Naeng

Naeng
brits Răthoyd
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Lakovic Windermere Naeng

Rhythoed (ruh-THOYD; natively brits Răthoyd or brits Dămea) is the most dominant modern form of Windermere, spoken all over Bjeheond and Rhythoed and in parts of Fyxoom.

Rhythoed is based on the vernacular of Imperial Windermere, and did not change significantly since, except the introduction of more loans. After the Grouidite Revolution, Windermere lost much of its importance in Talma, but still had a strong presence in Bjeheond.

Todo

Accents in Rhythoed

• General Bjeheondian
• Western Bjeheondian
• Plüeng Săfărchal
• Plüeng Midleș
• Plüeng Pădoată
• Feiden / Tumhanian
• Shumian
• Fyxoomian
• Rhythoed (the region in Wen Dămea)
• Other Wen Dămea accents
  • Sătmaș
  • Chăloa
  • Prucüew

Diachronics

Diglossia

Spoken Rhythoed is pretty much the same in all three continents, except for accent and a few vocabulary differences.

Wen Dămea Rhythoed is heavily diglossic: the literature and newscasts use a language much closer to Classical Windermere. [If this were Netagin I'd also include "the upper classes use the normative vocalization". Can Windermere do sth like this - little grammar and morphological rules that ppl can break all the time, and not big grammar differences?] Written Rhythoed in Fyxoom and Bjeheond is very close to the spoken language, but they use different alphabets: Fyxoom uses the Clofabic alphabet, while Bjeheond uses the Wiobian alphabet.

Phonological history

• In Talman Rhythoed, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
• r > ɹ in the Bjeheond dialect (Talma has an Icelandic/Philly accent and Bjeheond has a British RP-ish accent)
• r > ɹ or ʋʴ in the Palkhan dialect
• l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea and Palkhan dialects

Grammatical history

• Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
• Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	' /ʔ/
Affricate			ts /ts/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x/
	nonspirant		s /s/	ł /ɬ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l~ʟ/	y /j/

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	ü /y/	[ɨ]	u /u/
Near-close	ie /ɪ/	üe /ø/		ua /ʊ/
Close-mid	e /e/		ă /ə/	o /o/
Open-mid	ea /ɛ/			oa /ɔ/
Open			a /ɐ/

• Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
• [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ɹ/ in Bjeheondian Rhythoed.

Dialects

Bjeheondian and Palkhan Rhythoed are non-rhotic: ir ür ur er or ar are pronounced /iə yə uə eə oə ɑə~ɑː/. The stops b d g are voiced. The vowel ă is /ɨ/.

Stress

Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.

Morphology

Classical Windermere gender was lost.

Verbs

Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.

Auxiliaries

Tense auxiliaries

	I	thou	he	she	it	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they
present	mor	moł	mon	mos	mot	mots	mob	mong	mam
past	chear	cheał	chean	chels	chelt	chelts	chelb	cheang	cheam
future	per	perł	pern	pers	pert	perts	perb	perng	perm

Emphatic auxiliaries: mor rie, moł łen, mon in ...

Syntax

AuxSVO

Mor mi brits cădef clăbüh tef tsăgtsog.

PRES-1SG LOC speak about-DEF love and-DEF hate

I speak of love and hate.

Mot fi rüech mi tsrin nef troas.

PRES-it DEF bird LOC eat of-DEF seed

The bird is eating a seed.

Vocabulary

Rhythoed contains more Clofabic, Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.

Sample texts

UDHR

in Bjeheondian Rhythoed:

Mam tsor croth fa răgean lua te thar mis hăltlas tes imłin. Mam hac răfongüe yas hălfăthin tes hălslithma ...