Aeranir: Difference between revisions

| name = ''Aeranir''

| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''

| pronunciation =  [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠],<br> [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]

|iso3 = qco

| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhan

| tetue ne tīn

| tīn ne tessun

| ītē arte tihī iūre

* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēnī'': 'from/by this king'

===Possessive pronouns===

 

{| class="wikitable"   style="display: inline-table;"

|+caption | Possessive pronouns

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person

! colspan="6" | 3rd person

! rowspan="3" | reflexive

! colspan="2" | proximal

! colspan="2" | distal

! colspan="2" | medial

! <small>singular</small>

! <small>plural</small>

! <small>singular</small>

! <small>plural</small>

! <small>singular</small>

! <small>plural</small>

! <small>singular</small>

! <small>plural</small>

! <small>singular</small>

! <small>plural</small>

! inalienable

| ''tī''<br>''te''

| ''īster''

| ''nī''<br>''ne''

| ''rester''

| ''sī''<br>''se''

| ''ūlī''

| ''ūlōvus''

| ''ustī''

| ''ustōvus''

| ''cī''<br>''ce''

! alienable

| ''tuius''

| ''eius''

| ''nuius''

| ''ruius''

| colspan="2" | ''seius''

| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''

| colspan="2" | ''usteius''

| ''cuius''

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun.  These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts.  These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety.  Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes

| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives.  These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards.  Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning.  The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.'  With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not.  However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

 

:{{interlinear | box=yes

| ēs incus telūhramir tuius

| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG

|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

 

:{{interlinear | box=yes

| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir

| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL

 

Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs.  There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.

*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")

*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")

*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")

*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")

*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")

One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into").  Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes

| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae

|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}

|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]

Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>.  Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’  These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

 

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’  '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’  These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]].  Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

 

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause.  That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''claut<u>itz</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auh<u>en</u>te'''''; 'I look at <u>you</u>'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzav<u>ī</u>'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave <u>me</u> the books').

| mollī cōmus

| leak-<u>3SG.E</u> <u>house</u>-NOM.SG

|'The house is leaking'}}

| requis te coptin nuiun

| return-<u>3SG.C</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG <u>hat</u>-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG

|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

| emptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī

| send-POT.<u>3SG.T</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG <u>Setil</u>-DAT.SG

|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity.  This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.'  Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.'  However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

 

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhen<u>te</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> look at you,' '''''tzāvī<u>'r</u> salvae'''''; '<u>you all</u> gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

 

====Number of Conjugations====

{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"

|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm

! Active

| '''aehatz'''<br>They love me

| ''-iste''

| ''-ēlāste''

| ''-erra''

| ''-ēlārra''

| ''mentitz'' → '''''mentet'''''

| ''mentēlō'' → '''''mentālō'''''

| ''saepitz'' → '''''saepiat'''''

| ''saepiēlō'' → '''''saepiālō'''''

The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left.  This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative.  So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''saepiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''saepuēs''''' (from indicative '''''saepuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''saepēvis''.  Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

| vascit vominīs

| vascor vominīs

| tetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ne fictun satun iūs

| teterur seun tīn iūs  

| tetēlārur seun tīn iūs  

| '''''aehāhan'''''<br>''-han''

| '''''aehāre'''''<br>''-re''

| '''''aehāsse'''''<br>''-sse''

| '''''aehātus sinhan'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + sinhan''

| '''''aehātīhan'''''<br>''-tīhan''

| '''''aehātīre'''''<br>''-tīre''

| pēra tihī incerī ne cīhī

| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan

* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''tetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''tetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb rēhan ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim.  In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

| pea cūran vecons inceris moñennī

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession.  Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes

| ēs iarius taurātīs

| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG

|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'

|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

| sintz menterur tihī octzin

|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

 

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes.  For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used.  Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person.  This can be more humble or polite than the locative.  Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

 

=== Conditionals ===

 

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech.  Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

 

:{{interlinear | box = yes

| sopis furea requeō cōmerī

| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG

|'If it snows I'm going home'

|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

 

:{{interlinear | box = yes

| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī

| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG

|'If it snows I'm going home'

|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

 

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

 

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant.  No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required.  The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion.  Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition.  This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

 

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"

|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences

!

! ''Protasis'' certain

! ''Protasis'' uncertain

! ''Apodosis'' certain

| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intzae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'

| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intzae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'

! ''Apodosis'' uncertain

| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intzae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'

| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intzae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'