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Ahāmatya: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''<br />[ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.nan ɛˌt<sup>j</sup>ɛl.lɛt.janˈda.l<sup>j</sup>an] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley | | '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Vasa Ahāmatya | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''. | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language. | '''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language. | ||
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The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''. | The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''. | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya | '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity. | ||
===Etymology=== | ===Etymology=== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood. | The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood. | ||
The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya | The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manan''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljan''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive | ||
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent. | verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent. | ||
Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya | Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”. | ||
===Goals=== | ===Goals=== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | |+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal | ||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}} | |||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]< | | style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [m<sup>h</sup>] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [n<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋ<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]< | | style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [p<sup>h</sup>] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [t<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [k<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]< | | style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [b<sup>h</sup>] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [d<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [g<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 109: | Line 131: | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [s<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [h<sup>j</sup>] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [v<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [r<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w] | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j] | | style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j] | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| Line 137: | Line 174: | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l] | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [l<sup>j</sup>] | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| Line 152: | Line 193: | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | |+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya''' | ||
| Line 159: | Line 200: | ||
! colspan="2" |Long | ! colspan="2" |Long | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Front | ! {{small|Front}} | ||
!Back | ! {{small|Back}} | ||
!Front | ! {{small|Front}} | ||
!Back | ! {{small|Back}} | ||
|- style="text-align: center;" | |- style="text-align: center;" | ||
!High | !High | ||
| Line 356: | Line 397: | ||
===Number=== | ===Number=== | ||
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a ''' | Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker. | ||
The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun. | The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun. | ||
| Line 374: | Line 415: | ||
* '''vrunnui-''' "robins" | * '''vrunnui-''' "robins" | ||
The ''' | The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context". | ||
* '''iveu-''' "some birds" | * '''iveu-''' "some birds" | ||
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* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins" | * '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins" | ||
There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used. | |||
* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower" | |||
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star" | |||
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye" | |||
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog" | |||
===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
| Line 388: | Line 436: | ||
==== Nominative Case ==== | ==== Nominative Case ==== | ||
The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''- | The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-a'''. | ||
* ''''' | * '''''Ivea''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping." | ||
* ''''' | * '''''Ivea''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig." | ||
The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location. | The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location. | ||
* '''aphra- | * '''aphra-ljā''' "against the water" | ||
* '''aha- | * '''aha-lavraidea''' "with, together with, the rings" | ||
* '''an- | * '''an-atalaiyea''' "as the king" | ||
* '''hai- | * '''hai-vamelā''' "via the shore" | ||
* '''san- | * '''san-mwā''' "like the butterfly" | ||
* '''v- | * '''v-eimea''' "in (a state of) love" | ||
* '''vrja- | * '''vrja-mettā''' "with, together with the trees" | ||
==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ==== | ==== Accusative<sub>1</sub> Case ==== | ||
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==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ==== | ==== Accusative<sub>2</sub> Case ==== | ||
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''- | The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative<sub>2</sub> case is marked by '''-s'''. | ||
* ''Iven ''' | * ''Iven '''henelas''' uvuhna''. "The bird had eaten the pig." | ||
* ''Ljumruran ''' | * ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnus''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin." | ||
The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region. | The accusative<sub>2</sub> case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region. | ||
* '''ehda- | * '''ehda-luimes''' "until first spring" | ||
* '''ui- | * '''ui-embas''' "upon the face" | ||
* '''lu- | * '''lu-ljās''' "under the water" | ||
* '''ar- | * '''ar-manas''' "around, surrounding the land" | ||
* '''nai- | * '''nai-manas''' "over the land" | ||
==== Dative Case ==== | ==== Dative Case ==== | ||
The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''- | The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-ya'''. | ||
* '' | * ''Vrunnua '''ljumruraya''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant." | ||
* '' | * ''Atalairdā lavraides '''iveya''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird." | ||
The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region. | The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region. | ||
* '''nur- | * '''nur-sriddaya''' "through/during the summer" | ||
* '''mal- | * '''mal-Elyaya''' "on behalf of Elya" | ||
==== Genitive Case ==== | ==== Genitive Case ==== | ||
The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is | The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is by'''-n''' or '''-r'''. | ||
When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''. | When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''. | ||
* '''lavraide | * '''lavraide kaludan''' "stone ring; ring of stone" | ||
* '''kavra | * '''kavra memudan''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool" | ||
The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns. | The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns. | ||
* '''ehba- | * '''ehba-idur''' "without light" | ||
* '''amha- | * '''amha-aryen''' "with/having friends" | ||
==== Vocative Case ==== | ==== Vocative Case ==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manā'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manea'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manava'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ||
| Line 512: | Line 555: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ives'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manas'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manes'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūs'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iviye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''maneya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manavya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūya'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iven'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manan'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manen'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 566: | Line 609: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Comprehensive Plural | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailie'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīe'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailive'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>1</sub> | ||
| Line 590: | Line 633: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative<sub>2</sub> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljās'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáus'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailis'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīs'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailius'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljāya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavya'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīye'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivye'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir'' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative | ||
| Line 658: | Line 701: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having | | style="text-align: center;" | with, having | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-''''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | as | | style="text-align: center;" | as | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-''''' | ||
| Line 713: | Line 756: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, | Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, person, direction of transitivity, and assertor's involvement. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs. | ||
The | The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" | Stem | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" | Tense | ||
! colspan="4" | Deixis | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Preverbs | | Preverbs | ||
| '''Root''' | | '''Root''' | ||
| Derivation | |||
| Aspect | | Aspect | ||
| Derivation | |||
| Time | | Time | ||
| Mood | | Mood | ||
| Derivation | |||
| Voice | | Voice | ||
| Person | | Person | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that, although presented here concatenatively, | Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative. | ||
===Tense=== | ===Tense=== | ||
| Line 759: | Line 803: | ||
* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time. | * The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time. | ||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
| Line 777: | Line 822: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t'' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-''' | ||
| Line 789: | Line 834: | ||
* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-''' | * The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-''' | ||
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-''' | * The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-''' | ||
In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
| Line 830: | Line 876: | ||
===Voice=== | ===Voice=== | ||
'''Ahāmatya''' has | '''Ahāmatya''' has two voices: | ||
* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-''' | * The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-''' | ||
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''- | * The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood | ||
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
| Line 846: | Line 891: | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}} | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-''' | ||
| Line 855: | Line 900: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt''''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand''''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le- | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-''' | ||
| Line 874: | Line 913: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-''' | ||
| Line 894: | Line 927: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt''''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand''''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}} | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-''' | ||
| Line 913: | Line 940: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur''''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 938: | Line 959: | ||
!colspan="1"| Singular | !colspan="1"| Singular | ||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | !colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | ||
!colspan="1"| | !colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -n | | style="text-align: center;" | -n | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -s | | style="text-align: center;" | -s | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen | | style="text-align: center;" | -nen | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes | | style="text-align: center;" | -nes | ||
| Line 952: | Line 973: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -va | | style="text-align: center;" | -va | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna | | style="text-align: center;" | -vna | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva | | style="text-align: center;" | -neva | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna | | style="text-align: center;" | -nevna | ||
| Line 963: | Line 984: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -a | | style="text-align: center;" | -a | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -a | | style="text-align: center;" | -a | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -na | | style="text-align: center;" | -na | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| Line 982: | Line 1,003: | ||
!colspan="1"| Singular | !colspan="1"| Singular | ||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | !colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | ||
!colspan="1"| | !colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni | | style="text-align: center;" | -nni | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni | | style="text-align: center;" | -nni | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| Line 996: | Line 1,017: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani | | style="text-align: center;" | -vani | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani | | style="text-align: center;" | -nevani | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| Line 1,007: | Line 1,028: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani | | style="text-align: center;" | -ani | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani | | style="text-align: center;" | -nani | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| Line 1,028: | Line 1,049: | ||
!colspan="1"| Singular | !colspan="1"| Singular | ||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | !colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | ||
!colspan="1"| | !colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra | | style="text-align: center;" | -ra | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra | | style="text-align: center;" | -rra | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera | | style="text-align: center;" | -nera | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra | | style="text-align: center;" | -nerra | ||
| Line 1,042: | Line 1,063: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -m | | style="text-align: center;" | -m | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma | | style="text-align: center;" | -mma | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem | | style="text-align: center;" | -nem | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma | | style="text-align: center;" | -nemma | ||
| Line 1,053: | Line 1,074: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya | | style="text-align: center;" | -ya | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya | | style="text-align: center;" | -ya | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya | | style="text-align: center;" | -neya | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya | | style="text-align: center;" | -neya | ||
| Line 1,074: | Line 1,095: | ||
!colspan="1"| Singular | !colspan="1"| Singular | ||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | !colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | ||
!colspan="1"| | !colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Reflexive Endings==== | |||
To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has person endings which have the the following forms: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="1"| Singular | |||
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural | |||
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| Line 1,088: | Line 1,155: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| Line 1,099: | Line 1,166: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}} | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | - | | style="text-align: center;" | - | ||
| Line 1,110: | Line 1,177: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Preverbs=== | |||
===Verb Forms=== | ===Verb Forms=== | ||
| Line 1,119: | Line 1,188: | ||
===Comprehensive Example=== | ===Comprehensive Example=== | ||
==Adverbs== | ==Modifiers== | ||
===Adjectives=== | |||
===Adverbs=== | |||
==Particles== | ==Particles== | ||