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* '''O-stem''': chiefly masculine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#Second declension (o stems)|Latin second declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#a-stems|Germanic a-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|vundro}}'''. | * '''O-stem''': chiefly masculine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#Second declension (o stems)|Latin second declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#a-stems|Germanic a-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|vundro}}'''. | ||
* '''E-stem''': both genders. From the [[w:Latin declension#Third declension|third]] and [[w:Latin declension#Fifth declension (e stems)|fifth declensions of Latin]] and various Germanic stems (like [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#an-stems|an-stems]]). E.g. '''{{term|snege}}'''. | * '''E-stem''': both genders. From the [[w:Latin declension#Third declension|third]] and [[w:Latin declension#Fifth declension (e stems)|fifth declensions of Latin]] and various Germanic stems (like [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#an-stems|an-stems]]). E.g. '''{{term|snege}}'''. | ||
* '''U-stem''': both genders but mainly masculine. From Latin [[w:Latin declension#Fourth declension (u stems)|fourth declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#u-stems|u-stem]] from Germanic. E.g. '''{{term| | * '''U-stem''': both genders but mainly masculine. From Latin [[w:Latin declension#Fourth declension (u stems)|fourth declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#u-stems|u-stem]] from Germanic. E.g. '''{{term|vintro}}'''. | ||
Notable exceptions are the productive suffix '''{{term|-tio}}''', which forms feminine o-stem nouns from verbs, and the '''{{term|-ista}}''' suffix forms [[w:epicenity#Specialized uses|epicene]] a-stem nouns. | Notable exceptions are the productive suffix '''{{term|-tio}}''', which forms feminine o-stem nouns from verbs, and the '''{{term|-ista}}''' suffix forms [[w:epicenity#Specialized uses|epicene]] a-stem nouns. Other words have no distinctive feature in the modern language, i.e. differences are etymological. | ||
===Personal pronouns=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: right;" | |||
|+ Avendonian personal pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | personal pronouns !! rowspan=2 | possessive<br>pronoun | |||
|- | |||
! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|subjective]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|objective]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular | |||
| {{term|eo}} || {{term|me}} || {{term|mede}} | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural | |||
| {{term|vi}} || {{term|nos}} || {{term|nosde}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! rowspan=2 | singular !! standard | |||
| {{term|tu}} || {{term|te}} || {{term|tede}} | |||
|- | |||
! formal | |||
| colspan=2 | {{term|Si}} || {{term|Side}} | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | plural | |||
| {{term|i}} || {{term|vos}} || {{term|vosde}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! rowspan=3 | singular !! masculine | |||
| {{term|e}} || rowspan=4 | {{term|si}} || rowspan=4 | {{term|side}} | |||
|- | |||
! feminine | |||
| {{term|si}} | |||
|- | |||
! neuter | |||
| {{term|et}} | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | plural | |||
| {{term|si}} | |||
|} | |||
Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms: | |||
* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, as other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same. | |||
:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' ''I speak Avendonian'' | |||
:: '''El hundo ci (et) va mudio asatui.''' ''The dog who was tired sat down.'' | |||
* Objective pronouns act as the direct object of a sentence. If the verb is an infinitive or an imperative, the pronoun is attached to it with a hyphen; otherwise, it precedes the verb. | |||
:: '''E me gavo uno scenco en el burddago mede.''' ''He gave me a present for my birthday.'' | |||
:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' ''Please, send me a message when they arrive.'' | |||
* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives must be written after a definite article, which still agrees in gender and number with the noun. | |||
:: '''El vagno mede.''' ''My car.'' '''Le sceiate side.''' ''His/Her/Their stories''. | |||
:: '''Perlosasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' ''You lost your book? I can lend you mine.'' | |||
* Avendonian has, as other Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment. | |||
:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' ''Excuse me sir, what is your name?'' (formal) | |||
:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' ''If you are lost, we can guide you.'' (formal) | |||
[[Category:Avendonian]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Avendonian]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | ||