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|image= POMORZE_2016.png
|image= POMORZE_2016.png
|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name= ''Pamarėska gålba''
|name= Pomorian
|nativename=''Pomorian language''
|nativename=Pamarėska gålba
|pronunciation=/pɑ.ˈma:.rɪe.skɑ/
|pronunciation=pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ
|-
|creator=User:Raistas
|creator=[[Raistas]]
|setting=''[[Verse:Pamarija]]''
|setting=''Parallel World''
|speakers= 20 000
|-
|date=2011 census
<!--|speakers=
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>Pamarėska gålba</big>
|date=-->
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
|ancestor3=[[w:History of Proto-Slavic#Pre-Slavic|Early Proto-Slavic]]
|ancestor3=[[w:History of Proto-Slavic#Pre-Slavic|Early Proto-Slavic]]
|ancestor4=Vėtuhapamarėska
|ancestor4=[[Vėtuhapamarėska]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=Latn
|-
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


The Pomorian language or Pamarėska gålba, język pomorski (in [[w:Polish language|Polish]]) is a [[w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] language spoken in the region of [[w:Pomerelia|Pomorze Wschodnie]] in Northern Poland from [[w:Gdynia|Gdynia]] city to the town of [[w:Braniewo|Braniewo]], mostly in rural areas. There are at least 20 000 speakers (including second-language speakers knowing the language on an elementary level), of which less than 4000 speak Pomorian natively. Most of the native speakers are at the age of 50 or above, while younger generation usually speaks Polish as their first language.
The Pomorian language or Pamarėska gålba, język pomorski (in [[w:Polish language|Polish]]) is a [[w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] language spoken in the region of [[w:Pomerelia|Pomorze Wschodnie]] in Northern Poland from [[w:Gdynia|Gdynia]] city to the town of [[w:Braniewo|Braniewo]], mostly in rural areas. There are at least 20 000 speakers (including second-language speakers knowing the language on an elementary level), of which less than 4000 speak Pomorian natively. Most of the native speakers are at the age of 50 or above, while younger generation usually speaks Polish as their first language.
==General information==
The Pomorian language is my first attempt to create a decent conlang and it's the only a posteriori conlang I've created so far. While making it I try my best to be as accurate as possible and do not add anything unrealistic to it meaning it would look just like an another Balto-Slavic language. The work is still very far from completeness as I need to be sure that every single word and it's forms have cognates in related languages like Old Prussian, Lithuanian or Polish. Well, to cut the story short, I just do what I think would be beautiful.
==Classification==
==Classification==
Pomorian is usually classified as a separate branch of the Slavic language group of the Indo-European language family, but some scholars agree that the language is actually a distinct group related to both [[w:Baltic languages|Baltic]] and [[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages. There is also no sole opinion on whether Pomorian is a single language or a group of closely related languages. Nowadays it is considered to be a dialectal continuum.
Pomorian is usually classified as a separate branch of the Slavic language group of the Indo-European language family, but some scholars agree that the language is actually a distinct group related to both [[w:Baltic languages|Baltic]] and [[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages. There is also no sole opinion on whether Pomorian is a single language or a group of closely related languages. Nowadays it is considered to be a dialectal continuum.


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
==History==
==History==
According to most scholars the Pomorian language split from Early Proto-Slavic before or during the period of First Palatalization. Unlike Slavic languages it it highly conservative, which makes it more similar to Baltic languages. It also shared some sound changes common to this group.
According to most scholars the Pomorian language split from Early Proto-Slavic before or during the period of First Palatalization. Unlike Slavic languages it it highly conservative, which makes it more similar to Baltic languages. It also shared some sound changes common to this group.
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Little is known about an early period of Pomorian (before XIII century CE), because no written record had been left during this time. Archeological evidence state that early Pomorian tribes were living in the territory of Western Polesie region, which is now South-Western Belarus and Eastern Poland as far as the San river. Around V-VII centuries CE (during the [[w:Migration Period|Migration Period]]) Pomorians moved to their current land. The cause of migration is disputed, many factors played role in it. During this period many borrowings from neighbouring Baltic tribes entered the language. After that Pomorian did not changed quite a lot from its original state.
Little is known about an early period of Pomorian (before XIII century CE), because no written record had been left during this time. Archeological evidence state that early Pomorian tribes were living in the territory of Western Polesie region, which is now South-Western Belarus and Eastern Poland as far as the San river. Around V-VII centuries CE (during the [[w:Migration Period|Migration Period]]) Pomorians moved to their current land. The cause of migration is disputed, many factors played role in it. During this period many borrowings from neighbouring Baltic tribes entered the language. After that Pomorian did not changed quite a lot from its original state.
=== Old Pomorian (Vėtuhapamarėska) ===
=== Old Pomorian (Vėtuhapamarėska) ===
First written records came from German missionaries in the XIII century and the language is called Old Pomorian (Vėtuhapamarėska). The first attestation was found on a stone, which could be a part of a monastery, in Viestūtė. The carving states: ''"Deiwes kun semya preienlus esti"'', which translates as: "God has come to this land" (In modern language this would be: "Dieve kų zemio priejįlu est"). It is also the only attestation where final /s/ is present. Some inscriptions and even small texts survived from that period, showing some dialectal features.
First written records came from German missionaries in the XIII century and the language is called Old Pomorian ([[Vėtuhapamarėska|Vėtuhapamarėska]]). The first attestation was found on a stone, which could be a part of a monastery, in Viestūtė. The carving states: ''"Deywes kun semya preienlus esti"'', which translates as: "God has come to this land" (In modern language this would be: "Dieve kų zemio priejįlu est"). It is also the only attestation where final /s/ is present. Some inscriptions and even small texts survived from that period, showing some dialectal features.
 
=== Middle Pomorian (Serdapamarėska) ===
=== Middle Pomorian (Serdapamarėska) ===
During the period between XIII and XV centuries Eastern Pomerania was under the [[w:Teutonic Order|Teutonic Order]] and was under a great German influence. Before that time Pomorze and Prussia were sparcely populated having no major towns there. Because of most towns being founded and populated by Germans ([[w:Teutonic_Order#Decline|and later by Poles]]), the Pomorian language was a tine minority there. Despite that Pomorian continued existing in rural areas, where it stayed for all of its history. During this time contact with German and Polish began and a lot of loanwords were borrowed from these two languages. Also they influenced Pomorian phonology in different dialects creating even more distinction among them. Under the Polish rule Pomorian began to decline in southern territories of Pomorze and Prussia.
During the period between XIII and XV centuries Eastern Pomerania was under the [[w:Teutonic Order|Teutonic Order]] and was under a great German influence. Before that time Pomorze and Prussia were sparcely populated having no major towns there. Because of most towns being founded and populated by Germans ([[w:Teutonic_Order#Decline|and later by Poles]]), the Pomorian language was a tine minority there. Despite that Pomorian continued existing in rural areas, where it stayed for all of its history. During this time contact with German and Polish began and a lot of loanwords were borrowed from these two languages. Also they influenced Pomorian phonology in different dialects creating even more distinction among them. Under the Polish rule Pomorian began to decline in southern territories of Pomorze and Prussia.
=== Modern Pomorian ===
=== Modern Pomorian (Naujapamarėska)===
[[File:POMORZE_1945.png|thumb|The green area shows Pomorian-speaking territories (With more than 10% of total population speaking Pomorian)]]
[[File:POMORZE_1945.png|thumb|The green area shows Pomorian-speaking territories (With more than 10% of total population speaking Pomorian)]]
The Modern period began at the end of the XIX century, when lots of people from rural areas started moving to cities and towns. People living in the city spoke primarily in German and Polish and Pomorian speaking new settlers began to forget their native tongue instead speaking the languages of prestige. Unlike in the previous period much more texts were written in Pomorian and also it became a language of [[w:Liturgy|liturgies]], mostly in the countryside.  
The Modern period began at the end of the XIX century, when lots of people from rural areas started moving to cities and towns. People living in the city spoke primarily in German and Polish and Pomorian speaking new settlers began to forget their native tongue instead speaking the languages of prestige. Unlike in the previous period much more texts were written in Pomorian and also it became a language of [[w:Liturgy|liturgies]], mostly in the countryside.  
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Despite an active movement to promote speaking Pomorian, the language stays endangered with 3600-4000 native speakers according to [[w:Polish census of 2011|Polish census in 2011]] (compared to 17000 in 1978). The Pomorian Association was created in 2004 with the intention of promoting and popularizing the Pomorian language and culture. Pomorian language classes have been conducted for both children and adults in some areas (mostly in big towns) and an increasing ammount of people are learning Pomorian as a second language.
Despite an active movement to promote speaking Pomorian, the language stays endangered with 3600-4000 native speakers according to [[w:Polish census of 2011|Polish census in 2011]] (compared to 17000 in 1978). The Pomorian Association was created in 2004 with the intention of promoting and popularizing the Pomorian language and culture. Pomorian language classes have been conducted for both children and adults in some areas (mostly in big towns) and an increasing ammount of people are learning Pomorian as a second language.


==Orthography==
''Main article: [[Pamarėska/Orthography]]''
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Pomorian has a distinctive vowel length and four diphthongs. Unlike Slavic languages, it retained all Early Proto-Slavic vowels, but most of them changed their quality having different outcomes in dialects of this language.Front vowels can palatalize a preceeding consonant, but in Western dialects this applies only to /i:/ and /e:/ before dental consonants.
Pomorian has a distinctive vowel length and four diphthongs. Unlike Slavic languages, it retained all Early Proto-Slavic vowels, but most of them changed their quality having different outcomes in dialects of this language. Front vowels can palatalize a preceeding consonant, but in Western dialects this applies only to /i:/ and /e:/ before dental consonants.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Long vowels
|+ Long vowels
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|}
|}
*Ei and au, are rather diphthongoids than true diphthongs.
*Ei and au, are rather diphthongoids than true diphthongs.
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Pomorian languge undergone through a process similar to the [[w:Slavic first palataization|First Palatalization of velars in Slavic]] and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound).
Pomorian language has undergone a process similar to the [[w:Slavic first palataization|First Palatalization of velars in Slavic]] and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants
|+ Consonants
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Pomorian has three different orthografies, all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The Eastern (or dictionary) orthography was used after a spelling reform in 1952 and is still used in dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects, because it's more phonemic, than a traditional one. The Pomorian standard orthography came into use after 1989 reform and combines both previous orthographies, though is mostly phonemic.
Pomorian has three different [[Pamarėska/Orthography|orthografies]], all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The Eastern (or dictionary) orthography was used after a spelling reform in 1952 and is still used in dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects, because it's more phonemic, than a traditional one. The Pomorian standard orthography came into use after 1989 reform and combines both previous orthographies, though is mostly phonemic.
<center>
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| colspan="34" | Majuscule forms (uppercase or capital letters)
|-
| width=15|A || width=15|Ą || width=15|Å || width=15|B || width=15|C || width=15|Č || width=15|D || width=15|E || width=15|Ę
| width=15|Ė || width=15|F || width=15|G || width=15|H || width=15|I || width=15|Į || width=15|Y || width=15|J
| width=15|K || width=15|L || width=15|M || width=15|N || width=15|O || width=15|P || width=15|R || width=15|S
| width=15|Š || width=15|T || width=15|U || width=15|Ų || width=15|Ū || width=15|V || width=15|Z || width=15|Ž
|-
| colspan="34" | Minuscule forms (lowercase or small letters)
|-
|a ||ą ||å ||b ||c ||č ||d ||e ||ę
|ė ||f ||g ||h ||i ||į ||y ||j
|k ||l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s
|š ||t ||u ||ų ||ū ||v ||z ||ž
|-
| colspan="34" | Name of Letters
|-
|a ||a nosinå ||a rįdžinå ||bė ||cė ||čė ||dė ||e ||e nosinå
|ė dilgå ||ef ||gė ||ha ||i ||i nosinå ||i dilgå ||jot
|ka ||el ||em ||en ||o ||pė ||er ||es
|eš ||tė ||u ||u nosinå ||u dilgå ||vė ||zė ||žė
|}
</center>
Palatalization is indicated with a silent "'''i'''" after a palatal consonant. Occasionally "'''ť'''" and "'''ď'''" can be used to indicate '''/c/''' and '''/ɟ/''' respectively.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Pomorian is a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accented]] language. The stess is moveable meaning that any syllable of the word can be stressed, though usually the place of streess is predictable. A stressed syllable can be pronounced in two (in some dialects - in three) different ways. One way is a falling accent - ''tvírdagalså'' -, which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave). The second way is a rising accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). ''Tvírdagalså'' translates literally as firm stress, and ''lìkugalså'' - light stress. Despite the stress is phonemic it is not written, except dictionaries. For example the word ''"úokte"'' means tall but ''"uõkte"'' means full of force, lusty.
Pomorian is a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accented]] language. The stess is moveable meaning that any syllable of the word can be stressed, though usually the place of streess is predictable. A stressed syllable can be pronounced in two (in some dialects - in three) different ways. One way is a falling accent - ''tvírdagalså'' -, which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave). The second way is a rising accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with an acute). ''Tvírdagalså'' translates literally as firm stress, and ''lìkugalså'' - light stress. Despite the stress is phonemic it is not written, except dictionaries. For example the word ''"úokte"'' (with rising intonation) means tall but ''"uõkte"'' (with falling intonation) means full of force, lusty.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Every syllable in Pomorian can have an onset, a nucleus (always present) and a coda, with a nucleus being a vowel. If to mark vowels with V, consonants - with C and approximants - with R, than the biggest possible syllable would look like CCRVCC, which can seldom be found among Pomorian words. Typical syllables are C(R)V and C(R)VC. V (a vowel) can occure only word-initially, because VV clusters are not allowed in Pomorian. There is also a principle according to which a consonant with higher sonority should be closer to a nucleus than one with lower sonority, for example in the word ''/ˈstoː.rɛ/'' - heavy - '''/t/''' is higher on the sonority than '''/s/''' and appears closer to '''/oː/''' which is the nucleus.
Every syllable in Pomorian can have an onset, a nucleus (always present) and a coda, with a nucleus being a vowel. If to mark vowels with V, consonants - with C and approximants - with R, than the biggest possible syllable would look like CCRVC, which can rarely be be found among Pomorian words because of its complexity. Typical syllables are C(R)V and C(R)VC. V (a vowel) can occure only word-initially, because VV clusters are not allowed in Pomorian. In Early Proto-Slavic the rising sonority law changed the look of some words via metathesis and changes in vowels, particulary long diphthongs. In Pomorian this law didn't apply fully as in Common Slavic (the open syllable law, which happened later, was not even a thing in Old Pomorian). According to the principle of rising sonority a consonant with a higher sonority should be closer to a nucleus than the one with a lower sonority, for example in the word ''/ˈstoː.rɛ/'' - heavy - '''/t/''' is higher on the sonority than '''/s/''' and appears closer to '''/oː/''' which is the nucleus. That's why in Pomorian closed syllables are possible and common, like in Early Proto-Slavic, but only open syllables were possible in Late Common Slavic, with an exception of sonorants "r" and "l", which could appear after a vowel in some cases). This made most Slavic words hardly recognisable. For example the word ''*supnas'' (or ''*supnəs'') - sleep, dream - gave Pomorian ''sùpne'' (/ˈsup.nɛ/) but Polish ''sen'' from Common Slavic *sъnъ (pronounced /ˈsʊ̯.nə/).
 
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
Ablaut, still productive in Pomorian, was inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic period. It changes the morphological form of the word. For example ''"snė͂ge"'' (older ''snai͂ges'') means "snow", ''"snigtì"'' (older ''"snigteĩ"'') to snow ''"snẽdze"''(older ''"snegḗti"'') "it snows". Also ablaut appears in imperfective mood of different verbs:
Ablaut, still productive in Pomorian, was inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic period. It changes the morphological form of the word. For example ''"snė͂ge"'' (older ''snai͂ges'') means "snow", ''"snigtì"'' (older ''"snigteĩ"'') to snow ''"snẽdze"''(older ''"snegḗti"'') "it snows". Also ablaut appears in imperfective mood of different verbs:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Original !! Imperfective !! Translation
! Simple !! Imperfective !! Translation
|-
|-
| veztì || važýti || to transport
| veztì || važýti || to transport
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===


There are seven (or six if count the sixth and the seventh as one) noun declensions in Pomorian. Nouns have seven cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''', '''Dative''', '''Accusative''', '''Instrumental''', '''Locative''' and '''Vocative'''. In Pomorian Proper most nouns have only two numbers: '''singular''' and '''plural''', while in Western and Southern dialects there is also a '''dual''' number. Some noun cases can have two endings: long (with an unsterssed "u" at the end) or short (without an "u"). Also the Accusative plural of some words like ''mariå'' has two endings: ''"-e"'' and ''"-i"''. Those endings are interchangeable and can specifically be used in poetry or in dialectal speech.
There are seven (or six if count the sixth and the seventh as one) noun declensions in Pomorian. Nouns have seven cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''', '''Dative''', '''Accusative''', '''Instrumental''', '''Locative''' and '''Vocative'''. In Pomorian Proper most nouns have only two numbers: '''singular''' and '''plural''', while in Western and Southern dialects there is also a '''dual''' number. An interesting feature is using nominative plural only for 3 or 4 items, making it effectively paucal, for example ''try/cetūri sūnave'' (three/four sons), but ''pęči sūnų'' (five sons) where genitive plural is used instead. However it is not viewed as a separate grammatical number.
 
Some noun cases can have two endings: long (with an unsterssed "e" or "i" at the end) or short (without end vowels). Also the Accusative plural of some words like ''mariå'' has two endings: ''"-e"'' and ''"-i"''. Those endings are interchangeable and can specifically be used in poetry or in dialectal speech.


====First declension====
====First declension====
More than a half of Pomorian nouns belongs to this dieclension. Loanwords usually also decline according to it. There are two different declining patterns for masculine and feminine genders.
More than a half of Pomorian nouns belongs to this dieclension. Loanwords usually also decline according to it. There are two different declining patterns for masculine and feminine genders.


'''*-e, (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter)'''
'''-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter)'''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|gród'''au'''  ||gród'''am'''(u)
|gród'''au'''  ||gród'''am'''(e)
|gãlv'''ei''' ||galv'''õm'''(u)
|gãlv'''ei''' ||galv'''õm'''(e)
|màr'''iau''' ||mar'''iãm'''(u)
|màr'''iau''' ||mar'''iãm'''(e)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|gród'''um''' ||gród'''ėmy'''
|gród'''um'''(i) ||gród'''ėmy'''
|gãlv'''ają''' ||galv'''omy͂'''
|gãlv'''ają''' ||galv'''omy͂'''
|màr'''ium''' ||mar'''iamy͂'''
|màr'''ium'''(i) ||mar'''iamy͂'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
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Second declension contains mostly feminine gender nouns, usually inanimate. Some masculine gender nouns and old loanwords belong to this declension.
Second declension contains mostly feminine gender nouns, usually inanimate. Some masculine gender nouns and old loanwords belong to this declension.


'''*-i, (masculine), -i (feminine)'''
'''-i (masculine), -i (feminine)'''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| zvėrì = hail
! colspan=2| zvėrì = mammal
! colspan=2| ųgnì = head
! colspan=2| ųgnì = fire
|-
|-
!
!
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|zvė͂r'''ei'''  ||zvėr'''ìm'''(u)
|zvė͂r'''ei'''  ||zvėr'''ìm'''(e)
|ųgn'''eĩ''' ||ųgn'''ìm'''(u)
|ųgn'''eĩ''' ||ųgn'''ìm'''(e)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
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|}
|}
====Third declension====
====Third declension====
This declension contains only masculine gender nouns. About one sixth of all the nouns belong to this declension.
This declension contains only masculine gender nouns. About one sixth of all the nouns belong to this declension.


'''*-u, (masculine)'''
'''-u (masculine)'''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|sūn'''ó'''  ||sūn'''ų́'''
|sūn'''uõ'''  ||sūn'''ų́'''
|led'''ó''' ||led'''ų́'''
|led'''uõ''' ||led'''ų́'''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|sū͂n'''avie'''  ||sūn'''ùm'''(u)
|sū͂n'''avie'''  ||sūn'''ùm'''(e)
|led'''aũ''' ||led'''ùm'''(u)
|led'''aũ''' ||led'''ùm'''(e)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
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|-
|-
|}
|}
====Fourth declension====
====Fourth declension====
Few old nouns of a feminine gender belong to this declension, some can come in pairs, like ''brū'' (eyebrows) and thus have a dual number.
Few old nouns of a feminine gender belong to this declension, some can come in pairs, like ''brū'' (eyebrows) and thus have a dual number.


'''*-ū, (feminine)'''
'''-ū (feminine)'''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|br'''uvý'''  ||br'''ùvuõ''' ||br'''uvų́'''
|br'''uvý'''  ||br'''ùvu''' ||br'''uvų́'''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|br'''uvie͂'''  ||br'''ùviema''' ||br'''uvìm'''(u)
|br'''uvie͂'''  ||br'''ùvima''' ||br'''uvìm'''(e)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
Line 447: Line 418:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|br'''ùve''' ||br'''ùviema''' ||br'''uvimy͂'''
|br'''ùve''' ||br'''ùvima''' ||br'''uvimy͂'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|br'''uvė́''' ||br'''uvuõ''' ||br'''uvihù'''
|br'''uvė́''' ||br'''uvù''' ||br'''uvihù'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
|}
|}
====Fifth declension====
====Fifth declension====
Few nouns once ending in "-n" belong to this declension. There are two different patterns of declining: for the feminine and the neuter genders. This declension preserves a dual number.
Few nouns once ending in "-n" belong to this declension. There are two different patterns of declining: for the feminine and the neuter genders. This declension preserves a dual number.
Line 481: Line 453:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|el'''èny''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el'''ènų'''
|el'''èny''' ||el'''ènu''' ||el'''ènų'''
|imn'''eny͂''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||imn'''enų́'''
|imn'''eny͂''' ||imn'''enù''' ||imn'''enų́'''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|el'''ènie''' ||el'''ènima''' ||el'''ènim'''(u)
|el'''ènie''' ||el'''ènima''' ||el'''ènim'''(e)
|ìmn'''enie''' ||imn'''ènima''' ||imn'''enìm'''(u)
|ìmn'''enie''' ||imn'''ènima''' ||imn'''enìm'''(e)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
Line 494: Line 466:
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|el'''ène''' ||el'''ènima''' ||el'''ènimy'''
|el'''ène''' ||el'''ènima''' ||el'''ènimy'''
|imn'''enìm''' ||imn'''ènima''' ||imn'''enimy͂'''
|imn'''enìm'''(i) ||imn'''ènima''' ||imn'''enimy͂'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|el'''ènė''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el'''ènihu'''
|el'''ènė''' ||el'''ènu''' ||el'''ènihu'''
|imn'''enė́''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||imn'''enihù'''
|imn'''enė́''' ||imn'''enù''' ||imn'''enihù'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
Line 505: Line 477:
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Sixth declension====
====Sixth declension====
Also called the consonant declension, the sixth declension contains only a few words, all of them descending from proto-Balto-Slavic. There is also a dual number for the nouns belonging to this declension.
Also called the consonant declension, the sixth declension contains only a few words, all of them descending from proto-Balto-Slavic. There is also a dual number for the nouns belonging to this declension.


'''*-t, -s (neuter)'''
'''*-t, *-s (neuter)'''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 526: Line 499:
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|tel'''ę́''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́to'''
|tel'''ę́''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́to'''
|kãkl'''a''' ||kãkl'''ani''' ||kakl'''asó'''
|kãkl'''a''' ||kãkl'''esi''' ||kakl'''esó'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|tel'''ę́ty''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tų'''
|tel'''ę́ty''' ||tel'''ę́tu''' ||tel'''ę́tų'''
|kãkl'''asy''' ||kakl'''asuõ''' ||kakl'''asų́'''
|kãkl'''esy''' ||kakl'''esù''' ||kakl'''esų́'''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́tima''' ||tel'''ę́tim'''(u)
|tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́tima''' ||tel'''ę́tim'''(e)
|kãkl'''asie''' ||kakl'''asìma''' ||kakl'''asìm'''(u)
|kãkl'''esie''' ||kakl'''esĩma''' ||kakl'''esìm'''(e)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|tel'''ę́tį''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́tį'''
|tel'''ę́tį''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́tį'''
|kãkl'''asį''' ||kãkl'''ani''' ||kakl'''asį́'''
|kãkl'''esį''' ||kãkl'''esi''' ||kakl'''esį́'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|tel'''ę́tim''' ||tel'''ę́tima''' ||tel'''ę́timy'''
|tel'''ę́tim'''(i) ||tel'''ę́tima''' ||tel'''ę́timy'''
|kãkl'''asim''' ||kakl'''asìma''' ||kakl'''asimy͂'''
|kãkl'''esim'''(i) ||kakl'''esĩma''' ||kakl'''esimy͂'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tihu'''
|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́tu''' ||tel'''ę́tihu'''
|kakl'''asė́''' ||kakl'''asuõ''' ||kakl'''asihù'''
|kakl'''esė́''' ||kakl'''esù''' ||kakl'''esihù'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́to'''
|tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́to'''
|kakl'''asie͂''' ||kakl'''asie͂''' ||kakl'''asó'''
|kakl'''esie͂''' ||kakl'''esie͂''' ||kakl'''esó'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Seventh declension====
====Seventh declension====
This declension is sometimes considered to be a part of sixth one. It has only four nouns in it: ''mūti'' (mother), ''broti'' (brother), ''sesti'' (sister) and ''dukti'' (daughter).
This declension is sometimes considered to be a part of sixth one. It has only four nouns in it: ''mūti'' (mother), ''broti'' (brother), ''sesti'' (sister) and ''dukti'' (daughter).


'''*-r (feminine)'''
'''*-r (masculine, feminine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 576: Line 550:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|mū́t'''ery'''  ||mū́t'''eruo''' ||mū́t'''erų'''
|mū́t'''ery'''  ||mū́t'''eru''' ||mū́t'''erų'''
|dukt'''ery͂''' ||dukt'''eruõ''' ||dukt'''erų́'''
|dukt'''ery͂''' ||dukt'''erù''' ||dukt'''erų́'''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|mū́t'''erie'''  ||mū́t'''eriema''' ||mū́t'''erim'''(u)
|mū́t'''erie'''  ||mū́t'''erima''' ||mū́t'''erim'''(e)
|dùkt'''erie''' ||dukt'''erie͂ma''' ||dukt'''erìm'''(u)
|dùkt'''erie''' ||dukt'''erìma''' ||dukt'''erìm'''(e)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
Line 588: Line 562:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|mū́t'''ere''' ||mū́t'''eriema''' ||mū́t'''erimy'''
|mū́t'''ere''' ||mū́t'''erima''' ||mū́t'''erimy'''
|dùkt'''ere''' ||dukt'''erie͂ma''' ||dukt'''erimy͂'''
|dùkt'''ere''' ||dukt'''erìma''' ||dukt'''erimy͂'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|mū́t'''erė''' ||mū́t'''eruo''' ||mū́t'''erihu'''
|mū́t'''erė''' ||mū́t'''eru''' ||mū́t'''erihu'''
|dukt'''erė́''' ||dukt'''eruõ''' ||dukt'''erihù'''
|dukt'''erė́''' ||dukt'''erù''' ||dukt'''erihù'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|mū́t'''erie''' ||mū́t'''erie''' ||mū́t'''ery'''
|mū́t'''erie''' ||mū́t'''eri''' ||mū́t'''ery'''
|dukt'''erie͂''' ||dukt'''erie͂''' ||dùkt'''ery'''
|dukt'''erie͂''' ||dukt'''erì''' ||dùkt'''ery'''
|-
|}
 
===Pronouns===
The personal pronouns are ''az'' (I), ''tu'' (you) ''je'' (he), ''ja'' (she), ''jå'' (it), ''ane'' (the other one) and the [[w:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]] ''sebe'' are declined as follows:
{| class=wikitable
|-
! colspan=3 |  !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Locative
|-
! rowspan=8 | Singular !! colspan=2 | I
| àz || menè || meni/mė́ || menę́/mę́ || manàją/maną́ || manė́
|-
! colspan=2 | You (singular)
| tù || tebè || tebi/tė́ || tebę́/tę́ || tavàją/tabą́ || tavė́
|-
! rowspan=3 | 3rd person !! He
| jè || jegà/gà || jamù/muõ || jį́ || jė́mi || jamì
|-
! She
| jà || jeję́/ję || jojì/jė́ || ją́ || jóji || jajì
|-
! It
| jå̀ || jegà/gà || jamù/muõ || jå̀ || jė́mi || jamì
|-
! rowspan=3 | The other !! He
| anè || anagà || anamù || anå̀ || anė́mi || anamì
|-
! She
| anà || anaję́ || anojì || aną́ || anóji || anajì
|-
! It
| anå̀ || anagà || anamù || anå̀ || anė́mi || anamì
|-
!
! colspan=2 | Reflexive pronoun
|  –  || sebè || savi/sė́ || sebę́/sę́ || savàją/sabą́ || savė́
|-
! rowspan=8 | Dual !! colspan=2 | We two
| mùvi/vì || nóju/náu || nóma || nà || nóma || nóju/náu
|-
! colspan=2 | You two
|  jùvi/và || vóju/váu || vóma || và || vóma || vóju/váu
|-
! rowspan=3 | They two !! masculine
| jóva/jà || jàju/júo || jė́ma/múo || jà || jė́ma || jàju
|-
! feminine
| jė́vi/jì || jóju/jáu || jė́mi/mė́ || jì || jė́mi || jóju
|-
! neuter
| jė́vi/jì || jóju/jáu || jė́mi/mė́ || jì || jė́mi || jóju
|-
! rowspan=3 | The other two !! masculine
| anóva/và || anúo || anė́ma || anà || anė́ma || anàju
|-
! feminine
| anė́vi/vì || anáu || anė́mi || anì || anė́mi || anóju
|-
! neuter
| anė́vi/vì || anáu || anė́mi || anì || anė́mi || anóju
|-
! rowspan=8 | Plural
! colspan=2 | We
| mū́ || nósų || nóme || mų́ || nómi || nósu
|-
! colspan=2 | You (plural)
|  jū́ || vósų || vóme || jų́ || vómi || vósu
|-
! rowspan=3 | They !! masculine
| jíe || jų́ || jė́me || jį́ || jė́mi || jė́hu
|-
! feminine
| jó || jų́ || jóme || jį́ || jė́mi || jė́hu
|-
! neuter
| jó || jų́ || jė́me || ją́ || jė́mi || jė́hu
|-
! rowspan=3 | The others !! masculine
| aníe || anų́ || anė́me || anį́ || anė́mi || anė́hu
|-
! feminine
| anó || anų́ || anóme || anį́ || anė́mi || anė́hu
|-
! neuter
| anó || anų́ || anė́me || aną́ || anė́mi || anė́hu
|-
|-
|}
|}
Some pronoun cases can have two forms: long (which is older and usually changed less from its' original state) and short (made by a contraction of the long form). Some cases retained only the short form. Nowadays mostly short forms are used with long forms appearing in poetry to make a speech look old. However they are still used in dialectal speech as basic pronoun forms.


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Line 606: Line 667:
'''-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter) Declension I'''
'''-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter) Declension I'''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
!&nbsp;
!&nbsp;
Line 654: Line 715:
|rùd'''e''' ||rud'''ý'''
|rùd'''e''' ||rud'''ý'''
|rùd'''a''' ||rud'''ó'''
|rùd'''a''' ||rud'''ó'''
|rùd'''a''' ||rud'''ó'''
|rùd'''å''' ||rud'''ó'''
|}
|}


'''-u (masculine), -i (feminine), -u (neuter) Declension II'''
'''-u (masculine), -i (feminine), -u (neuter) Declension II'''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
!&nbsp;
!&nbsp;
Line 709: Line 770:
|džìl'''iu''' ||džil'''ió'''(u)
|džìl'''iu''' ||džil'''ió'''(u)
|}
|}
'''Pronominal (definite)''' forms are made by adding a third person pronoun to the end of the adjective. The pronoun also has to match with its' adjective in number, gender, and case. In Early Proto-Slavic (or possibly even in Proto-Balto-Slavic) adjectives and pronouns were separate words, but in Old Pomorian they have already merged into a single word with pronouns turning into pronominal endings. That's why some sound laws like final consonant drop and shortening of end long vowels did not applied to adjectival endings in definite adjectives. For example ''rudà'' + ''ji'' results in ''rudóji'' (in Old Pomorian: ''rudā́'' + ''jā'' - ''rudā́jā'')
'''Pronominal (definite)''' forms are made by adding a third person pronoun to the end of the adjective. The pronoun also has to match with its' adjective in number, gender, and case. In Early Proto-Slavic (or possibly even in Proto-Balto-Slavic) adjectives and pronouns were separate words, but in Old Pomorian they have already merged into a single word with pronouns turning into pronominal endings. That's why some sound laws like final consonant drop and shortening of end long vowels did not applied to adjectival endings in definite adjectives. For example ''rudà'' + ''ja'' results in ''rudója'' (in Old Pomorian: ''rudā́'' + ''jā'' - ''rudā́jā'')


'''Pronominal declension'''
'''Pronominal declension'''
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan=6| '''lė́pe''' = good, fine
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan=2| masculine
! colspan=2| feminine
! colspan=2| neuter
|-
!&nbsp;
!singular !! plural
!singular !! plural
!singular !! plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|lė́p'''eši''' ||lė́p'''ieji'''
|lė́p'''oja''' ||lė́p'''osio'''
|lė́p'''aniå''' ||lė́p'''ojo'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|lė́p'''oga''' ||lė́p'''anių'''
|lė́p'''oję''' ||lė́p'''onių'''
|lė́p'''oga''' ||lė́p'''onių'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
|lė́p'''amuo''' ||lė́p'''ėmsėm'''
|lė́p'''ėjė''' ||lė́p'''omsiom'''
|lė́p'''amuo''' ||lė́p'''ėmsėm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|lė́p'''ani''' ||lė́p'''oję'''
|lė́p'''onią''' ||lė́p'''oję'''
|lė́p'''aniå''' ||lė́p'''oję'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|lė́p'''ojėm'''(i) ||lė́p'''ėmi'''
|lė́p'''ojoj'''(i) ||lė́p'''omi'''
|lė́p'''ojėm'''(i) ||lė́p'''ėmi'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|lė́p'''ėjam'''(i) ||lė́p'''ėšėh'''(u)
|lė́p'''ojej'''(i) ||lė́p'''osos'''(u)
|lė́p'''ėjam'''(i) ||lė́p'''ėšėh'''(u)
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|lė́p'''eje''' ||lė́p'''ieji'''
|lė́p'''aja''' ||lė́p'''osio'''
|lė́p'''aniå''' ||lė́p'''ojo'''
|}
Simple and pronominal adjective forms act similarly to English arcticles ("a" and "the" respectively). For example: ''Lėpa dieni'' literally means "a good day"; ''Lėpoja dieni'' means "the good day" or "the day is good". To say "What a good day is today!" one should use the pronominal form - ''Kė lėpoja es ši dieni!''
'''Comparison'''
The adjectival comparison is usually formed by adding suffixes to a word or by adverbs like English "more" and "the most" before a word. The suffixes are ''-esn(i)-'' for comparative and ''-(u/i)š-'' for superlative. These suffixes are added before other ones, if a word already has other suffixes.
'''Comparative'''
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center"
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan=6| '''rùde''' = orange, red-haired
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan=2| masculine
! colspan=2| feminine
! colspan=2| neuter
|-
!&nbsp;
!singular !! plural
!singular !! plural
!singular !! plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|rud'''èsne''' ||rud'''esný'''
|rud'''esnà''' ||rud'''èsno'''
|rud'''esnå̀''' ||rud'''èsno'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|rud'''èsno''' ||rud'''esnų͂'''
|rud'''esnó''' ||rud'''esnų͂'''
|rud'''èsno''' ||rud'''esnų͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
|rud'''esnãm''' ||rud'''esniãm'''
|rud'''èsnei''' ||rud'''esniõm'''
|rud'''èsniu''' ||rud'''esniãm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|rud'''èsnå''' ||rud'''esniù'''
|rud'''èsną''' ||rud'''èsne'''
|rud'''èsniå''' ||rud'''èsne'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|rud'''esnùm''' ||rud'''esniamy͂'''
|rud'''èsnią''' ||rud'''esniomy͂'''
|rud'''esniùm''' ||rud'''esniamy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|rùd'''esnãme''' ||rud'''esnė͂h'''(u)
|rùd'''esnõje''' ||rud'''esniõs'''(u)
|rùd'''esnė͂''' ||rud'''esnė͂h'''(u)
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|rud'''èsne''' ||rud'''esný'''
|rud'''èsna''' ||rud'''esnó'''
|rud'''èsnå''' ||rud'''esnó'''
|}
'''Superlative'''
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center"
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan=6| '''rùde''' = orange, red-haired
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan=2| masculine
! colspan=2| feminine
! colspan=2| neuter
|-
!&nbsp;
!singular !! plural
!singular !! plural
!singular !! plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|rud'''ė́še''' ||rud'''ėšý'''
|rud'''ėšà''' ||rud'''ė́šo'''
|rud'''ėšå̀''' ||rud'''ė́šo'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|rud'''ė́šo''' ||rud'''ėšų͂'''
|rud'''ėšó''' ||rud'''ėšų͂'''
|rud'''ė́šo''' ||rud'''ėšų͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
|rud'''ėšãm''' ||rud'''ėšãm'''
|rud'''ė́šei''' ||rud'''ėšõm'''
|rud'''ė́šu''' ||rud'''ėšãm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|rud'''ė́šå''' ||rud'''ėšù'''
|rud'''ė́šą''' ||rud'''ė́še'''
|rud'''ė́šå''' ||rud'''ė́še'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|rud'''ėšùm''' ||rud'''ėšamy͂'''
|rud'''ė́šą''' ||rud'''ėšomy͂'''
|rud'''ėšùm''' ||rud'''ėšamy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|rùd'''ėšãme''' ||rud'''ėšė͂h'''(u)
|rùd'''ėšõje''' ||rud'''ėšõs'''(u)
|rùd'''ėšė͂''' ||rud'''ėšė͂h'''(u)
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|rud'''ė́še''' ||rud'''ėšý'''
|rud'''ė́ša''' ||rud'''ėšó'''
|rud'''ė́šå''' ||rud'''ėšó'''
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 717: Line 937:
Every Pomorian verb belongs to one of four different conjugations:
Every Pomorian verb belongs to one of four different conjugations:
*'''The first''' conjugation, which is the most common, contains verbs whose infitives end in '''-ti before a consonant'''. There are some irregulare verb patterns in this conjugation.
*'''The first''' conjugation, which is the most common, contains verbs whose infitives end in '''-ti before a consonant'''. There are some irregulare verb patterns in this conjugation.
*'''The second''' conjugation encompasses verbs with infintive form endings '''-ėti (with -ėj- in the present tense)''', '''-oti''','''uoti'''. Verbs with infinitives ending in '''-įti''' and '''ąti''' are a subclass of this conjugation.
*'''The second''' conjugation encompasses verbs with infintive form endings '''-ėti (with -ėj- in the present tense)''', '''-oti''','''uoti'''. Verbs with infinitives ending in '''-įti''' is a subclass of this conjugation.
*'''The third''' conjugation contains verbs with infintives ending in '''-yti''' and '''-ėti'''.
*'''The third''' conjugation contains verbs with infintives ending in '''-yti''' and '''-ėti'''.
*'''The fourth''' conjugation contains few old athematic and auxillary verbs. Almost all of these verbs are irregular.
*'''The fourth''' conjugation contains few old athematic and auxillary verbs. Almost all of these verbs are irregular.
Line 728: Line 948:


This tense describe present or ongoing events without a definite time. Conjugation types are marked with numbers.
This tense describe present or ongoing events without a definite time. Conjugation types are marked with numbers.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
Line 751: Line 971:
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|ved'''è'''  ||žin'''óje''' ||cet'''ìne''' ||zõď'''e''' ||'''e͂st'''
|ved'''è'''  ||žin'''óje''' ||cet'''ìne''' ||zõď'''e''' ||'''e͂s'''(t)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|align="right"|'''We'''
Line 757: Line 977:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|ved'''ė́te''' ||žin'''ójete''' ||cet'''ìnete''' ||zoď'''ète''' ||'''estè'''
|ved'''etè''' ||žin'''ójete''' ||cet'''ìnete''' ||zoď'''ète''' ||'''estè'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|align="right"|'''They'''
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|}
|}
In Pomorian Proper there is no dual for verbs, but in dialects forms for "we two", "you two" and "they to" are still in use. The verb ''būti'' conjugates for dual even in the Standard, though these forms are seldom used by today speakers:
In Pomorian Proper there is no dual for verbs, but in dialects forms for "we two", "you two" and "they to" are still in use. The verb ''būti'' conjugates for dual even in the Standard, though these forms are seldom used by today speakers:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
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|}
|}
The verb ''būti'' has an additional simple '''future tense''' which conjugates like present, but using the form '''bąsti''' instead.
The verb ''būti'' has an additional simple '''future tense''' which conjugates like present, but using the form '''bąsti''' instead.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|align="right"|'''I'''
Line 814: Line 1,034:


This is the basic tense to describe actions in the past. Like in Present tense the stress pattern of a verb is usually predictable.
This is the basic tense to describe actions in the past. Like in Present tense the stress pattern of a verb is usually predictable.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
Line 831: Line 1,051:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|align="right"|'''I'''
|ved'''uõ''' ||žin'''óju''' ||cet'''ìnu''' ||zoď'''úo''' ||'''buvù'''
|ved'''uõ''' ||žin'''óju''' ||cet'''ìnu''' ||zoď'''ù''' ||'''buvù'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|align="right"|'''We'''
|ved'''omè''' ||žin'''ójeme''' ||cet'''ìnome''' ||zoď'''óme''' ||'''bùvome'''
|ved'''omè''' ||žin'''ójome''' ||cet'''ìnome''' ||zoď'''óme''' ||'''bùvome'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|ved'''ė́tè''' ||žin'''ójėte''' ||cet'''ìnėte''' ||zoď'''ė́te''' ||'''bùvote'''
|ved'''ėtè''' ||žin'''ójote''' ||cet'''ìnėte''' ||zoď'''ė́te''' ||'''bùvote'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|align="right"|'''They'''
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|}
|}
The verb ''būti'' also conjugates for dual.
The verb ''būti'' also conjugates for dual.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
!
!
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
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There are three perfect tenses in Pomorian (present, past and future), which are all formed by using the verb ''''būti'''' in the respective tense and person as well as the active past adjectival participle ('''the l-paticiple''') in its respective number and gender:
There are three perfect tenses in Pomorian (present, past and future), which are all formed by using the verb ''''būti'''' in the respective tense and person as well as the active past adjectival participle ('''the l-paticiple''') in its respective number and gender:


{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
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There are three continuous tenses in Pomorian (present, past and future), which are also formed by using the verb ''''būti'''' in the respective tense and person but with the active present adjectival participle ('''the nť-paticiple''') in its respective number and gender:
There are three continuous tenses in Pomorian (present, past and future), which are also formed by using the verb ''''būti'''' in the respective tense and person but with the active present adjectival participle ('''the nť-paticiple''') in its respective number and gender:
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
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|align="right"|'''I'''
|align="right"|'''I'''
|esmì zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|esmì zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|buvù zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|buvù zoďą͂/ zoďą͂/ zoďą͂
|bą́då zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|bą́då zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|esì zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|esì zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|buveĩ zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|buveĩ zoďą͂/ zoďą͂/ zoďą͂
|bą́desi zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́desi zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''He/She/It'''
|align="right"|'''He/She/It'''
|e͂s(t) zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|e͂s(t) zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|bū͂ zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|bū͂ zoďą͂/ zoďą͂/ zoďą͂
|bą́de zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|bą́de zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|-
|-
Line 980: Line 1,200:
|bą́dą zoďą͂ťū/ zoďą͂ťo
|bą́dą zoďą͂ťū/ zoďą͂ťo
|}
|}
These tenses are used to indicate ongoing incomplete actions. Though being similar to English Continuous tense, they are used almost exclusively in literature in Pomorian.
These tenses are used to indicate ongoing incomplete actions. Though being similar to English Continuous tense, they are used almost exclusively in literature in Pomorian. Often the continuous tense can be indicated by an imperfective verb usually formed by adding suffixes ''-ėj-'', ''-aj-'' or ''-av-'' to a verb. For example: ''zodyti'' (to decide) - ''zoďuoti'' (to be deciding) - the ''-av-'' suffix added. This way of expressing the continuous tense is much more common in spoken Pomorian.


=====Imperative mood=====
=====Imperative mood=====
Line 1,009: Line 1,229:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|align="right"|'''We'''
|veď'''imà''' ||žin'''ójima''' ||cet'''ìnima''' ||zõď'''ima''' ||'''bą́ďima'''
|veď'''iemà''' ||žin'''ójima''' ||cet'''ìnima''' ||zõď'''ima''' ||'''bą́ďima'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|veď'''itè''' ||žin'''ójite''' ||cet'''ìnite''' ||zõď'''ite''' ||'''bą́ďite'''
|veď'''ietè''' ||žin'''ójite''' ||cet'''ìnite''' ||zõď'''ite''' ||'''bą́ďite'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|align="right"|'''They'''
Line 1,109: Line 1,329:
|}
|}
This mood is not used in daily spoken language, but in literature, especially in folklore, usually describing actions happened a long time ago.
This mood is not used in daily spoken language, but in literature, especially in folklore, usually describing actions happened a long time ago.
====Passive Voice====
The Pomorian passive voice is different from the active voice, always being formed analytically, like in all the Balto-Slavic languages. Is is always composed of the auxiliary verb ''būti'' in its respective tense / person and either a present passive participle (the m-paticiple) or a past passive participle (the n- and t-participles) that must match the gender and number of the subject. The n-participle indicates an imperfect mood while the t-paticiple - a perfect mood. An additional conditional mood is formed by a supine form of ''būti'' and a participle.
In order to avoid redundancy, the following table only includes the third (masculine) person of singular.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! výdėti - to see
!&nbsp;
! colspan=1| Present passive
! colspan=1| Past simple passive
! colspan=1| Past perfect passive
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative mood
!Present
|e͂s výdame
|e͂s výdune
|e͂s výdute
|-
!Past
|bū͂ výdame
|bū͂ výdune
|bū͂ výdute
|-
!Future
|bą́de výdame
|bą́de výdune
|bą́de výdute
|-
!rowspan=3|Indirect mood
!Present
|bū́ťu výdame
|bū́ťu výdune
|bū́ťu výdute
|-
!Past
|bū́vušu výdame
|bū́vušu výdune
|bū́vušu výdute
|-
!Future
|bą́dąťu výdame
|bą́dąťu výdune
|bą́dąťu výdute
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative mood
|bą́ďe výdame
|bą́ďe výdune
|bą́ďe výdute
|-
!colspan=2|Conditional mood
|bū́tų výdame
|bū́tų výdune
|bū́tų výdute
|}
====Supine====
In Pomorian supine is used mostly with motion verbs and indicates purpose or in the phrase meaning "to be going to". It is formed from an infinitive form of a verb by replacing the '''-ti''' ending with the '''-tų'''. For example: ''Jemi sklepå hlėbo kuoptų'' - "I go to the store to buy some bread.
===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
In Pomorian adverbs have the basic stem of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected (though they have three degree of comparison just like adjectives). Adverbs can have only an indefinite (non-pronominal) form. A lot of Pomorian adverbs are formed by replacing an adjectival ending with ''-ė'' or ''-au''. For examle: ''lėpe'' (good) - ''lėpau'' (well). Some adverbs are derived from nouns, but probably from adjectives which were derived from nouns: ''kalna'' (high place, mountain; noun) - pakalne (being from the height; adjective) - pakalnė (downwards, downhill; adverb). Some are derived from other adverbs: ''ligė'' (being fine, possible; adverb) - neligė (not enough; adverb) - perneligė (too much; adverb). Some are very old and not comparable, they are not derived from anything: ''be'' and ''bu'' (even), ''šiet'' (here), ''tuo'' (there), ''kė'' (how, so), ''juo'' (already), ''doli'' (far), dovė (long ago) and ''tali'' (only). The word ''doli'' also has a comparable doublet ''dolė''.
===Derivational morphology===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| -ė ||colspan=3| -au
|-
! Simple
! Comparative
! Superlative
! Simple
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| far
| further
| the furthest
| well
| better
| the best
|-
| dolė
| doliau
| doliši
| lėpau
| lėpėjau
| lėpuši
|-
|}


-->
===Prepositions===
Prepositions are used to clarify an object's position or direction. Each noun case can take different prepositions but only some prepositions can be used with different cases. Usually a preposition is not used, when a case ending can carry a meaning of a word. For instance, the preposition ''į'' (in) is used with a word in the locative case only by second-language speakers (mostly whose native language is Polish, which requires preposition is this case). Instead the case already "tells" all the information necessary and thats why using the preposition would be too excessive. Dialectal variations are listed in the table after slashes, non-standard but also being frequently used.
{|
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ With genitive case
! colspan=1| '''Preposition'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| prie || near, at
|-
| da/do || till
|-
| lig || up to (about time)
|-
| sker/skerz || by, over
|-
| pa/pu || after, past
|-
| uz || behind
|-
| ėz || beyond
|-
| bez || without
|-
| is || out of
|-
|}
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ With dative case
! colspan=1| '''Preposition'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| kų || to
|-
| ån || on
|-
| pa || onto
|-
|}
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ With accusative case
! colspan=1| '''Preposition'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| abie/abe || about
|-
| azu || for
|-
| nå/nu || from
|-
|}
|}
{|
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ With instrumental case
! colspan=1| '''Preposition'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| su/sų || with
|-
| zo || after (motion)
|-
| pad/på || under
|-
| per || across, through, during
|-
|}
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ With locative case
! colspan=1| '''Preposition'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| į || in
|-
| pad || under (rarely)
|-
|}
|}
 
===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are used to link clauses in sentences and to establish their relation.
* a, o, je - and
* o, be - but
* da, dakal - until
* jė - if
* kad - when
* bu, ka - or/but
* čy - or (also used to start a question)
* li - because
* partė - however
 
===Word composition===
Unlike in other Balto-Slavic languages composition in Pomorian is a very productive way to form new words. The process occurs readily in Germanic languages. Along with affixation it is used to create words for describing new meanings and these newly-created words can be very long and thus used mostly in literature. Examples of both composition and affixation are shown in the table below:
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
! colspan=1| '''Word'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
! colspan=1| '''Process'''
|-
| lė́kti || to fly ||
|-
| lėktù || plane || ending change
|-
| burzdalėktù || supersonic aircraft || composition
|-
| lėktapãrnė || aircraft wings || composition
|-
| lėktė́ti || to be flying || suffixation
|-
| nulėktóti || to be flying for long enough || affixation
|-
| aunulėktė́ti || to be flying around || prefixation
|-
| aulėktėmieťìme || flying car || composition
|-
| lėktė́ne || flying (adjective) || suffixation
|-
| palėktėnìme || helicopter || affixation
|-
| palėktėnìmuku || helicopter pilot || suffixation
|-
| palėktėnimzenóčini || helicopter piloting licence || composition
|-
| palėktėnimė́dlå || helicopter rotor || suffixation
|-
| supalėktėnimė́dli || coaxial rotors (dual) || prefixation
|-
| supalėktėnimė́dlike || tail rotor || suffixation
|-
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 1,120: Line 1,560:


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
While theoretically considered head-initial, Pomorian shows a great freedom in directionality, mostly because of its complex morphology. For example both ''čirvėnå oblå'' [<sub>NP</sub>[<sub>C</sub>red]['''<sub>N</sub>apple''']] and ''oblå čirvėnå'' [<sub>NP</sub>['''<sub>N</sub>apple'''][<sub>C</sub>red]] are equally possible ('''NP''' means noun phrase, '''N''' - noun and '''C''' - complementizer).
In longer clauses, like ''(Ėmi) oblå nå sodų'' - (I eat)[<sub>NP</sub>['''<sub>N</sub>apple'''][<sub>CP</sub>(which is) from garden]] the word ''oblå'' (apple) can come before or after its complementizer phrase and the position depends on a topic. If the complementizer phrase was topicalized, then it would come before its noun.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
Like in the noun phrase, there is no strict directionality of the verb phrase in Pomorian. The word order is basically free and a verb can have any position in a sentence. For instance, both ''Ėmi oblå'' [<sub>VP</sub>['''<sub>V</sub>I eat'''][<sub>D</sub>apple]] and ''Oblå ėmi'' [<sub>VP</sub>[<sub>D</sub>apple]['''<sub>V</sub>I eat''']] are grammatically correct ('''VP''' means verb phrase, '''V''' - verb, '''D''' - determiner)
===Dependent clauses===
===Complementizer phrases===
Unlike previous examples, Pomorian dependent clauses show strict head-initiality with complementizers preceding their dependent phrases, just like in English and all the Balto-Slavic languages. This case determines that Pomorian is actually a head-initial language. For example:
:''Vyďuo, kė Maria bū dvarė'' - I saw that Mary was in the yard.
:[<sub>CP</sub>['''<sub>C</sub>that'''][<sub>DP</sub>Mary was in yard]]
Other words position may vary, but ''kė'' (that) can only come before its dependant phrase.
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Dialects==
==Dialects==
[[File:POMORZE_2016 - Copy.png|thumb| Area with more than 4% of total population speaking Pomorian. Pamarėskė sačinė (Pomorian dialects)]]
[[File:POMORZE_2016 - Copy.png|thumb| Area with more than 4% of total population speaking Pomorian. Pamarėskė sačinė (Pomorian dialects)]]
Pomorian consists of  
Pomorian consists of  
# Northern and North-Western
# Northern and [[Pomorian North-Western dialects|North-Western]]
# Central-Western
# Central-Western
# South-Western
# South-Western
Line 1,133: Line 1,581:
# Southern
# Southern
# Central-Eastern
# Central-Eastern
# Ežerina (Lake dialect)
# Ežerina ([[Pomorian Lake dialect|the Lake dialect]])
# Prūsisk (Eastern)
# Prūsisk, Suvilkian ([[Pomorian Eastern dialects|Eastern]])
Those dialects form three dialectal groups: '''Western''' (1,3), '''Central''' (2,4,5,6) and '''Eastern''' (7,8)
Those dialects form three dialectal groups: '''Western''' (1,3), '''Central''' (2,4,5,6) and '''Eastern''' (7,8)


The most widely spoken dialect is '''Central-Western''' one having 1000 native speakers. '''Western''' and '''Eastern''' dialects have approximately 500 native speakers each, '''Central-Eastern''' has about 700 speakers and '''Southern''' has less than 500 speakers. The rest of the dialects are spoken by less than 800 speakers and are severely endangered (the '''Ežerina''' dialect having only 12 native speakers left). In 1984 died Anna Ribbeck - the last known speaker of the Hel dialect ('''Heliska guora'''). It was a dialect once spoken in three villages on the [[w:Hel Peninsula|Hel peninsula]] and since the XX century only in a small town of [[w:Jastarnia|Jastarnia]]. This dialect had some distinct features absent from the rest dialects, such as the back vowel fronting, a lack of palatalization and a stress fixed on a first syllable. Also its' syntax was highly influenced by German.
The most widely spoken dialect is '''Central-Western''' one having 1000 native speakers. '''Western''' and '''Eastern''' dialects have approximately 900-1000 native speakers each, '''Central-Eastern''' has about 700 speakers and '''Southern''' has less than 500 speakers, who can say some basic sentences (but cosidered extinct by most scholars). The rest of the dialects are spoken by less than 800 speakers and are severely endangered (the '''Ežerina''' dialect having only 12 native speakers left). In 1984 died Anna Ribbeck - the last known speaker of the Hel dialect ('''Heliska guora'''). It was a dialect once spoken in three villages on the [[w:Hel Peninsula|Hel peninsula]] and since the XXth century only in a small town of [[w:Jastarnia|Jastarnia]]. This dialect had some distinct features absent from the rest dialects, such as the back vowel fronting, a lack of palatalization and a stress fixed on a first syllable. Also its' syntax was highly influenced by German.


There are some differences in phonology and morphology among dialects while the syntax stays pretty much the same. For example, the sentence: '''"I gave a few pennies to Brone''' (short from Bronislove)" would be ''"(Àz) dóďe cẽlkų gróšå Bróniau" /(ɑz.)ˈdoː.ɟɛ.ˈt͡sɛːl.kũ.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Pomorian Proper, but ''(Jès) dõďe kelkǻ gróšå Bróniau" /(ˌjɛz.) ˈdoː.ɟɛ.kɛl.ˈkɔː.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Western dialect and ''"(Às) dā́džia cálko pènįgo Broniū́ /(ˌɑz.)ˈdaːd͡ʑɐ.ˈt͡saːl.kɔ.ˌpɛ.nĩ.gɔ.brɔ.ˈɲuː/'' in Eastern dialect. The word ''penįgė'' is present in Pomorian Proper where it means "money". There is also seen a long vowel /aː/, which is a separate phoneme in Eastern dialect and did not became /oː/ like in the Proper. The word ''kelkå'' in Western dialect shows /k/ insted of expected /t͡s/, which is a common development in it. A borrowing from Polish could be also possible, but it doesn't explain the accent of the word. Major difference between Western and Central/Eatern dialectal groups is a retaining of final /ɛ/ or /ə/ sound from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-as ending (Brone, Bronislove) in former, but a complete loss in latter (Broń or Broniu, Bronislov).
There are some differences in phonology and morphology among dialects while the syntax stays pretty much the same. For example, the sentence: '''"I gave a few pennies to Brone''' (short from Bronislove)" would be ''"(Àz) dóďė cẽlkų gróšå Bróniau" /(ɑz.)ˈdoː.ɟeː.ˈt͡sɛːl.kũ.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Pomorian Proper, but ''(Jès) dõďė kelkǻ gróšą Bróniou" /(ˌjɛz.) ˈdoː.ɟeː.kɛl.ˈkɔː.ˈgroː.ʃɒ̃.ˈbroː.ɲoʊ̯/'' in Western dialect and ''"(Às) dā́džie cálko pènįgo Broniū́ /(ˌɑz.)ˈdaːd͡ʑɪe.ˈt͡saːl.kɔ.ˌpɛ.nĩ.gɔ.brɔ.ˈɲuː/'' in Eastern dialect. The word ''penįgė'' is present in Pomorian Proper where it means "money". There is also seen a long vowel /aː/, which is a separate phoneme in Eastern dialect and did not became /oː/ like in the Proper. The word ''kelkå'' in Western dialect shows /k/ instead of expected /t͡s/, which is a common development in it. A borrowing from Polish could be also possible, but it doesn't explain the accent of the word. Major difference between Western and Central/Eatern dialectal groups is a retaining of final /ɛ/ or /ə/ sound from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-as ending (Brone, Bronislove) in former, but a complete loss in latter (Broń or Broniu, Bronislov).


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
[[Pamarėska/Texts|Small texts in the Pomorian Proper and dialects]].
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
[[Pamarėska/Swadesh list|Swadesh list for Pomorian Proper and dialects]].


<!-- Template area -->
[[Pamarėska/Phrases and words|Some common words list for Pomorian Proper and dialects]].




[[Category:Indo-European  languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European  languages]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Pamarėska]]
[[Category:Stem-Slavic]]
{{IE|slav}}
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