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Ahāmatya: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''<br />[ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.nan ɛˌt<sup>j</sup>ɛl.lɛt.janˈda.l<sup>j</sup>an] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley | | '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Vasa Ahāmatya | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''. | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language. | '''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language. | ||
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===Setting=== | ===Setting=== | ||
The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land | The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''. | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya | '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity. | ||
===Etymology=== | ===Etymology=== | ||
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The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood. | The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood. | ||
The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya | The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manan''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljan''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive | ||
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent. | verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent. | ||
Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya | Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”. | ||
===Goals=== | ===Goals=== | ||
The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to extent to which this was fulfilled). | The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled). | ||
===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming=== | ===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming=== | ||
The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird" and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so. | The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so. | ||
Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided. | Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | |+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal | ||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]< | | style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [m<sup>h</sup>] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [n<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋ<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]< | | style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [p<sup>h</sup>] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [t<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [k<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]< | | style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [b<sup>h</sup>] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [d<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [g<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [s<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [h<sup>j</sup>] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [v<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [r<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w] | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| Line 137: | Line 174: | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [l<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
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===Vowels and Diphthongs=== | ===Vowels and Diphthongs=== | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound. | '''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound. | ||
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{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | |+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | ||
| Line 158: | Line 200: | ||
! colspan="2" |Long | ! colspan="2" |Long | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Front | ! {{small|Front}} | ||
!Back | ! {{small|Back}} | ||
!Front | ! {{small|Front}} | ||
!Back | ! {{small|Back}} | ||
|- style="text-align: center;" | |- style="text-align: center;" | ||
!High | !High | ||
| Line 199: | Line 241: | ||
'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.''' | '''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.''' | ||
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable. | * A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable. | ||
'''tjelle''' [ˈt<sup>j</sup>ɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky" | |||
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high" | |||
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird" | |||
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable. | * A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable. | ||
'''vrjāmatya''' [vr<sup>j</sup>a:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural" | |||
'''mrja''' [ˈmr<sup>j</sup>a] CCV "spirit" | |||
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure. | * A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure. | ||
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈpr<sup>j</sup>a] VC.CCV "in front of a cat" | |||
'''phelarya''' [p<sup>h</sup>ɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend" | |||
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves. | * Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves. | ||
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmr<sup>j</sup>a] CCCV "in the spirit" | |||
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmr<sup>j</sup>a] C.CCV "in the spirit" | |||
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvl<sup>j</sup>a] CCCV "as the wolf" | |||
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvl<sup>j</sup>a] C.CCV "as the wolf" | |||
'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.''' | '''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.''' | ||
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable. | * Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable. | ||
'''tjelle''' [ˈt<sup>j</sup>ɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky" | |||
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial" | |||
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower" | |||
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable. | * Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable. | ||
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.dr<sup>j</sup>a] CVC.CCV "power" | |||
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule. | * Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule. | ||
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmr<sup>j</sup>am.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit" | |||
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈpr<sup>j</sup>a] VC.CCV "in front of a cat" | |||
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels" | |||
Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here: | Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here: | ||
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===Number=== | ===Number=== | ||
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a ''' | Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker. | ||
The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun. | The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun. | ||
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* '''vrunnui-''' "robins" | * '''vrunnui-''' "robins" | ||
The ''' | The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context". | ||
* '''iveu-''' "some birds" | * '''iveu-''' "some birds" | ||
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* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins" | * '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins" | ||
There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used. | |||
* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower" | |||
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star" | |||
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye" | |||
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog" | |||
===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
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==== Nominative Case ==== | ==== Nominative Case ==== | ||
The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''- | The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-a'''. | ||
* ''''' | * '''''Ivea''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping." | ||
* ''''' | * '''''Ivea''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig." | ||
The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location. | The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location. | ||
* '''aphra- | * '''aphra-ljā''' "against the water" | ||
* '''aha- | * '''aha-lavraidea''' "with, together with, the rings" | ||
* '''an- | * '''an-atalaiyea''' "as the king" | ||
* '''hai- | * '''hai-vamelā''' "via the shore" | ||
* '''san- | * '''san-mwā''' "like the butterfly" | ||
* '''v- | * '''v-eimea''' "in (a state of) love" | ||
* '''vrja- | * '''vrja-mettā''' "with, together with the trees" | ||
==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ==== | ==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ==== | ||
| Line 424: | Line 467: | ||
==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ==== | ==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ==== | ||
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''- | The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''-s'''. | ||
* ''Iven ''' | * ''Iven '''henelas''' uvuhna''. "The bird had eaten the pig." | ||
* ''Ljumruran ''' | * ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnus''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin." | ||
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region. | The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region. | ||
* ''' | * '''ehda-luimes''' "until first spring" | ||
* ''' | * '''ui-embas''' "upon the face" | ||
* '''- | * '''lu-ljās''' "under the water" | ||
* '''- | * '''ar-manas''' "around, surrounding the land" | ||
* ''' | * '''nai-manas''' "over the land" | ||
==== Dative Case ==== | ==== Dative Case ==== | ||
The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''- | The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-ya'''. | ||
* '' | * ''Vrunnua '''ljumruraya''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant." | ||
* '' | * ''Atalairdā lavraides '''iveya''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird." | ||
The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region. | The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region. | ||
* '''nur- | * '''nur-sriddaya''' "through/during the summer" | ||
* ''' | * '''mal-Elyaya''' "on behalf of Elya" | ||
==== Genitive Case ==== | ==== Genitive Case ==== | ||
The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is | The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is by'''-n''' or '''-r'''. | ||
When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''. | |||
* '''lavraide kaludan''' "stone ring; ring of stone" | |||
* '''kavra memudan''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool" | |||
The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns. | The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns. | ||
* '''ehba- | * '''ehba-idur''' "without light" | ||
* '''amha- | * '''amha-aryen''' "with/having friends" | ||
==== Vocative Case ==== | ==== Vocative Case ==== | ||
| Line 474: | Line 522: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manā'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manea'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manava'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ||
| Line 507: | Line 555: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ives'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manas'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manes'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūs'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iviye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''maneya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manavya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūya'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iven'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manan'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manen'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 561: | Line 609: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailie'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīe'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailive'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ||
| Line 585: | Line 633: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljās'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīs'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailius'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljāya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivye'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative | ||
| Line 635: | Line 683: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | into | | style="text-align: center;" | into | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | until | | style="text-align: center;" | until | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-''''' | ||
| Line 646: | Line 694: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to | | style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | upon | | style="text-align: center;" | upon | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of | | style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having | | style="text-align: center;" | with, having | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | as | | style="text-align: center;" | as | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by | | style="text-align: center;" | beside, by | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | under | | style="text-align: center;" | under | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| Line 668: | Line 716: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after | | style="text-align: center;" | out of, after | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | around | | style="text-align: center;" | around | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| Line 679: | Line 727: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | over | | style="text-align: center;" | over | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| Line 709: | Line 757: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Verbs== | ||
==Verbs== | Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, person, direction of transitivity, and assertor's involvement. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs. | ||
The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following: | |||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
! colspan="3" | Stem | |||
! colspan="3" | Tense | |||
! colspan="4" | Deixis | |||
|- | |||
| Preverbs | |||
| '''Root''' | |||
| Derivation | |||
| Aspect | |||
| Derivation | |||
| Time | |||
| Mood | |||
| Derivation | |||
| Voice | |||
| Person | |||
|} | |||
Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative. | |||
===Tense=== | |||
'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb. | |||
Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel. | |||
* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time. | |||
* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time. | |||
* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. | |||
* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. | |||
* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time. | |||
* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time. | |||
* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time. | |||
* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time. | |||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}} | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-''' | |||
|} | |||
===Mood=== | |||
'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods: | |||
* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-''' | |||
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-''' | |||
In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-''' | |||
|} | |||
===Voice=== | |||
'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices: | |||
* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-''' | |||
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood | |||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | |||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}} | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}} | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}} | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}} | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-''' | |||
|} | |||
===Conjugation=== | |||
Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately. | |||
====Imperfective and Imperative Endings==== | |||
The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="1"| Singular | |||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | |||
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -n | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -s | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -va | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -a | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -a | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -na | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="1"| Singular | |||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | |||
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Perfect Endings==== | |||
The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="1"| Singular | |||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | |||
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -m | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Gnomic Endings==== | |||
The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="1"| Singular | |||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | |||
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Reflexive Endings==== | |||
To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has person endings which have the the following forms: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="1"| Singular | |||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | |||
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Preverbs=== | |||
===Verb Forms=== | |||
====Derivations From Verbs==== | |||
====Derivations To Verbs==== | |||
===Comprehensive Example=== | |||
==Modifiers== | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
==Adverbs== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
==Particles== | ==Particles== | ||