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Avendonian (view source)

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{{Featured}}
: {{distinguish|Aewedanoan}}
<!--{{construction|date=15:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)}}-->
<!--{{construction|date=15:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)}}-->
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name           = Avendonian
|image            = Flag of Avendonia square 2.png
|nativename     = <span style="font-weight: normal;">''avendoniano''</span>
|imagesize        = 120px
|pronunciation   = [[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano&#93;]]
|name             = Avendonian
|state           = Avendonia
|nativename       = avendoniano
|setting         = Alt-history Europe
|pronunciation     = avendoˈni̯ano
|region          = Avendonia, Northern Italic Peninsula
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|date            = 2009
|state             = Avendonia
|familycolor     = Indo-European
|setting           = Alt-history Europe, Northern Italic Peninsula
|fam1            = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|created          = 2009
|fam2           = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|familycolor       = Indo-European
|fam3           = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam2             = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam4           = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' [[w:Elbe Germanic|Elbe Germanic]]
|fam3             = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam5            = Pre-Avendonian creole
|fam4             = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}''&nbsp;[[w:Elbe Germanic|Elbe&nbsp;Germanic]]
|ancestor        = Old Avendonian
|ancestor          = Pre-Avendonian
|creator         = S.C.
|creator           = S.C.
|dia1           = North Adriatic (''nordadriatico'')
|dia1             = North Adriatic (''nordadriatico'')
|dia2           = Alpine (''alpino'')
|dia2             = Alpine (''alpino'')
|dia3           = High Burgundian (''ocburgundico'')
|dia3             = High Burgundian (''ocburgundico'')
|dia4           = Low Burgundian (''lagburgundico'')
|dia4             = Low Burgundian (''lagburgundico'')
|dia5           = Genoese (''genoico'')
|dia5             = Genoese (''genoico'')
|stand1         = Central Avendonian dialect
|stand1           = Central Avendonian dialect
|script          = Latin
|script1          = Latn
|nation         = Avendonia
|nation           = Avendonia
|map             = Locator Map Avendonia.png
|agency            = Grunditio Cuningica per la Spraca Avendoniana
|mapsize         = 280px
|map               = Locator Map Avendonia.png
|mapcaption     = <span style="font-style: italic>Approximate borders of Avendonia</span>
|mapsize           = 280px
|mapcaptionalign = center
|mapcaption       = Approximate borders of Avendonia
|notice         = av-IPA
|notice           = IPA
}}
}}


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* The combination {{angbr|gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/.
* The combination {{angbr|gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/.
* {{angbr|i}} in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/.
* {{angbr|i}} in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/.
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|sc}} before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (i.e. {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|e}}) makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|sc}} before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|e}}) makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.
* The digraph {{angbr|ch}} makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanwords]].
* The digraph {{angbr|ch}} makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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Notes:
Notes:
* As stated in [[Avendonian#Orthography|§Orthography]], /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ palatalize to /{{IPA|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA|i, e}}/.
* As stated in [[#Orthography|§Orthography]], /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ palatalize to /{{IPA|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA|i, e}}/.
* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}/, '''{{term|perstelitio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}/.
* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}/, '''{{term|perstelitio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}/.
* [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech.
* [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech.
* [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[Avendonian#Dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|driŋˈkare}}/, '''{{term|anguste}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|aŋˈguste}}/, Low Burgundian '''{{term|clang}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|klaŋg}}/ (standard '''{{term|clango}}''').
* [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|driŋˈkare}}/, '''{{term|anguste}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|aŋˈguste}}/, Low Burgundian '''{{term|clang}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|klaŋg}}/ (standard '''{{term|clango}}''').


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="border-right:0;"| [[w:Unrounded close front vowel|i]] || style="border-left:0;"| ([[w:Rounded close front vowel|y]]) || || [[w:Rounded close back vowel|u]]
| style="border-right:0;"| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || style="border-left:0;"| ([[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]) || || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| colspan="2"| [[w:Unrounded close-mid front vowel|e]] || || [[w:Rounded close-mid back vowel|o]]
| colspan="2"| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Unrounded close front vowel|a]] || ||
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || ||
|}
|}


Notes:
Notes:
* /{{IPA|y}}/ is native to the Burgundian dialects. See [[Avendonian#Burgundian dialects|§Dialects]] below.
* /{{IPA|y}}/ is native to the Burgundian dialects. See [[#Burgundian dialects|§Dialects]] below.
* /{{IPA|e, o}}/ may be realized as [{{IPA|e̞, o̞}}].
* /{{IPA|e, o}}/ may be realized as [{{IPA|e̞, o̞}}].


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
: '''{{term|spraca}}'''&nbsp;(SPRA-ca)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term|ordo}}'''&nbsp;(OR-do)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term|bucaria}}'''&nbsp;(bu-CA-ria)&nbsp;/{{IPA|bu.ˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.  
: '''{{term|spraca}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|spra}}‑ca)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term|ordo}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|or}}‑do)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term|bucaria}}'''&nbsp;(bu‑{{sc|ca}}‑ria)&nbsp;/{{IPA|bu.ˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.  
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words, unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words, unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|el.ˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.pa.ˈre‿te}}/
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|el.ˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.pa.ˈre‿te}}/
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: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}}&nbsp;{{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”).
: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}}&nbsp;{{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”).
: etc.
: etc.
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''[[Contionary:ca ga't|Ca ga't?]]''' from '''{{term|ga}}'''&nbsp;+&nbsp;'''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are not disallowed but are discouraged in formal writing.
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''[[Contionary:ca ga't|Ca ga't?]]''' from '''{{term|ga}}'''&nbsp;+&nbsp;'''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are permissible but discouraged in formal writing.


===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
In Avendonian there are two sets of demonstratives, which can be used either as determiners or pronouns: [[w:Demonstrative#Distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal and distal]]. As adjectives, the stem may be suffixed with '''-ie''' to form adverbs, '''{{term|ecie}}''' ''here'' and '''{{term|elie}}''' ''there'' respectively.
In Avendonian there are two sets of demonstratives, which can be used either as determiners or pronouns: [[w:Demonstrative#Distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal and distal]]. As adjectives, the stem may be suffixed with '''-ie''' to form adverbs, '''{{term|ecie}}''' ‘here’ and '''{{term|elie}}''' ‘there’.
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|+ Avendonian noun declensions
|+ Avendonian noun declensions
|-
|-
! !! A-stem !! O-stem !! E-stem !! U-stem
! !! [[:Category:Avendonian a-stem nouns|A-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian o-stem nouns|O-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian e-stem nouns|E-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian u-stem nouns|U-stem]]
|-
|-
! singular
! singular
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| {{term|vi}} || {{term|nos}} || {{term|nosde}}
| {{term|vi}} || {{term|nos}} || {{term|nosde}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! rowspan=2 | singular !! standard
! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! rowspan=2 | singular !! default
| {{term|tu}} || {{term|te}} || {{term|tede}}
| {{term|tu}} || {{term|te}} || {{term|tede}}
|-
|-
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Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms:
Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms:
* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, as other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.
* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, as other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.
:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' ''I speak Avendonian''
:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' “I speak Avendonian.”
:: '''El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui.''' ''The dog which was tired sat down.''
:: '''El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui.''' “The dog which was tired sat down.”
* Objective pronouns act as the direct object of a sentence. If the verb is an infinitive or an imperative, the pronoun is attached to it with a hyphen; otherwise, it precedes the verb.
* Objective pronouns act as the direct object of a sentence. If the verb is an infinitive or an imperative, the pronoun is attached to it with a hyphen; otherwise, it precedes the verb.
:: '''E me gavo uno scenco en el burddago mede.''' ''He gave me a present for my birthday.''
:: '''E me gavo uno scenco en el burddago mede.''' “He gave me a present for my birthday.”
:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' ''Please, send me a message when they arrive.''
:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' “Please, send me a message when they arrive.”
* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives<br>must be written in the form of ''article'' + ''noun'' + ''possessive''. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.
* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives<br>must be written in the form of [article] + [noun] + [possessive]. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.
:: '''El vagno mede.''' ''My car.''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Le sceiate side.''' ''His/Her/Their stories''.
{{col-begin}}
:: '''Perlosasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' ''You lost your book? I can lend you mine.''
{{col-n|2}}
:: '''El vagno mede.''' ‘My car’
{{col-n|2}}
'''Le sceiate side.''' ‘His/Her/Their stories’
{{col-end}}
:: '''Perlosasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' “You lost your book? I can lend you mine.”
* Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.
* Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.
:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' ''Excuse me sir, what is your name?'' (formal)
:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' “Excuse me sir, what is your name?” (formal)
:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' ''If you are lost, we can guide you.'' (formal)
:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' “If you are lost, we can guide you.” (formal)


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n}}
{{Col-n}}
: '''Uno vagno roto.''' ''A red car.''
: '''Uno vagno roto.''' ‘A red car’
{{Col-n}}
{{Col-n}}
: '''La dotre sciia mede.''' ''My shy daughter.''
: '''La dotre sciia mede.''' ‘My shy daughter’
{{Col-n}}
{{Col-n}}
: '''Li landi fere.''' ''The distant'' or ''far countries.''
: '''Li landi fere.''' ‘The distant/far countries’
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
The same forms can also be used predicatively. Thus: '''La dotre mede bi sciia.''' ''My daughter is shy.'', '''Li landi bin fere.''' ''The countries are far (away).'', etc.
The same forms can also be used predicatively. Thus: '''La dotre mede bi sciia.''' “My daughter is shy.”, '''Li landi bin fere.''' “The countries are far (away).”, etc.
Passive participles can function as regular adjectives, and active participles (or gerunds) result in undeclinable adjectives. An example of an adjective of each declension is given:
Passive participles can function as regular adjectives, and active participles (or gerunds) result in undeclinable adjectives. An example of an adjective of each declension is given:
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ O-stem
|+ O-stem
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' “old”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ E-stem
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian e-stem adjectives|E-stem]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|comene}}'' “common”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|comene}}'' (“common”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ U-stem
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian u-stem adjectives|U-stem]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|engo}}'' “narrow”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|engo}}'' (“narrow”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Irregular
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian irregular adjectives|Irregular]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|porpora}}'' “purple”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|porpora}}'' (“purple”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regular
|+ Regular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' “old”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Irregular
|+ Irregular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' “good”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' (“good”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regular
|+ Regular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' “old”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Irregular
|+ Irregular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' “good”
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' (“good”)
|-
|-
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
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====Superlative degree====
====Superlative degree====
Superlatives are always preceded by a definite article, and both must agree with the noun they are modifying. Thus:
Superlatives are always preceded by a definite article, and both must agree with the noun they are modifying. Thus:
* '''Iane bi el curtesmo.''' ''Iane is the shortest.''
* '''Iane bi el curtesmo.''' “Iane is the shortest.”
* '''Iane e Vilelmo bin li curtesmi.''' ''Iane and Vilelmo are the shortest.''
* '''Iane e Vilelmo bin li curtesmi.''' “Iane and Vilelmo are the shortest.”


====Indeclinable adjectives====
====Indeclinable adjectives====
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{{Col-n}}
{{Col-n}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''{{term|na}}'' “near, close”
|+ ''{{term|na}}'' (“near, close”)
|-
|-
! positive !! comparative !! superlative
! positive !! comparative !! superlative
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|}
|}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except a small set of verbs, which includes the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''{{term|sire}}'''.
Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except a small set of verbs, which includes the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''{{term|sire}}'''.
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' “to load”
|+ colspan="100%"|weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
! colspan="3" | active participle
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
|+ colspan="100%" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' “to invite”
|+ colspan="100%" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
! colspan="3" | active participle
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian first-conjugation strong verbs|strong 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|scedare}}'' “to separate”
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian first-conjugation strong verbs|strong 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|scedare}}'' (“to separate”)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian second-conjugation strong verbs|strong 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|evere}}'' “to lift”
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian second-conjugation strong verbs|strong 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|evere}}'' (“to lift”)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tense</div>
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Second-conjugation strong verbs are much less common than first-conjugation. They are derived from [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic verbs#j-presents|Proto-Germanic j-present strong verbs]], and were already scarce.
Second-conjugation strong verbs are much less common than first-conjugation. They are derived from [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic verbs#j-presents|Proto-Germanic j-present strong verbs]], which were already scarce.


====Irregular verbs====
====Irregular verbs====
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'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
=====''sire'', to be=====
=====''sire'', to be=====
Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb “to be” is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between stems. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
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The future and conditional forms shown in all tables above are more common in formal settings. Usually, in everyday Avendonian, constructions with the verb '''{{term|verdare}}''' (“to become”) and an infinitive following it are used instead. If '''verdare''' is inflected as present, the periphrasis conveys a future meaning. If the verb is in the perfect tense, it functions as a conditional. Compare:
The future and conditional forms shown in all tables above are more common in formal settings. Usually, in everyday Avendonian, constructions with the verb '''{{term|verdare}}''' (“to become”) and an infinitive following it are used instead. If '''verdare''' is inflected as present, the periphrasis conveys a future meaning. If the verb is in the perfect tense, it functions as a conditional. Compare:
: '''Eo si duerabo morgano.'''
: '''Eo si duerabo morgano.'''
: '''Eo verdo duere-si morgano.''' ''I will do it tomorrow.''
: '''Eo verdo duere-si morgano.''' “I will do it tomorrow.”
: '''Vi Si geldarabamos sed ne abemos nilo.'''
: '''Vi Si geldarabamos sed ne abemos nilo.'''
: '''Vi vardamos geldare-te sed ne abemos nilo.''' ''We would pay you but we have nothing.''
: '''Vi vardamos geldare-te sed ne abemos nilo.''' “We would pay you but we have nothing.”
Note that '''verdare''' is a [[Avendonian#Strong verbs|strong verb]], so it undergoes ablaut in the past as usual.
Note that '''verdare''' is a [[#Strong verbs|strong verb]], so it undergoes ablaut in the past as usual.


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
{{Ambox
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| date      = {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}
| date      = September 2020
}}
}}
There are six major dialects of Avendonian. Central Avendonian (or '''midio''') is considered the standard language, and it is the language most of the author's work is based upon. The main features of the other five dialects will be discussed in the following sections.
There are six major dialects of Avendonian. Central Avendonian (or '''midio''') is considered the standard language, and it is the language most of the author's work is based upon. The main features of the other five dialects will be discussed in the following sections.
===Alpine dialect===
===Alpine dialect===
The [[:Category:Alpine dialect|Alpine dialect]] ('''avendoniano alpino''' in Avendonian) is characterized by the partial application of the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]. This results in words like '''{{term|trincare}}''' (central '''{{term|drincare}}'''), '''{{term|esare}}''' (central '''{{term|etare}}'''), etc.
The [[:Category:Alpine dialect|Alpine dialect]] ('''avendoniano alpino''' in Avendonian) is characterized by the partial application of the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]. This results in words like '''{{term|trincare}}''' (central '''{{term|drincare}}'''), '''{{term|esare}}''' (central '''{{term|etare}}'''), etc.
The perfect tense is periphrastic in Alpine Avendonian. In place of the inflectional endings, a verbal construction is used. Its structure is ''present indicative or subjunctive of '''{{term|abere}}''', inflected for person and number'' + ''masculine singular passive participle of the main verb''. E.g. '''eo levui''' vs. '''eo abo leveto'''.
The perfect tense is periphrastic in Alpine Avendonian. In place of the inflectional endings, a verbal construction is used. Its structure is [present indicative or subjunctive of '''{{term|abere}}''', inflected for person and number] + [masculine singular passive participle of the main verb]. E.g. '''eo levui''' vs. '''eo abo leveto'''.


===Burgundian dialects===
===Burgundian dialects===
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs not longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which merged with {{angbr|u, i}} elsewhere, remained {{angbr|uo, ie}} in the Burgundian dialects&nbsp;–&nbsp;for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}'''. They also share the presence of {{angbr|y}} (/{{IPA|y}}/), descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs not longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave {{angbr|u, i}} elsewhere, became {{angbr|uo, ie}} in the Burgundian dialects&nbsp;–&nbsp;for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of {{angbr|y}} /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').


The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/.
The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/.
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* '''{{term|tovo}}'''
* '''{{term|tovo}}'''
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
===Genoese dialect===
===Genoese dialect===
The Avendonian variation spoken in Genoa (former Larastade), the capital city of Avendonia, and its surroundings is considered<sup><small>[''[[User:Sware|by who?]]'']</small></sup> a [[w:sociolect|sociolect]] rather than a fully-fledged dialect. Due to the historical importance of Genoa as a trading center, the local vernacular is more internationalized. As a result, the language is not as conservative, i.e. has a greater tolerance for loanwords, largely from Romance languages. Examples of this are Genoese '''{{term|machina}}''' in lieu of native '''{{term|vilo}}''', '''{{term|depresione}}''' vs. '''{{term|svarmuto}}''', etc.
The Avendonian variation spoken in Genoa (former Larastade), the capital city of Avendonia, and its surroundings is considered<sup><small>[''[[User:Sware|by who?]]'']</small></sup> a [[w:sociolect|sociolect]] rather than a fully-fledged dialect. Due to the historical importance of Genoa as a trading center, the local vernacular is more internationalized. As a result, the language is not as conservative, i.e. has a greater tolerance for loanwords, largely from Romance languages. Examples of this are Genoese '''{{term|machina}}''' in lieu of native '''{{term|vilo}}''', '''{{term|depresione}}''' vs. '''{{term|svarmuto}}''', etc.


===North Adriatic dialect===
===North Adriatic dialect===
Maybe because of [[w:Slavic languages#Linguistic history|Slavic influence]], the [[:Category:North Adriatic dialect|North Adriatic dialect]] of Avendonian ('''nordadriatico''') features a series of [[w:palatalization|palatalizations]] exclusive to this dialect. This is see in words like '''{{term|nace}}''' ('''{{term|nate}}''') or '''{{term|scione}}''' ('''{{term|scone}}''').
Maybe because of [[w:Slavic languages#Linguistic history|Slavic influence]], the [[:Category:North Adriatic dialect|North Adriatic dialect]] of Avendonian ('''nordadriatico''') features a series of [[w:palatalization|palatalization]]s exclusive to this dialect. This is seen in words like '''{{term|nace}}''' ('''{{term|nate}}''') or '''{{term|scione}}''' ('''{{term|scone}}''').


In addition, there is evidence of the existence of a [[w:pitch accent|pitch-accent]] system in North Adriatic Avendonian. Stressed syllables whose vowel evolved from a long vowel carries a rising [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]], and causes the following vowel to be pronounced with a mid tone. Moreover, if the stressed vowel comes from a short vowel, but it is not followed by a historical [[w:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] or [[w:geminate|geminate]], it carries a low falling tone. Vowels in any other environment are rendered toneless.
In addition, there is evidence of the existence of a [[w:pitch accent|pitch-accent]] system in North Adriatic Avendonian. Stressed syllables whose vowel evolved from a long vowel carries a rising [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]], and causes the following vowel to be pronounced with a mid tone. Moreover, if the stressed vowel comes from a short vowel, but it is not followed by a historical [[w:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] or [[w:geminate|geminate]], it carries a low falling tone. Vowels in any other environment are rendered toneless.
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{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|alico}}''' “alike, similar”, from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz]]'' → [{{IPA|a.ˈlǐ.kō}}] or [{{IPA|a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧}}].
: '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz]]'' → [{{IPA|a.ˈlǐ.kō}}] or [{{IPA|a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧}}].
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|stulo}}''' “chair”, from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈstǔ.lō}}] or [{{IPA|ˈstu˩˥.lo˧}}].
: '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈstǔ.lō}}] or [{{IPA|ˈstu˩˥.lo˧}}].
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''[[Contionary:uvilo#Noun|uvilo]]''' “evil” (adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz|*ubilaz]]'' → [{{IPA|u.ˈvı᷆.lo}}] or [{{IPA|u.ˈvi˨˩.lo}}].
: '''[[Contionary:uvilo#Adjective|uvilo]]''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz|*ubilaz]]'' → [{{IPA|u.ˈvı᷆.lo}}] or [{{IPA|u.ˈvi˨˩.lo}}].
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|fadre}}''' “father”, from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*fadēr]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈfa᷆.dre}}] or [{{IPA|ˈfa˨˩.dre}}].
: '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*fadēr]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈfa᷆.dre}}] or [{{IPA|ˈfa˨˩.dre}}].
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
This feature is also present somewhat in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.
This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===The North Wind and the Sun===
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|top='''El nordvinto e la suna stridaban ci era el starcior, cando uno resetore encamo uleto en uno mantelo varmo.'''
|top='''El nordvinto e la suna stridaban ci era el starcior, cando uno resetore encamo uleto en uno mantelo varmo.'''
|1=El nordvinto e l-a suna strid-ab-an ci era el starc-ior, cando un-o resetore
|El nordvinto e l-a suna strid-ab-an ci era el starc-ior, cando un-o resetore
|2=DEF.ART;M.SG {North Wind} CONJ DEF.ART-F.SG sun fight-IMPERF-3PL who COP;IMPERF.3SG DEF.ART;M.SG strong-COMP[M.SG] when INDF.ART-M.SG traveler  
|DEF.ART;MSG {North Wind} and DEF.ART-FSG sun fight-IMPERF-3PL who COP;IMPERF.3SG DEF.ART;MSG strong-COMP[MSG] when INDF.ART-MSG traveler  
|3=The {North Wind} and the Sun {were disputing} which was the stronger, when a traveler
|The {North Wind} and the Sun {were disputing} which was the stronger, when a traveler
|4=|display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=COMP:comparative:comparison_(grammar)}}
<br>
<br>
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|1=encam-o ul-et-o en un-o mantelo varm-o
|encam-o ul-et-o en un-o mantelo varm-o
|2=PRF\come-PST.INDIC.3SG cover-PP-M.SG in INDF.ART-M.SG mantle warm-M.SG
|PRF\come-PST.INDIC.3SG cover-PP-MSG in INDF.ART-MSG mantle warm-MSG
|3={came along} wrapped in a cloak warm
|{came along} wrapped in a cloak warm
|4=|display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.''
''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.''
===Lord's Prayer===
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
:: Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,
:: elageto si el name tede;
:: el cuningricio tede cume,
:: Si dueto el vile tede
:: en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.
:: Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,
:: e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,
:: ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;
:: e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,
:: sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.
:: Amen.
{{col-n|2}}
<i>
:: Our Father, who art in heaven,
:: hallowed be thy name;
:: thy kingdom come,
:: thy will be done
:: on earth as it is in heaven.
:: Give us this day our daily bread,
:: and forgive us our sins,
:: as we forgive those who sin against us;
:: and lead us not into temptation,
:: but deliver us from evil.
:: Amen.
</i>
{{Col-end}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [[:Category:Avendonian words|Avendonian language in Contionary]]
* [[:Category:Avendonian words|Avendonian language in Contionary]]
* [https://discord.gg/YENDNvu ‘Conlang Exchange’ Discord Server, where Avendonian, among other conlangs, is taught]
* [https://discord.gg/YENDNvu ‘Conlang Exchange’ Discord Server, where Avendonian, among other conlangs, is taught]
* [https://app.memrise.com/course/6003427/avendonian-spraca-avendoniana/ Avendonian Memrise course]
* [https://pastebin.com/vdq4pvXV Official Avendonian dictionary, the ''Vortbuce Avendoniano'']
* [https://pastebin.com/vdq4pvXV Official Avendonian dictionary, the ''Vortbuce Avendoniano'']
* [https://t.me/vorti_avendoniani ‘Avendonian Word of the Day’ Telegram channel]
* [https://t.me/vorti_avendoniani ‘Avendonian Word of the Day’ Telegram channel]
* [https://t.me/setlanguage/avdnan Telegram translation pack for Avendonian] {{User:Sware/Template:tg|9787|15332}}
* [https://t.me/setlanguage/avdnan Telegram translation pack for Avendonian] {{User:Sware/Template:tg|11973|17514}}


[[Category:Avendonian]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avendonian language]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Fusional languages]]
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