Avendonian: Difference between revisions

|name             = Avendonian

|nativename       = avendoniano

|pronunciation     = avendoˈni̯ano

|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian

|state             = Avendonia

|setting           = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], Northern [[w:Italian Peninsula|Italian Peninsula]]

|created          = 2009

|familycolor       = Indo-European

|fam2             = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]

|fam3             = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]

|fam4             = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' [[w:Elbe Germanic|Elbe Germanic]]

|ancestor          = Pre-Avendonian

|creator           = S.C.

|dia1             = North Adriatic (''nordadriatico'')

|dia2             = Alpine (''alpino'')

|dia3             = High Burgundian (''ocburgundico'')

|dia4             = Low Burgundian (''lagburgundico'')

|dia5             = Genoese (''genoico'')

|stand1           = Central Avendonian dialect

|script1          = Latn

|nation           = Avendonia

|map               = Locator Map Avendonia.png

|mapsize           = 280px

|mapcaption       = Rough borders of Avendonia

|notice           = IPA

'''Avendonian''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''avendoniano''; <small>Avendonian:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano&#93;]]</span>) is a [[w:West Germanic language|West Germanic language]], with strong influence of [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after West Germanic merchants began traveling to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections—and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the northern skirts of the Roman Empire—slowly formed a [[w:creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. Eventually, permanent settlements were established in what would become modern-day Avendonia, where Avendonian is primarily spoken, with official status.

The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:

* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|sc}} before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|e}}) makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.

* The digraph {{angbr|ch}} makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s.

| style="border-right:0;"| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || style="border-left:0;"| ([[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]) || || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]

| colspan="2"| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]

| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || ||

: '''{{term|spraca}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|spra}}‑ca)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term|ordo}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|or}}‑do)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term|bucaria}}'''&nbsp;(bu‑{{sc|ca}}‑ria)&nbsp;/{{IPA|bu.ˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.  

Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:

Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):

The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''[[Contionary:ca ga't|Ca ga't?]]''' from '''{{term|ga}}'''&nbsp;+&nbsp;'''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are permissible but discouraged in formal writing.

In Avendonian there are two sets of demonstratives, which can be used either as determiners or pronouns: [[w:Demonstrative#Distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal and distal]]. As adjectives, the stem may be suffixed with '''-ie''' to form adverbs, '''{{term|ecie}}''' ‘here’ and '''{{term|elie}}''' ‘there’.

{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"

! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! rowspan=2 | singular !! default

* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, like other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.

:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' “I speak Avendonian.”

:: '''El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui.''' “The dog which was tired sat down.”

:: '''E me gavo uno scenco en el burddago mede.''' “He gave me a present for my birthday.”

:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' “Please, send me a message when they arrive.”

* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives<br>must be written in the form of [article] + [noun] + [possessive]. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.

:: '''El vagno mede.''' ‘My car’

'''Le sceiate side.''' ‘His/Her/Their stories’

:: '''Perlosasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' “You lost your book? I can lend you mine.”

* Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second-person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.

:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' “Excuse me, sir, what is your name?” (formal)

:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' “If you are lost, we can guide you.” (formal)

: '''Uno vagno roto.''' ‘A red car’

: '''La dotre sciia mede.''' ‘My shy daughter’

: '''Li landi fere.''' ‘The distant/far countries’

The same forms can also be used predicatively. Thus: '''La dotre mede bi sciia.''' “My daughter is shy.”, '''Li landi bin fere.''' “The countries are far (away).”, etc.

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|comene}}'' (“common”)

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|engo}}'' (“narrow”)

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|porpora}}'' (“purple”)

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' (“good”)

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' (“old”)

! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' (“good”)

* '''Iane bi el curtesmo.''' “Iane is the shortest.”

* '''Iane e Vilelmo bin li curtesmi.''' “Iane and Vilelmo are the shortest.”

Some adjectives have a single form for all degrees, but the same effect is achieved by placing before them the adverbs '''{{term|mere}}''' and '''{{term|mesto}}'''. Some of these adjectives are indeclinable for etymological reasons (e.g. '''{{term|na}}''') or because of their nature as active participles (e.g. '''{{term|denemanti}}'''). '''Mesto''' however does inflect for gender and number, like a regular adjective.

|+ ''{{term|na}}'' (“near, close”)

Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons, and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except for a small set of verbs, which includes the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''{{term|sire}}'''.

|+ colspan="100%"|weak 1^st conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”)

|+ colspan="100%" | weak 2^nd conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)

|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian first-conjugation strong verbs|strong 1^st conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|scedare}}'' (“to separate”)

|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian second-conjugation strong verbs|strong 2^nd conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|evere}}'' (“to lift”)

Second-conjugation strong verbs are much less common than first-conjugation. They are derived from [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic verbs#j-presents|Proto-Germanic j-present strong verbs]], which were already scarce.

Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.

: '''Eo verdo duere-si morgano.''' “I will do it tomorrow.”

: '''Vi vardamos geldare-Si sed ne abemos nilo.''' “We would pay you but we have nothing.”

:{{Ambox

| date      = September 2020

The perfect tense is periphrastic in Alpine Avendonian. In place of the inflectional endings, a verbal construction is used. Its structure is [present indicative or subjunctive of '''{{term|abere}}''', inflected for person and number] + [masculine singular passive participle of the main verb]. E.g. '''eo levui''' vs. '''eo abo leveto'''.

Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave {{angbr|u, i}} elsewhere, became {{angbr|uo, ie}} in the Burgundian dialects&nbsp;–&nbsp;for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of {{angbr|y}} /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').

Maybe because of [[w:Slavic languages#Linguistic history|Slavic influence]], the [[:Category:North Adriatic dialect|North Adriatic dialect]] of Avendonian ('''nordadriatico''') features a series of [[w:palatalization|palatalization]]s exclusive to this dialect. This is seen in words like '''{{term|nace}}''' ('''{{term|nate}}''') or '''{{term|scione}}''' ('''{{term|scone}}''').

In addition, there is evidence of the existence of a [[w:pitch accent|pitch-accent]] system in North Adriatic Avendonian. Stressed syllables whose vowel evolved from a long vowel carries a rising [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]] and causes the following vowel to be pronounced with a mid tone. Moreover, if the stressed vowel comes from a short vowel, but it is not followed by a historical [[w:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] or [[w:geminate|geminate]], it carries a low falling tone. Vowels in any other environment are rendered toneless.

: '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz]]'' → {{IPA|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}}

: '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz]]'' → {{IPA|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}}

: '''[[Contionary:uvilo#Adjective|uvilo]]''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz|*ubilaz]]'' → {{IPA|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}}

: '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*fadēr]]'' → {{IPA|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}}

|El nordvinto e l-a suna strid-ab-an ci era el starc-ior, cando un-o resetore

|DEF.ART;MSG {North Wind} and DEF.ART-FSG sun fight-IMPERF-3PL who COP;IMPERF.3SG DEF.ART;MSG strong-COMP[MSG] when INDF.ART-MSG traveler  

|The {North Wind} and the Sun {were disputing} which was the stronger, when a traveler

||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=COMP:comparative:comparison_(grammar)}}

|encam-o ul-et-o en un-o mantelo varm-o

|PRF\come-PST.INDIC.3SG cover-PP-MSG in INDF.ART-MSG mantle warm-MSG

|{came along} wrapped in a cloak warm

||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}

* [https://t.me/setlanguage/avdnan Telegram translation pack for Avendonian] {{User:Sware/Template:tg|16277|21580}}

[[Category:Avendonian language]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Fusional languages]]