is not apparent to native speakers, as with hatm-roidus "hashtag" (literally "bars' stamp", with the Atlantic word for "stamp" (hatm) being an Arabic borrowing and the one for "bar" (roid) an early (Medieval) Greek one, from ῥάβδος).

Days and months

The days of the week in Atlantic derive from the standard pre-Christian Roman names, including, unlike in sister languages, the name for Saturday, which still refers to Saturn:

English	Atlantic	Gender	IPA
Sunday	dominiha	f	[dɔˈminiχa]
Monday	diluni	m	[diˈluni]
Tuesday	dimarti	m	[diˈmarti]
Wednesday	dimircuri	m	[dimirˈkuri]
Thursday	dijovi	m	[diˈdʑɔvi]
Friday	diveniri	m	[diˈvɛniri]
Saturday	dissaṭurni	m	[disaˈθurni]

On the other hand, the months of the year for the most part have names that are quite different from the other Romance languages, though except for August they parallel those found in Sardinian:

English	Atlantic	Gender	IPA
January	joinori	m	[dʑwaˈnɔri]
February	firvori	m	[firˈvɔri]
March	morx	m	[ˈmɔrɔç]
April	arpili	m	[arˈpili]
May	moi	m	[mwa]
June	santjoni	m	[sanˈdʑɔni]
July	triturxuni	f	[triturˈçʉni]
August	sunxuni	f	[sunˈçʉni]
September	chafutany	n	[tɕafuˈtaɲ]
October	nurtixuni	f	[nurtiˈçʉni]
November	ommisantor	m	[ɔŋnizanˈtɔr]
December	noṭori	m	[nɔˈθɔri]

All dates are read with ordinal numerals preceded by the masculine article il (standing for il jurn "the day") followed by di plus the definite article of the month name. Thus, June 23 is il vixisim tiarx dil santjoni, August 9 is il nunim dâ sunxuni, or September 30 is il trixisim dû chafutany. In the Atlantic calendar, it has remained customary to use charenda (a retroformation from lat. Kalendæ) for the first day of the month and idus (plurale tantum, masculine unlike in Latin) for the thirteenth one (generalized also to those months whose Ides were on the fifteenth day in the Roman calendar). So for example February 1 is la charenda dil firvori and October 13 is lus idus dâ nurtixuni.

The main festivities (excluding those of other ethnic groups) in Atlantiana are the following ones, mostly related to Catholic tradition:

• los Charendos (New Year's Day - January 1)
• la Epifanya (Epiphany - January 6)
• la Motrunoria i la Feira di Morx (Matronalia and Feriae Martis - March 1)
• la Risureuxuni (Easter)
  • la Paxuni (Good Friday)
  • la Dominiha dâ Risureuxuni (Easter Sunday)
• la Condixuni di Ruma (Day of the Founding of Rome - April 21)
• il Jurn dû Lavuri (Labour Day - May 1)
• il Jurn di Sant Joni (St. John's Day - June 24)
• la Neutunoria, sivi Jurn dû Mari i dôs Afos (Neptunalia, or Day of the Sea and Waters - July 23)
• la Sunxuni dâ Virgini (Assumption of Mary - August 15)
• il Jurn di Sant Ostin (St. Augustine's Day - August 28)
• il Jurn di Tuṭus lus Santus (All Saints' Day - November 1)
• il Jurn dâ Immahuroṭa Cunceuxuni (Immaculate Conception - December 8)
• il Jurn di Santa Lucia (St. Lucy's Day - December 13)
• la Noiviṭoṭi (Christmas - December 25)
• il Jurn di Sant Stefan (St. Stephen's Day - December 26)
• il Postrim dil ann (New Year's Eve - December 31)

Texts

La Amanti di Malgromi

Atlantic translation of the beginning of Sicilian writer Giovanni Verga's short story "L'Amante di Gramigna"^(IT).

Fuch e prus pu murtus annus pu aḍilic, tangenti lu Simetu, viniṭovant nu fuaralixi, tol Malgromi, si non iaru, nu numi maldeit pundo la jarba pu fiart-u, pu exun nimiṭi dâ pruvinxa aḍuspil oltr diseuriara il tiruri di foma sa.

Charaviniris, miriṭis i efiṭis insefivant-ru e du minsis, siny aḍipisciri di puniri supra dilu manus ilur: sul iaral, siḍ variva pro dixi, i la mala jarba amminossoval di murtiprihori-s.

I aḍend ê pu intirnolcovant la tempora dâ messi, tuṭa la culyiuxuni dil ann â voruntoṭi dil Sinyuri, cumpu lus possiḍentis impirilcovant-us nîl cu fuara aḍ voiri exil igrem exil pavuri aḍ Malgromi; pro lûnc la lomenta iarant sparsa.

Il prifeit hoibil tuṭus lus saidus dâ pestura, dûs charaviniris, i dûs cunsuartis di miriṭia advohoṭus, i suviṭu voḍesquirunt patrulyos, turmilcos, pruvisuris aḍ pempi fossoṭ i diretru pempi murilc: viniṭovant-ru âfronti ilur pundo una bestia mala tras una pruvinxa tuṭa, nil jurn, nila noiti, tras peḍis, tras chavoly, trâu telegrafo.

Malgromi isdiroltoval e manus ilur, oi rispondiva tras spara, si ambrovant-ul nimis nûs surcus. Nôs camponyos, nûs igremus, trâus agrus, suttos tendos dôs jonyos, los ammos parlovant nîl di oltr pu di ilu, di Malgromi, di lâric vinoxuni pirsistenti, di lâric ivoxuni dispiroṭa.

Lus chavolyus dûs charaviniris chaḍivant faṭihoṭus pundo muartus fussint; lus cunsuartis di miriṭia cucovant-us finiṭus incopu poiment, in tuṭa la efilya; lus patrulyos durmivant sistentis tras peḍis; ilu sul, Malgromi, non iaral vioḍaniuna faṭihoṭ, non durmival vioḍaniuna, tutijurn bilyoval, ascindival rufis, corifival trôs messis, tras patol peḍis curival trâus tasartus-cactus simurantis sirvos, pirfurtivoval pundo nu luf fussil trâus leitus oriḍus dûs vadis.

Tras duxenta milya incircu curival la faula di oitus eiu, di animusiṭoṭi, viris eiu, di lâric luita dispiroṭa, ilu sul contru mily, faṭihoṭ, famint, ors trâ siṭi, nâ proniṭoṭi imminsa, orsa, sut il sul dil santjoni.

Peppa, una trôs charusos prus furmusos in Licodia, divival mariṭori in lânc tempora cunsuarti Finu "chandira di siv" pu tiniva tiaros âl sul i una xamila baḍia nû efil, i iaral un bunjuvini grandi i furmus pundo il sul, pu firiva lu vixily di Santa Margariṭa pundo nu pilastr fussil, siny prihoment dûs lumbus.

The North Wind and the Sun (il Vent dil Xamal i il Sul)

Un jurn, il vent dil xamal i il sul iarant cu aḍ discuṭiri di pori e ambus fussil lu prus forti, pandu aprufimpovat-us un vioṭihuri cuna toa chariḍa.

Concordoṭus fuarunt pu lu prim, pu cunsihuṭ fussil aḍ fairi pu il vioṭihuri tolyissil la toa, cunsiḍiroṭ fiaril prus forti dil oltr.

Dindi il vent dil xamal suflesquil, forti pundo poṭiara, siḍ cumprus sufloval prus il vioṭihuri istringivat-us nila toa; i nil fini il vent dil xamal cessovil cû isfuarx. Dindi il sul chandesquil chariḍomenti, i suviṭu il vioṭihuri susturil la toa.

Sic il vent dil xamal deubil concordori, pu il sul iaral lu prus forti e ambus.

The Ant and the Grasshopper (la Furmiha i la Ucusta)

Nun champ, nun jurn dâ istoṭi, una ucusta ival cu aḍ soltori ivi i aḍilic, i cricoval i truboval sifenti cordi seu. Una furmiha aprufimpovat-us, cu aḍ fiariri cu isfuarx una rista e furment pu firenti iara âu coi.

"Pupro non venis pro oiri cu mivi," dixil la ucusta, "loh di sic lavurori?"

"Sungu cu aḍ juvori ut acumurimu iḍenda prôl hiviarn," dixil la furmiha, "i cunsilyu-t fairi lu meṭissim."

"Pupro distrampilyori-s exil hiviarn?" dixil la ucusta; "nunc tinimu iḍenda avundanta." Siḍ la furmiha pirstiṭil inanx in iṭir seu cû isfuarx.

Pandu tempora hiviarnesquirunt la ucusta tinival nîl iḍenda niuna i difusit-us cu aḍ moriri êxa fami, cu ila aḍ viḍiri los furmihos compartintis la furmenta êxa sifosiṭa culyiuta nila istoṭi.

Sic scîsquil la ucusta: Ê milyuri pirparori-s prâ tempora di nixissiṭoṭi.

UDHR Article 1

Tuṭos los ammos noscunt eleuteros i iforos in dinyiṭoṭi i direitus.

Duṭoṭos funt di raxuni i cunxenxa i divint feriri-s cul oltr seu nun spiriṭ di froltiriṭoṭi.