Holenagic

Holenagic
Hgoailnaighiäl kjeirsy hgoailnaighiäl
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|[[ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl] [ˈc͡çiːrsy ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl]]]]
Created by	Lili21
Date	Sep 2017
Setting	Calémere
Ethnicity	Holenagics
Native speakers	16,000,000 (2312)
Language family	Evandorian languages Holenagic

Holenagic — natively called Hgoailnaighiäl [ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl] or kjeirsy hgoailnaighiäl [ˈc͡çiːrsy ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl]] — is a language of the planet of Calémere, spoken natively by about 13 million people on Holenagika (Hol.: Hgoailnaigkää [ˈɣɔʎnadʒkɛː] Ísc.: Holenágieca; Cer.: Holenájica; Chl.: Hålinaika), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).

It is an Evandorian language and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar - for example, it is the only Evandorian language to have developed person marking on verbs - cf. ehd [eː] "to reach" (< Proto-Evandorian *etmeȟ "to close"; cf. Íscégon and Cerian éma, Besagren ema (all "to finish")) and ehdvṅ [ˈejwəŋ] "he/she/it reaches" (cf. Ísc. and Cer. éma which needs a pronoun). Also notable are the various sound changes, which led Holenagic to develop many clusters; anyway, it is the only Evandorian language that has kept original /q/ and (often) /ŋ/ from Proto-Evandorian. These two consonants, extremely rare in the modern languages of the family, give Holenagic its unique sound, also because of their use in common words - cf. fuq "he", fqa "she".
It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in hdieigv "road" /iːvʎ/ [iːvʲ] (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/).

Phonology

Consonants

→ PoA ↓ Manner	Labial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasals	m		n̥ nᵞ nʲ		ŋ̊ ŋ
Plosives	p b		t d		k ɡ	q
Affricates			ts dz	tɕ dʑ cç
Fricatives		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ ç	x ɣ
Laterals			l̥ lᵞ	ʎ
Trill			r̥ r rʲ
Approximants				j	w

All consonants except for /n̥ ŋ̊ cç q ç l̥ r̥ j w/ are part of morphophonemic soft-hard alternation pairs. They are the following:

Hard	Soft
/m p b f v/	[mlʲ plʲ blʲ flʲ vlʲ] /mʎ pʎ bʎ fʎ vʎ/
/t d lᵞ r/	/ts dz ʎ rʲ/
/s z/	/ʃ ʒ/
/ŋ k ɡ x ɣ/	/ŋj tɕ dʑ ç ç/

Morphology

Verbs

Present tense

The present tense endings are agglutinative, but all of them except 2SG and 3SG are added to the extended stem instead of the infinitive one (with the exception of 2PL if the extended stem ends in -ṅ).

	1SG	2SG	3SG	1PL	2PL	3PL
Written	-*	-uis	-vṅ	-*viehh	-*hr	-*ves
Common pronunciation	∅	-uʃ	-wəŋ	-vʲəx	-r̥	-vʲəʃ

Examples:

• hjeilshn /ˈçiːʎəsn̥/ "to read", no ext. stem : hjeilshn, hjeilshnuis [ˈçiːʎəsn̥uʃ], hjeilshnvṅ [ˈçiːʎəsn̥əu̯ŋ], hjeilshnviehh [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ʲix], hjeilshnhr [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ər̥], hjeilsnves [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ʲɪu̯ʃ]
• ehd /ˈeː/ "to go out", ext. stem ehdṅ- : ehdṅ [ˈejəŋ], ehduis [ˈeɣuʃ], ehdvṅ [ˈewːəŋ], ehdṅviehh [ˈejŋvʲəx], ehdhr [ejr̥] ehdṅves [ejŋvʲəʃ]

Reflexive verbs use the following endings (all of them after the extended stem):

	1SG	2SG	3SG	1PL	2PL	3PL
Written	-ohbd	-yhbd	-vuds	-eshb	-ykhbo	-vehhds
Common pronunciation	-oʊ̯d	-yːd	-vudz	-eʃoʊ̯	-ytʃwo	-weːdz

• bods orehg /bodz oˈreɪ̯/ "to go", ext. stem orehgl- : orehglohbd [oˈreɪ̯loʊ̯d], orehglyhbd [oˈreɪ̯lyːd], orehglvyds [oˈreɪ̯lvudz], orehgleshb [oˈreɪ̯leʃoʊ̯], orehglykhbo [oˈreɪ̯lytʃwo], orehglvehhds [oˈreɪ̯lweːdz]

Syntax