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Avendonian: Difference between revisions
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|pronunciation = [[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano]]] | |pronunciation = [[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano]]] | ||
|state = Avendonia | |state = Avendonia | ||
|setting = Alt-history Europe | |||
|region = Avendonia, Northern Italic Peninsula | |region = Avendonia, Northern Italic Peninsula | ||
|date = 2009 | |date = 2009 | ||
| Line 147: | Line 148: | ||
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words, unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns: | Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words, unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns: | ||
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|el.ˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.pa.ˈre‿te}}/ | : '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|el.ˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.pa.ˈre‿te}}/ | ||
Longer words (4 and more syllables) may receive a secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or | Longer words (4 and more syllables) may receive a secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress): | ||
: '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}''' /{{IPA|sob.ˌgrund.spor.ˈve.go}}/, '''{{term|surstopitio}}''' /{{IPA|ˌsur.sto.ˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/ | : '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}''' /{{IPA|sob.ˌgrund.spor.ˈve.go}}/, '''{{term|surstopitio}}''' /{{IPA|ˌsur.sto.ˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/ | ||
==Grammar== | |||
Avendonian grammar is relatively straightforward and akin to the grammar of other Romance languages, due to the influence of Latin. | |||
# Two sets of articles, indefinite and definite, preceding the noun. | |||
# Gender and number inflection in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Articles and adjectives must agree inflection-wise with the noun or pronoun they modify. | |||
# Twofold gender system, masculine and feminine. Loss of Latin neuter gender. | |||
# Fusional verb inflection for person, number, mood, and tense. | |||
However, noun and adjective declension endings, along with the ablaut in strong verbs are elements derived from Germanic. | |||
===Articles=== | |||
Both definite and indefinite articles have four distinct forms, for number and gender: | |||
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:auto; text-align: center; float: left;" | |||
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Indefinite articles | |||
|- | |||
! !! masculine !! feminine | |||
|- | |||
! singular | |||
| {{term|uno}} || {{term|una}} | |||
|- | |||
! plural | |||
| {{term|uni}} || {{term|une}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
  | |||
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Definite articles | |||
|- | |||
! !! masculine !! feminine | |||
|- | |||
! singular | |||
| {{term|el}} || {{term|la}} | |||
|- | |||
! plural | |||
| {{term|li}} || {{term|le}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
Avendonian articles function similarly as English ''a'' and ''the'', but gender and number of the following noun determine the form that must be used. For example: | |||
: '''{{term|buce}}''' ''{{Abbtip|masculine gender|m}} {{Abbtip|singular number|sg}}'' → '''el buce''' (“the book”), '''uno buce''' (“a book”). | |||
: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}} {{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”). | |||
: etc. | |||
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''[[Contionary:ca ga't|Ca ga't?]]''' from '''{{term|ga}}''' + '''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are not disallowed but are discouraged in formal writing. | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Avendonian noun declensions | |||
|- | |||
! !! A-stem !! O-stem !! E-stem !! U-stem | |||
|- | |||
! singular | |||
| -a || -o || rowspan="2" | -e || -o | |||
|- | |||
! plural | |||
| -e || -i || -u | |||
|} | |||
Nouns in Avendonian fall in one of the following almost fully regular declensions: | |||
* '''A-stem''': mostly feminine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#First declension (a stems)|Latin first declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ō-stems|Germanic ō-]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ōn-stems|ōn-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|erda}}'''. | |||
* '''O-stem''': chiefly masculine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#Second declension (o stems)|Latin second declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#a-stems|Germanic a-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|vundro}}'''. | |||
* '''E-stem''': both genders. From the [[w:Latin declension#Third declension|third]] and [[w:Latin declension#Fifth declension (e stems)|fifth declensions of Latin]] and various Germanic stems (like [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#an-stems|an-stems]]). E.g. '''{{term|snege}}'''. | |||
* '''U-stem''': both genders but mainly masculine. From Latin [[w:Latin declension#Fourth declension (u stems)|fourth declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#u-stems|u-stem]] from Germanic. E.g. '''{{term|anto}}'''. | |||
Notable exceptions are the productive suffix '''{{term|-tio}}''', which forms feminine o-stem nouns from verbs, and the '''{{term|-ista}}''' suffix forms [[w:epicenity#Specialized uses|epicene]] a-stem nouns. | |||
[[Category:Avendonian]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Avendonian]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | ||