Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
Swadesh list
| Tigol/Proto-Tigol | |
|---|---|
| θensārimai | |
| Pronunciation | [θensaːrimai] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
| Extinct | 220 v.T. |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Talma |
| Language codes | |
| CLCR | qth |
Proto-Tigol is the immediate reconstructed ancestor to Tigol.
Todo
- Make Proto-Talmic > Thensarian vowel changes mirror Pre-Celtic > Proto-Celtic changes
- Antraδēs = a place name
- lugoboe 'land'
- OEevo luġaḃ
- Eevo luav
- Nurian lugabui
- OEevo luġaḃ
- What to do with PTal ou and ō?
- nokterae = chain (got it by interpreting Noether as Welsh)
- Andaegōr = 'sun's perch'
- More u's - often gets umlauted in daughters
- Fossilized aspect distinctions for stative verbs vs active verbs
- hear vs. listen
- see vs. look
- seek vs. find - som for seek, ___ for find?
- Δokletom = a name?
- Accusative case
Background
- See also: Talmic languages.
Phonology
The following is a reconstructed pronunciation of Thensarian. The first attested reading tradition for Thensarian is Tigol.
Consonants
Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 17 consonants.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | [ŋ] | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | θ /t̪~θ/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ȝ /ʡ~ɴ̆/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | δ /d̪~ð/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | φ /φ~h/ | s /s/ | ħ /χ/ | |||
| voiced | [z] | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | ||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | j /j/ | ||||
- Notes
- Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets but are unaspirated after /s/. They're always unaspirated in certain areas.
- [ŋ] occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velars /k, g/.
- /r/ is an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].
- /l/ is dental [l̪].
- [z] occurs as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
- /ʕ/ is either a radical plosive [ʡ] or a uvular nasal flap [ɴ̆]. The first realization is more common word-initially.
Vowels
Tigol/Proto-Tigol had the following monophthongs:
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ | ||
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | ē /eː/ | o /ɔ/ | ō /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||
The diphthongs are ai au ei eu iu oi ou ui.
Stress
Stress is word-initial, ignoring some unstressed prefixes such as pronominal object prefixes.
Phonotactics
Some allowed clusters
- R = resonant X = obstruent
- Clusters allowed word-initially are in bold.
Geminates
- mm nn ll rr φφ tt kk ss θθ
RR
- mn mr nl nw lm ln lw rl rm rn rw wl wr
RX
- mφ ms nt nθ ns nk nħ
- mb nd nδ ng nȝ
- lφ lb lt ld ls lk lg lȝ lħ
- rφ rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rk rg rȝ rħ
XR
- φn bn tn θn kn gn ȝn ħn
- sm sn sl sr sw
- φl bl tl dl kl gl ȝl ħl
- φr br tr dr θr δr kr gr ȝr ħr
XX
- sφ st sk sȝ sb sd sg
- ks kt ħs ħt
XXR
- sφl sφr str skl skr sȝl sȝr
Orthography
Alphabetical order: R D I A Ħ Φ L M G K B S V O J Ȝ Δ T N Θ E U
Morphology
- Main article: Thensarian/Morphology
Syntax
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Sequences of tenses are important in Thensarian grammar. The mood of a verb sometimes serves the same functions of subordinating conjunctions in English such as if. Sometimes it is erroneously said that Thensarian has no word for if; conjunctions meaning "if" exist (φīs, etc.) but they are not mandatory.
Example texts
- Early Thensarian: Stamāber (-bris) glādōm gnowilatlom = The gods accepted the sacrifice.
- Primitive Tigol: Φēswrostamāber glāduom gnowilatlom