Ciètian/Sandbox
Ciètian/Sandbox/Wordlist
Ciètian/Sandbox/Swadesh list
Ciètian/Sandbox/Names
| Ciètian/Sandbox | |
|---|---|
| y Hanvyrav | |
| Pronunciation | [/i ˈhanvɨɾəv/] |
| Created by | User:IlL |
| Setting | Verse:Tricin |
| Native speakers | 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) (fT 1670dd (2676)) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qtg |
Ciètian/Sandbox (y ghâħ Hanvyrav /i ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɾəv/) is a Talmic language (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes Eevo) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of Tricin (Ciètian/Sandbox: y Samòch /i səˈmɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. Ciètian/Sandbox is the official language of the Talman nation Anvyr and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, Ciètian/Sandbox is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called Eħa /ˈɛħə/ in Ciètian/Sandbox) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern Ciètian/Sandbox rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, Ciètian/Sandbox still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
This language began as Tíogall, which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like Bhadhagha or Clofabosin). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and West Slavic (particularly Czech and Sorbian) aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system.
Todo
TODO: genitive singular and nominative plural forms for every noun. The principal parts for nouns are given in the order of: nom. sg., gen. sg, nom. pl.
For the principal parts just make up some common patterns now and justify it later.
- ćûgh, ćûghad, ćûż (m) = bowl < clíugh
- samuac, samuac, samuac (n) = bridge
- âvaħ, âvas, âvaħa (m) = book
- szâr, szârad, szârz (m) = cat
- bê, bê, bez (n; from beidh) = part
- ćîv, ćîvann, ćîvar (f) = hand
- drâ, drâ, drâz (n) = side
- bûta, bûta, bûtaz (m) = cave
- fîrac, fîrac, fîracar (f) = kingdom
- maroż, maroż, marożar (f) = law, in general or collective system of laws; right (translates German Recht, Windermere xin)
- taszńach, taszńaṡ, taszńacha (n) = law, as in a specific statute or act (translates German Gesetz, Windermere hăma)
- aśćôchân = guilty
- aśćôc, asćôc (f) = guilt (from 'proof [of guilt]')
- iraśćôc, iraśćôc (f) = innocence
Notes
Symbols
- L - lenition/aspiration
- N - eclipsis
Phonology
The following describes Ciètian/Sandbox as spoken in Stimmîn. The orthography used in this article aims for aesthetics and ease of reading phonetically.
Stress
Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed.
In most compound words, primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress falls on the second member. Place names are sometimes exceptions to the preceding rule: for example, the element -vè is always stressed.
Consonants
Ciètian/Sandbox has a relatively large consonant inventory.
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalv. | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/, mm /m:/ | n /n/, nn /n:/ | ń /ɲ/, ńń /ɲ:/ | ŋ /ŋ/, ŋŋ /ŋ:/ | ||||
| Stop | fortis | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ||||
| lenis | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Affricate | fortis | c /ts/ | cz /tʃ/ | ć /tɕ/ | ||||
| lenis | dz /dz/ | dż /dʒ/ | dź /dʑ/ | |||||
| Spirant | unvoiced | f /f/ | hj /ç/ | ch /x/ | ħ /ħ/ | |||
| voiced | v /v/ | gh /ɣ/ | ||||||
| Sibilant | unvoiced | s /s/ | sz /ʃ/ | ś /ɕ/ | h /h/ | |||
| voiced | z /z/ | ż /ʒ/ | ź /ʑ/ | |||||
| Liquid | r /ɾ/ | rz /r̝/ | ||||||
| Approximant | ł /w/ | j, ĺ /j/ | ||||||
- Notes
- An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
- Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
- Ciètian/Sandbox has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
- /n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪].
- /s/ is laminal alveolar [s].
- /ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʟ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
- /ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
- In dialects and classical singing and drama, l /w/ is pronounced as [ɫ] and ĺ is a separate phoneme /lʲ/.
- After a vowel, /ɣ/ colloquially disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)
Mutations
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | nn | t | d | ńń | ć | dź | s | ś | k | g | ŋŋ | cz | dż | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lenited | v | f | v | h | n | ħ | 0 | ń | ś | ź | h | ś | ch | gh | ŋ | sz | ż | h- |
| Eclipsed | m | b | m | v | nn | d | n | ńń | dź | ń | s | ś | g | ŋ | ŋŋ | dż | ń | n- |
Vowels
Ciètian/Sandbox has a moderately large vowel system.
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
| Close | y, i /ɪ/ | ŷ, î /iː/ | û /ʉː/ | u /ʊ/ | [uː] | ||
| Mid | ê /eː/ | [ə] | ô /ɵː/ | [oː] | |||
| Open-mid | e /ɛ/ | è /ɛː/ | o /ɔ/ | ò /ɔː/ | |||
| Open | a /a/ | â /aː/ | |||||
/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ/, /w/ and /j/.
As in Czech, y, ŷ is used as a non-palatalizing variant of i, î.
Unstressed /əw/ becomes /ɔ/.
Phonotactics
All initial clusters are prohibited except those of the form /Cw/ and /Cj/. Final clusters are allowed, though.
Prosody
Ciètian/Sandbox has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of Ciètian/Sandbox, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
- In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
- In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
- In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.
Dialectology
Ciètian/Sandbox is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation.
Morphology
Pronouns
| I | you (sg.) | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they | you (semi-polite) | you (polite) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emphatic | gonyn | gonas | gonu | goni | gona | gonav | gonyd | gonach | gonar | gonach | gonałâ |
| Genitive | nâ | fiar | hu | hi | he | âv | gêd | sêd | hâr | sêd | sêd, łâ |
| Accusative | môn | môs | môv | mê | mô | môm | mêd | môch | môr | môch | mołâ |
Politeness
Modern Anvyrese has three levels of politeness in pronouns:
- gonas, môs (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people.
- gonalâ, molâ is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns gonas and gonach, although nowadays using gonalâ is becoming more common.
- gonach is roughly intermediate in formality between gonas and gonalâ. The pronoun gonach is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use gonach for each other. (In vocational schools gonalâ is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use gonach.
- In archaic Anvyrese, sêd is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class.
Nouns
Anvyrese nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives.
- The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in -r.
- The genitive plural is formed by affixing -ń to the genitive singular.
- The singular construct is formed by affixing -aħ to the nominative singular.
- The plural construct is formed by affixing -u to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and -v to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel.
The article
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender.
The singular definite article is always yn (with no mutation) before a masculine or neuter noun starting with a V.
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form.
To be revised:
| singular | plural | collective | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | |
| nom. | yN | yL | y | na | nar | naN | baN | baL | ba |
| gen. | naL | yN | yN | na | na | na | baL | baN | baN |
Adjectives
Adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives also have nominative singular, genitive singular and nominative plural as principal parts. The genitive plural always ends in -ń.
| singular, collective | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | |
| nom. | dżoł | szoł | czoł | czola | czola | dżola |
| gen. | szoł | dżoł | dżoł | czolań | czolań | czolań |
Verbs
There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example:
- Ńan garziav lan darsiad ikân charzî.
- [ɲan ˈgar̝iəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː]
- PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG
- I go to school every day.
| I | thou | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl., semi-polite) | you (polite) | they | one (impersonal) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present1 | ńan | ńer | ńav | ńas | ńa | ńam | ńad | ńach | ńał | ńaħ | ńar |
1 from Old Eevo ar.nédh 'to dwell at'. (The verb acquired a meaning like Vietnamese ở 'be at' which then turned into a progressive construction with a verbal noun.)